Kuckshinrichs / Hake Carbon Capture, Storage and Use

Technical, Economic, Environmental and Societal Perspectives
2015
ISBN: 978-3-319-11943-4
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 352 Seiten

Carbon Capture and Storage technologies (CCS) are moving from experiment toward commercial applications at a rapid pace, driven by urgent demand for carbon mitigation strategies. This book examines the potential role of CCS from four perspectives: technology development, economic competitiveness, environmental and safety impacts, and social acceptance. IEK-STE of Forschungszentrum Juelich presents this interdisciplinary study on CCS, based on methods of Integrated Technology Assessment. Following an introductory chapter by editor Wilhelm Kuckshinrichs, Part I of the book surveys the status of carbon capture technologies, and assesses the potential for research and development of applications that are useful at scales required for meaningful mitigation. Transportation, Utilization and Environmental Aspects of CO2 receive chapter-length treatments, and the section concludes with an examination of safe geological storage of CO2 based on the example of the Ketzin pilot site, not far from Berlin. Part II covers Economic and Societal Perspectives. The first chapter discusses the use of CCS in the energy sector, analyzing costs associated with electricity generation and CO2 mitigation on the basis of technology-specific cost and process parameters, along with a merit-order illustration of the possible implications of CCS facilities for energy costs. Later chapters outline the costs of CCS application in energy- and CO2-intensive industries; analyze system characteristics of CCS infrastructures, showing that the infrastructure cost function depends on the ratio of fixed to variable costs, as well as on the spatial distribution of CO2 sources and storage facilities; interpret cross-sector carbon mitigation strategies and their impacts on the energy and CO2 balance; and discuss awareness and knowledge of CCS, attitudes towards it, and how the risks and benefits of CCS are perceived. Part III discusses the Framework for Energy and Climate Policy, with chapters on acceptance and adoption of CCS policy in Germany, and the EU, and an assessment of international cooperation in support of CCS. The final chapter summarizes the central arguments, discusses the potential role of carbon capture and utilization as part of a German transformation strategy, and extrapolates the findings to European and international contexts.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kuckshinrichs, Wilhelm

Hake, Jürgen-Friedrich

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;List of Figures;10
4;List of Tables;14
5;Contributors;16
6;Chapter 1: Carbon Capture and Utilization as an Option for Climate Change Mitigation: Integrated Technology Assessment;19
6.1;1.1 CCS as an Option for Climate Change Mitigation and CO2 for Industrial Application;19
6.2;1.2 Methodological Approach of an Integrated Technology Assessment for CCS and Structure of the Study;22
