E-Book, Englisch, 458 Seiten
Kroll / Ho TASER® Conducted Electrical Weapons: Physiology, Pathology, and Law
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-387-85475-5
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, 458 Seiten
ISBN: 978-0-387-85475-5
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
TASER® Conducted Electrical Weapons are rapidly replacing the club for law-enforcement control of violent subjects within many countries around the globe. A TASER CEW is a hand-held device that delivers a 400-volt pulse with a duration tuned to control the skeletal muscles without affecting the heart at a distance of up to 6.5 meters over tiny wires. If necessary, it begins with an arcing voltage of 50,000 V to penetrate thick clothing; the 50,000 V is never delivered to the body itself. Due to the widespread usage of these devices and the widespread misconceptions surrounding their operation, this book will have significant utility. This volume is written for cardiologists, emergency physicians, pathologists, law enforcement management, corrections personnel, and attorneys.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Contents;6
2;Contributors;9
3;Introduction;13
4;Conducted Electrical Weapons: A User’s Perspective;16
4.1;1.1 Emergence of Conducted Electrical Weapons;16
4.2;1.2 Resisting Arrest and Excited Delirium;17
4.3;1.3 Tragedy Leads to Change;18
4.4;1.4 Use of Force and Nonlethal Weapons;19
4.5;1.5 Conclusion;23
4.6;Notes;24
5;The Scientific History;25
5.1;2.1 The Giants of Electricity and Bioelectricity;26
5.1.1;2.1.1 von Guericke;26
5.1.2;2.1.2 Galvani;26
5.1.3;2.1.3 Benjamin Franklin;27
5.1.4;2.1.4 Coulomb;28
5.1.5;2.1.5 Oersted;28
5.1.6;2.1.6 Ampere;28
5.1.7;2.1.7 Faraday;29
5.1.8;2.1.8 du Bois-Reymond;29
5.2;2.2 D’Arsonval;30
5.2.1;2.2.1 The Edison Versus Tesla Arena;31
5.2.2;2.2.2 20th Century Electrophysiology;32
5.2.3;2.2.3 The Electric Fence;32
5.3;2.3 Cover’s Challenges;33
5.4;References;35
6;Conducted Electrical Weapons and Resolution of Use-of-Force Encounters;36
6.1;3.1 Legal Review;37
6.1.1;3.1.1 Defining Police Use of Force;37
6.1.2;3.1.2 How the US Courts Have Framed Police Use of Force;38
6.1.3;3.1.3 The Use of Force Continuum;39
6.1.4;3.1.4 Measuring Police Use of Force;41
6.1.5;3.1.5 Conducted Electrical Weapons;41
6.2;3.2 CEW Effectiveness and Officer/Suspect Injuries;42
6.2.1;3.2.1 The Use of Force Report;42
6.2.2;3.2.2 Data Collection;43
6.2.3;3.2.3 Analysis of the Data;44
6.2.4;3.2.4 Application of the CEW;45
6.2.5;3.2.5 CEW Drive-Stun (Touch-Stun);46
6.2.6;3.2.6 Suspect and Officer Injuries;47
6.2.7;3.2.7 CEW’s Potential to Reduce Injuries;48
6.3;3.3 Limitations;48
6.4;3.4 Conclusion;48
6.5;Notes;49
7;Nonlethal Weapons: The Broader Context;53
7.1;References;61
8;Transcutaneous Muscle Stimulation;63
8.1;5.1 The TASER CEW Waveforms;63
8.2;5.2 Theory and Applications of Muscle Stimulation by Electric Fields and Currents;65
8.2.1;5.2.1 Electrical Stimulation of Motor and Sensory Nerves;65
8.2.2;5.2.2 Computer Modeling of the M26 and X26 Waveforms and Expected Stimulation of Peripheral Motor Nerves as a Function of Waveform Shape;68
8.2.3;5.2.3 Skeletal Muscle Force Recruitment by Electrical Stimulation;71
8.3;5.3 Conclusions and Summary;72
8.4;References;74
9;Current Flow in the Human Body;75
9.1;6.1 Modeling of CEW Currents in the Human Body;76
9.1.1;6.1.1 Skeletal Muscle Activation by Pulsed Electric Fields;77
9.1.2;6.1.2 FE Modeling of J and E Distributions for Neuromuscular Capture;78
9.1.3;6.1.3 FE Modeling of J and E Distributions in the Heart;80
9.1.4;6.1.4 Neuromuscular Stimulation;82
9.1.5;6.1.5 Current Density Distributions in the Heart;87
9.1.6;6.1.6 Implantable Pacemakers;89
9.2;6.2 Discussion;93
9.3;References;94
10;Animal Studies;97
10.1;7.1 Stun Guns Applied to Exposed Pig Hearts;98
10.2;7.2 High Multiples of TASER CEW Charge Applied to Skin of Pigs;98
10.3;7.3 Cocaine Effect on VF Threshold;100
10.4;7.4 Acute Epinephrine Effects;104
10.5;7.5 Effects of 80-second Exposures;106
10.6;7.6 Effect of Dart-to-Heart Distance;108
10.7;7.7 Effects on pH and SpO2;114
10.8;7.8 Effects with No Acidosis;117
10.9;7.9 Applying the Animal Data;118
10.10;7.10 Conclusions;119
10.11;References;119
11;CEW Research Models: Animal and Human Studies;121
11.1;8.1 Animal Versus Human;121
11.2;8.2 Animal Studies;125
11.3;8.3 Human Studies;126
11.4;References;129
12;Cardiac Arrhythmias;131
12.1;9.1 Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death;132
12.2;9.2 Electrical Stimulation of an Ectopic Heartbeat;133
12.3;9.3 Fundamental Law of Electrostimulation;135
12.4;9.4 Electrical Stimulation of Immediate VF;138
12.5;9.5 Electrical Stimulation of Delayed VF;138
12.6;9.6 Conclusion;140
12.7;References;140
13;Electrocardiographic Effects of the CEW;144
13.1;10.1 Human Data;145
13.2;10.2 Animal Data;147
13.3;10.3 Conclusion;150
13.4;References;150
14;Serum and Skin Effects of CEW Application;153
14.1;11.1 Physiology Review;153
14.2;11.2 Biomarker Research;155
14.2.1;11.2.1 Troponin I;156
14.2.2;11.2.2 Potassium;156
14.2.3;11.2.3 Lactate;157
14.2.4;11.2.4 Myoglobin and Creatine Phosphokinase;158
14.3;11.3 Conclusion;159
14.4;References;160
15;Echocardiographic Effects of the CEW;162
15.1;12.1 Animal Studies;162
15.2;12.2 Human Studies;163
15.3;12.3 Conclusions;170
15.4;References;170
16;Rhabdomyolysis;171
16.1;13.1 Physiology of Rhabdomyolysis;171
16.2;13.2 Relationship of Rhabdomyolysis with CEW Exposure;172
16.2.1;13.2.1 Animal Data;173
16.2.2;13.2.2 Human Data;173
16.3;13.3 Conclusion;173
16.4;References;174
17;Effects of CEWs on Respiration;175
17.1;14.1 Respiratory Physiology;175
17.1.1;14.1.1 Cellular Respiration;178
17.1.2;14.1.2 Anatomy;178
17.2;14.2 The CEW Interaction;179
17.2.1;14.2.1 Theory of Injury;179
17.2.2;14.2.2 Animal Data with CEW Exposure;180
17.2.3;14.2.3 Human Data;180
17.3;14.3 Conclusion;184
17.4;References;185
18;Neuroendocrine Effects of CEWs;187
18.1;15.1 Human Stress Response;188
18.2;15.2 The Possible Role of the CEW;190
18.3;15.3 Conclusion;192
18.4;References;192
19;Electroporation of Cardiac and Nerve Cells;194
19.1;16.1 Cellular Responses to Strong Electric Fields;195
19.2;16.2 Electroporation Assessment via Shock-Induced Changes of Transmembrane Action Potential Morphology;197
19.3;16.3 Imaging Electroporation Damage Patterns via Membrane Impermeable Fluorescent Dyes;200
19.4;16.4 CEW Currents;203