6.2.1;1.2.1 Technical Potential, RandD Work, and Degree of Technical Maturity;23
6.2.2;1.2.2 Application in Science and Industry;24
6.2.3;1.2.3 Framework for Energy and Climate Policy;25
6.3;1.3 Energy and Industrial Policy Implications from a German Perspective;25
6.4;References;26
7;Part I: Technologies: Status and RandD Prospects;28
7.1;Chapter 2: Carbon Capture Technologies;29
7.1.1;2.1 Introduction;29
7.1.2;2.2 Carbon Capture Technologies for Use in Coal-Fired Power Plants;31
7.1.2.1;2.2.1 Post-combustion Processes;32
7.1.2.1.1;2.2.1.1 State of the Art;32
7.1.2.1.2;2.2.1.2 Efficiency Losses;33
7.1.2.1.3;2.2.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Post-combustion Processes;34
7.1.2.1.4;2.2.1.4 Second-Generation Post-combustion Processes;34
7.1.2.2;2.2.2 Oxyfuel Processes;35
7.1.2.2.1;2.2.2.1 State of the Art;35
7.1.2.2.2;2.2.2.2 Efficiency Losses;36
7.1.2.2.3;2.2.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cryogenic Oxyfuel Processes;37
7.1.2.2.4;2.2.2.4 Second-Generation Oxyfuel Processes;37
7.1.2.3;2.2.3 Pre-combustion Processes;38
7.1.2.3.1;2.2.3.1 State of the Art;38
7.1.2.3.2;2.2.3.2 Efficiency Losses;39
7.1.2.3.3;2.2.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Pre-combustion Processes;39
7.1.2.3.4;2.2.3.4 Second-Generation Pre-combustion Processes;40
7.1.3;2.3 Future Framework Conditions and Requirements for the Implementation of Power Plants with Carbon Capture;40
7.1.3.1;2.3.1 Flexibility of Power Plants;41
7.1.3.1.1;2.3.1.1 Post-combustion Processes;42
7.1.3.1.2;2.3.1.2 Oxyfuel Processes;43
7.1.3.1.3;2.3.1.3 Pre-combustion Processes;43
7.1.3.2;2.3.2 Retrofitting the Existing Power Plant Fleet;44
7.1.3.2.1;2.3.2.1 Excursus: Germany;45
7.1.3.2.2;2.3.2.2 Suitability of Carbon Capture Technologies for Retrofitting;45
7.1.3.2.3;2.3.2.3 Oxyfuel Processes;46
7.1.3.2.4;2.3.2.4 Post-combustion Processes;46
7.1.4;2.4 Carbon Capture Processes for Industrial Applications;47
7.1.4.1;2.4.1 Steel and Iron Production;50
7.1.4.2;2.4.2 Cement and Clinker Production;51
7.1.4.3;2.4.3 Refineries;52
7.1.4.4;2.4.4 Ammonia Synthesis;53
7.1.4.5;2.4.5 Ethylene Oxide Production;53
7.1.4.6;2.4.6 Excursus: Carbon Capture During Biogas Treatment;54
7.1.5;2.5 Summary and Conclusions;56
7.1.6;References;57
7.2;Chapter 3: CO2 Transportation;62
7.2.1;3.1 Introduction;63
7.2.2;3.2 Current Situation;63
7.2.3;3.3 Purity Level and Quality Criteria;66
7.2.4;3.4 Risks of CO2 Transportation;69
7.2.4.1;3.4.1 Dangers of CO2;69
7.2.4.2;3.4.2 Hazard Potential;70
7.2.4.3;3.4.3 Operational Experience;70
7.2.4.4;3.4.4 Measures Minimizing Risks;72
7.2.4.5;3.4.5 Evaluation of Transportation Risks;72
7.2.4.6;3.4.6 Estimation of Risk Zones;73
7.2.4.7;3.4.7 Categorization of Technical Risks;75
7.2.4.8;3.4.8 Uncertainties in the Assessment;77
7.2.5;3.5 Summary and Conclusions;78
7.2.6;References;79
7.3;Chapter 4: Opportunities for Utilizing and Recycling CO2;81
7.3.1;4.1 Motivation and Background;81
7.3.2;4.2 Evaluation Framework and Criteria;82