19.5;16.5 Conclusion;204
19.6;References;205
20;Eye and Head Injuries;208
20.1;17.1 Eye and Adnexal Anatomy;208
20.2;17.2 Eye Trauma;210
20.3;17.3 Eye Injuries by Conductive Electrical Weapons;210
20.4;17.4 Management of CEW Ocular Injuries;213
20.5;17.5 Head Injuries;213
20.6;17.6 Conclusion;215
20.7;References;215
21;CEW Effects with Illegal Stimulant Intoxication;217
21.1;References;222
22;Alcohol and the CEW;224
22.1;19.1 Alcohol Physiology;224
22.2;19.2 Alcohol and CEW;225
22.3;19.3 Studies of Alcohol and CEW Use;226
22.4;19.4 Conclusion;226
22.5;References;227
23;Conducted Electrical Weapons and Implantable Cardiac Devices;228
23.1;20.1 Case Reports;229
23.2;20.2 Animal Studies;229
23.3;20.3 Conclusions;238
23.4;References;238
24;Risk Management and the CEW;240
24.1;21.1 On-Duty Injuries;241
24.2;21.2 Number of Work Days Lost Due to ODI;241
24.3;21.3 Additional Costs;242
24.4;21.4 Sources of Injuries;242
24.5;21.5 Overall Annual ODI Cost;243
24.6;21.6 Potential Savings of Full CEW Deployment;243
24.7;21.7 Implementation;244
24.7.1;21.7.1 Why Include All These Specialists in the Community?;245
25;The New York City Experience;246
25.1;22.1 National Trends and Experience;246
25.1.1;22.1.1 Effectiveness;247
25.1.2;22.1.2 Safety;248
25.2;22.2 The NYPD Data;249
25.2.1;22.2.1 Research Design and Data;249
25.2.2;22.2.2 Analysis;250
25.2.3;22.2.3 Limitations;250
25.3;22.3 Results;251
25.3.1;22.3.1 Prevalence;251
25.3.2;22.3.2 Suspects;252
25.3.2.1;22.3.2.1 Demographics;253
25.3.2.2;22.3.2.2 Suspects’ Emotional and Physical State;253
25.3.2.3;22.3.2.3 Possession of Weapons;254
25.3.2.4;22.3.2.4 Physical Violence;254
25.3.2.5;22.3.2.5 Officer Characteristics;255
25.3.3;22.3.3 Incidents;255
25.3.3.1;22.3.3.1 Types of Encounters;255
25.3.3.2;22.3.3.2 TASER CEW Deployment;256
25.3.4;22.3.4 Outcomes;257
25.3.4.1;22.3.4.1 Reducing the Potential for a Violent Outcome;258
25.3.4.2;22.3.4.2 Fatalities;259
25.3.5;22.3.5 Discussion;260
25.4;22.4 Conclusions;261
25.5;References;261
26;Impact of CEW and Other Types of Force and Resistance on Officer and Suspect Injuries;262
26.1;23.1 Use of Force-Related Injuries;263
26.1.1;23.1.1 Suspect Injury;264
26.1.2;23.1.2 Officer Injury;265
26.1.3;23.1.3 The Impact of Nonlethal Weapons on Injuries;266
26.1.4;23.1.4 OC Spray;266
26.1.5;23.1.5 Conducted Electrical Weapons;267
26.2;23.2 Data and Methods;268
26.2.1;23.2.1 Richland County Sheriff’s Department (RCSD);268
26.2.2;23.2.2 RCSD Variables;269
26.2.3;23.2.3 RCSD Models;271
26.2.4;23.2.4 Miami-Dade Police Department (MDPD);272
26.2.5;23.2.5 DPD Variables;272
26.2.6;23.2.6 MDPD Models;273
26.3;23.3 Findings;274
26.3.1;23.3.1 RCSD Results;274
26.3.2;23.3.2 MDPD Results;277
26.4;23.4 Discussion;280
26.4.1;23.4.1 Future Research Needs;282
26.5;References;283
27;Field Statistics Overview;287
27.1;24.1 Total Human Exposures;287
27.1.1;24.1.1 Field Usage Exposures;287
27.1.2;24.1.2 Training Exposures;289
27.1.3;24.1.3 Impact on Officer and Suspect Injuries;291
27.1.4;24.1.4 Officer Injuries;291
27.1.5;24.1.5 Suspect Injuries;291
27.2;24.2 Are Multiple Exposures More Dangerous?;293
27.3;24.3 How Often Is the CEW Blamed as a Cause of Death?;294
27.3.1;24.3.1 Possible Areas for Confusion;295
27.3.1.1;24.3.1.1 Electrocution;295
27.3.1.2;24.3.1.2 Long Duration Shocks;295
27.3.1.3;24.3.1.3 Effects of Electrical Current on Breathing;297
27.3.1.4;24.3.1.4 Drug Dysynergies;297
27.3.1.5;24.3.1.5 Autopsy Analysis;297
27.4;24.4 Results;298
27.5;24.5 Conclusions;300
27.6;References;300
28;Sudden In-Custody Death;305
28.1;25.1 Historical Perspective;307
28.2;25.2 Associated and Unassociated Factors;307
28.2.1;25.2.1 Conducted Electrical Weapons;307
28.2.2;25.2.2 Pepper (Capsicum) Spray;309
28.2.3;25.2.3 Stimulant Drugs;310
28.2.4;25.2.4 Underlying Cardiac Disease;311
28.2.5;25.2.5 Restraint Procedures and Positional Asphyxia;312
28.2.6;25.2.6 Dehydration, Hyperthermia, and Metabolic Acidosis;313
28.2.7;25.2.7 Gender, Weight, and Ethnicity;314
28.3;25.3 Conclusions;314
28.4;References;315
29;Stimulant Abuse and Sudden Cardiac Death;318
29.1;26.1 Myocardial Remodeling;319
29.2;26.2 Myocardial Hypertrophy and Ischemic Sudden Death;321
29.3;26.3 Myocardial Hypertrophy and QT dispersion;322
29.4;26.4 The Theory of ‘‘Multiple Hits’’;323
29.5;26.5 Excited Delirium and Sudden Death;323
29.6;26.6 Conclusions;325
29.7;References;325
30;The Systemic Role of Illicit Drugs and Their Toxicology;329
30.1;27.1 Cocaine;330
30.1.1;27.1.1 Mechanism of Action;330
30.2;27.2 Methamphetamine;331
30.2.1;27.2.1 Mechanism of Action;332
30.3;27.3 Phencyclidine;332
30.3.1;27.3.1 Mechanism of Action;333
30.4;27.4 Excited Delirium Syndrome;333
30.4.1;27.4.1 Excited Delirium Syndrome: Mechanism of Death;336
30.4.2;27.4.2 Hypokalemia and Sudden Cardiac Death;337
30.4.2.1;27.4.2.1 The Role of Illicit Drugs;338
30.5;27.5 Specimen Collection;340
30.5.1;27.5.1 Urine;342
30.5.2;27.5.2 Blood;343
30.5.3;27.5.3 Vitreous Humor;343
30.5.4;27.5.4 Tissue and Hair;343
30.5.4.1;27.5.4.1 Hair;344
30.5.5;27.5.5 Specimen Stability;344
30.6;27.6 Drug Screening;344
30.7;References;346
31;Excited Delirium Syndrome;348
31.1;28.1 Restraint-Related Death;350
31.2;28.2 Cause of Death in EDS;353
31.2.1;28.2.1 Polymorphism;355
31.2.2;28.2.2 Postexercise Peril;355
31.2.3;28.2.3 Drugs;357
31.2.4;28.2.4 Treatment of Excited Delirium;358
31.3;28.3 Terminology Confusion;361
31.4;References;362
32;Biochemical Brain Markers in Excited Delirium Deaths;365
32.1;29.1 Differential Diagnosis of Drug-Induced Psychotic Disorders;365
32.2;29.2 Cocaine Delirium and Sudden Death;367
32.3;29.3 Defective Signaling at the Dopamine Synapse;368
32.4;29.4 Heath Shock Proteins and Hyperthermia;373
32.5;29.5 Conclusions;374
32.6;References;375
33;Sudden Unexpected Death in Custody (SUDIC);378
33.1;30.1 Before the Autopsy;380
33.1.1;30.1.1 Scene Where Vital Signs Were Lost;380
33.1.2;30.1.2 Examination at the Hospital;380
33.2;30.2 The Autopsy;382
33.2.1;30.2.1 Some Special Issues;383
33.3;30.3 Case Study;384
33.4;30.4 Death Certification;386
33.5;30.5 Conclusion;386
33.6;References;387
34;Legal Basics for the CEW;388
34.1;31.1 General Accountability Themes;389
34.2;31.2 Accountability Sanctions;390
34.2.1;31.2.1 Criminal Sanctions;390
34.2.2;31.2.2 Civil Accountability;390
34.2.3;31.2.3 Administrative Accountability;391
34.3;31.3 CEW Usage by Non-LEOs;391