7.3.2.1;4.2.1 Potential for the Material Utilization and Recycling of CO2;82
7.3.2.2;4.2.2 Sources and Purity of CO2;84
7.3.2.3;4.2.3 Evaluation Criteria for CO2-Utilization;84
7.3.3;4.3 Organochemical Utilization of CO2;85
7.3.3.1;4.3.1 Applications;86
7.3.3.1.1;4.3.1.1 Urea;86
7.3.3.1.2;4.3.1.2 Methanol;87
7.3.3.1.3;4.3.1.3 Salicylic Acid and p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid;89
7.3.3.1.4;4.3.1.4 Formic Acid;89
7.3.3.1.5;4.3.1.5 Cyclic Carbonates;90
7.3.3.1.6;4.3.1.6 Dimethyl Carbonate;91
7.3.3.1.7;4.3.1.7 Polymers (Copolymerization of Reactive Monomers with CO2);91
7.3.3.1.8;4.3.1.8 Further Polymer Building Blocks;92
7.3.3.1.9;4.3.1.9 Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemicals;92
7.3.3.2;4.3.2 Outlook;93
7.3.4;4.4 Inorganic Substances;94
7.3.4.1;4.4.1 Calcite;94
7.3.4.2;4.4.2 Hydrotalcite;94
7.3.4.3;4.4.3 Other Application Areas;95
7.3.5;4.5 Physical Utilization;95
7.3.5.1;4.5.1 Enhanced Oil Recovery/Enhanced Gas Recovery;95
7.3.5.2;4.5.2 Enhanced Coal Bed Methane (ECBM);96
7.3.5.3;4.5.3 Methods for the Reversible Adsorption of CO2;96
7.3.5.4;4.5.4 Application in the Beverage and Food Industry;97
7.3.5.5;4.5.5 Cleaning Agents and Extractants;98
7.3.5.6;4.5.6 Use as an Impregnating Agent;98
7.3.5.7;4.5.7 Inert Gas;99
7.3.5.8;4.5.8 Potential as a Solvent and Replacement of Volatile Organic Compounds;99
7.3.6;4.6 Evaluation of Especially Innovative Solution Approaches;100
7.3.6.1;4.6.1 Material CO2-Utilization and Innovative Products;100
7.3.6.1.1;4.6.1.1 Polymers from Technically Fixated CO2 (Duromers, Polycarbonates, Polycondensates);100
7.3.6.1.2;4.6.1.2 Fine Chemicals;102
7.3.6.1.3;4.6.1.3 Production of Methanol by Direct Hydrogenation of CO2;103
7.3.6.1.4;4.6.1.4 Oxalic Acid;103
7.3.6.2;4.6.2 Innovative Technologies for Material CO2-Utilization;103
7.3.6.2.1;4.6.2.1 Polymers from CO2;104
7.3.6.2.2;4.6.2.2 CO2-Hydrogenation;104
7.3.6.2.3;4.6.2.3 Electrochemical Activation of CO2;105
7.3.6.2.4;4.6.2.4 Photocatalytic Activation of CO2;105
7.3.7;4.7 Conclusions;106
7.3.8;References;108
7.4;Chapter 5: Environmental Aspects of CCS;115
7.4.1;5.1 Introduction;115
7.4.2;5.2 Life Cycle Assessment as an Ecological Evaluation Method;116
7.4.3;5.3 Environmental Effects of Conventional Capture Technologies;117
7.4.3.1;5.3.1 Technology-Related Differences;117
7.4.3.1.1;5.3.1.1 Capture Technologies;117
7.4.3.1.2;5.3.1.2 CO2 Transportation and Storage;120
7.4.3.1.3;5.3.1.3 Origin and Composition of Fuels;122
7.4.3.2;5.3.2 Differences Arising from the LCA Methodology;122
7.4.3.2.1;5.3.2.1 Impact Categories;122
7.4.3.2.2;5.3.2.2 Time Horizon;123
7.4.3.2.3;5.3.2.3 Spatial Representation;123
7.4.3.2.4;5.3.2.4 Upstream and Downstream Process Chains;124
7.4.3.3;5.3.3 CCS Technologies and Their Environmental Impacts;126
7.4.3.3.1;5.3.3.1 Hard Coal and Lignite;127
7.4.3.3.2;5.3.3.2 Natural Gas;130
7.4.4;5.4 Environmental Aspects of Future Capture Technologies of the 2nd Generation;131
7.4.4.1;5.4.1 Power Plant Concepts;131
7.4.4.1.1;5.4.1.1 Reference Power Plant (RPP SC) Without CCS;132