34.3.1;31.3.1 Use of a CEW by a Private Person;392
34.3.2;31.3.2 Nonsworn LEOs (Private Security Officers);392
34.4;31.4 Government Empowered CEW Use;393
34.4.1;31.4.1 Constitutional Use of Force Standards;394
34.4.1.1;31.4.1.1 ‘‘Objective Reasonableness’’ Standard of the 4th Amendment;394
34.4.1.2;31.4.1.2 ‘‘Cruel and Unusual Punishment’’ Standard of the 8th Amendment;396
34.4.1.3;31.4.1.3 ‘‘Shocking to the Conscience’’ Standard of the 14th Amendment;396
34.5;31.5 US Appellate Court CEW Case Law;397
34.5.1;31.5.1 4th Amendment ‘‘Objective Reasonableness’’ Standard;397
34.5.1.1;31.5.1.1 CEW Use on a Restrained Criminal Suspect;397
34.5.1.2;31.5.1.2 Related Pepper Spray Cases;398
34.5.2;31.5.2 8th Amendment ‘‘Cruel and Unusual Punishment’’ Standard;398
34.5.3;31.5.3 14th Amendment ‘‘Shocking to the Conscience’’ Standard;399
34.6;31.6 US Lower Court CEW Cases;399
34.6.1;31.6.1 4th Amendment ‘‘Objective Reasonableness’’ Standard;399
34.6.1.1;31.6.1.1 CEW Use Found Reasonable;400
34.6.1.2;31.6.1.2 CEW Use Found Potentially Unreasonable;401
34.6.2;31.6.2 8th and 14th Amendment Cases;403
34.7;31.7 Conclusions;403
34.8;Notes;404
35;Science and Logic Meet the Law;406
35.1;32.1 Case Study: The Graduation Party;406
35.1.1;32.1.1 What Killed Richard?;407
35.1.2;32.1.2 Facts and Evidence for the Juror;408
35.1.3;32.1.3 Experts and Their Testimonies;408
35.2;32.2 The Daubert Trilogy;409
35.2.1;32.2.1 Daubert v. Merrill Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc;410
35.2.2;32.2.2 General Electric Co. v. Joiner;411
35.2.3;32.2.3 Kuhmo Tire, Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael;411
35.2.4;32.2.4 Federal Rules of Evidence;411
35.2.5;32.2.5 Education of the Jury;412
35.2.5.1;32.2.5.1 CSI Effect;412
35.3;32.3 Scientific Research;413
35.3.1;32.3.1 Literature Review;413
35.3.2;32.3.2 Quantitative Research;413
35.3.3;32.3.3 Qualitative Research;414
35.4;32.4 Theories, Laws, and Models;414
35.4.1;32.4.1 Theories;414
35.4.2;32.4.2 Models;415
35.4.3;32.4.3 Laws;415
35.5;32.5 The Scientific Method;415
35.5.1;32.5.1 Human Subject Research Guidelines;417
35.5.2;32.5.2 Population and Sample Size;417
35.5.3;32.5.3 Reliability and Validity;418
35.5.4;32.5.4 Statistical Versus Clinical Significance;418
35.5.5;32.5.5 Clinical (Practical) Significance;418
35.5.6;32.5.6 Rate of Error;419
35.5.7;32.5.7 Fallacies;419
35.5.8;32.5.8 Causation;420
35.5.9;32.5.9 Temporality as Causation;420
35.5.9.1;32.5.9.1 Felony Murder Rule Exception;421
35.5.9.2;32.5.9.2 Correlation as Causation;422
35.5.9.3;32.5.9.3 Association as Causation;422
35.5.9.4;32.5.9.4 Necessary and Sufficient for Causation;422
35.6;32.6 Back to the Case Study;423
35.6.1;32.6.1 Applying Science and Law to the Case Study;423
35.6.2;32.6.2 Claims Versus Critical Thinking;423
35.6.3;32.6.3 The ‘‘Straw’’ Causation Theory;424
35.6.4;32.6.4 Temporal or Association Causation Theory;424
35.6.5;32.6.5 Probabilistic Causation;425
35.6.6;32.6.6 It Is in Print Fallacy;426
35.6.7;32.6.7 Bias and Causation Theory;426
35.6.8;32.6.8 Guessing as a Causation Theory;427
35.7;32.7 Conclusions;427
35.8;References;428
36;Appendix A Excited Delirium Checklist;431
37;Appendix B Electrocution Diagnosis Checklist;438
38;Index;443