7.4.4.1.2;5.4.1.2 Oxyfuel Concept;132
7.4.4.1.3;5.4.1.3 Cryogenic Air Separation (C ASU);132
7.4.4.1.4;5.4.1.4 Membrane-Based Air Separation (HTM ASU);133
7.4.4.2;5.4.2 Results of the Life Cycle Inventory;134
7.4.4.3;5.4.3 Results of the Impact Assessment;135
7.4.4.4;5.4.4 Interpretation;137
7.4.5;5.5 Summary and Conclusions;137
7.4.6;References;138
7.5;Chapter 6: Safe Operation of Geological CO2 Storage Using the Example of the Pilot Site in Ketzin;141
7.5.1;6.1 Introduction and Motivation;141
7.5.2;6.2 Processes of Retaining CO2 in Porous Reservoir Rocks;142
7.5.3;6.3 Potential Leakage from CO2 Storage;144
7.5.4;6.4 Safety of the Geological Storage of CO2;146
7.5.5;6.5 Monitoring of CO2 Storage;147
7.5.6;6.6 Experience from the Pilot Site in Ketzin;149
7.5.6.1;6.6.1 Storage of CO2 Is Safe and Reliable;150
7.5.6.2;6.6.2 Combination of Geochemical and Geophysical Monitoring Methods for Detecting Small Amounts of CO2;151
7.5.6.3;6.6.3 Fluid Rock Interactions Do Not Impact the Storage Integrity;151
7.5.6.4;6.6.4 Numerical Simulations Depict the Temporal and Spatial Behaviour of Injected CO2;151
7.5.7;6.7 CO2 Storage as a Component of Energy Storage for a Closed Carbon Cycle;153
7.5.8;6.8 Summary and Conclusions;154
7.5.9;References;155
8;Part II: Economic and Social Perspectives;158
8.1;Chapter 7: Economic Analysis of Carbon Capture in the Energy Sector;159
8.1.1;7.1 Introduction and Motivation;159
8.1.2;7.2 Demonstration Plants;160
8.1.2.1;7.2.1 Demonstration Plants for Electricity Generation;160
8.1.2.2;7.2.2 Learning Rates;162
8.1.2.2.1;Preliminary Conclusions;163
8.1.3;7.3 Commercial Use of CCS;163
8.1.3.1;7.3.1 Cost and Process Parameters;163
8.1.3.2;7.3.2 Electricity Generation and CO2 Avoidance Costs;167
8.1.3.3;7.3.3 Sensitivity Calculations;168
8.1.3.3.1;Preliminary Conclusions;171
8.1.4;7.4 Electricity Production and Power Exchange Price for CCS Power Plant Usage in Germany;172
8.1.4.1;7.4.1 Pricing on the Electricity Market;172
8.1.4.2;7.4.2 Use of CCS Power Plants;173
8.1.4.2.1;Preliminary Conclusions;177
8.1.5;7.5 Summary and Conclusions;178
8.1.6;Appendix;179
8.1.6.1;LCOE;179
8.1.6.2;CAC;180
8.1.6.3;Learning Curves;180
8.1.6.4;Methodological Approach for Merit Order Analyses;181
8.1.7;References;181
8.2;Chapter 8: Cost Analysis for CCS in Selected Carbon-Intensive Industries;184
8.2.1;8.1 Introduction and Motivation;184
8.2.2;8.2 Methodology of Cost Analysis;185
8.2.2.1;8.2.1 Methodological Approach;185
8.2.2.2;8.2.2 Model Plants and Baseline Data for Cost Analysis;187
8.2.3;8.3 Results;187
8.2.3.1;8.3.1 Levelized Production Costs and CO2 Avoidance Costs;187
8.2.3.2;8.3.2 Sensitivity Calculations;189
8.2.4;8.4 Summary;192
8.2.5;References;192
8.3;Chapter 9: CCS Transportation Infrastructures: Technologies, Costs, and Regulation;194
8.3.1;9.1 Introduction;194
8.3.2;9.2 Optimal CCS Infrastructures and Costs;197
8.3.3;9.3 One-Dimensional Infrastructure Model;202
8.3.4;9.4 A Welfare-Maximizing Infrastructure Taking into Account Long-Term Business Decisions;205
8.3.5;9.5 Regulation;207
8.3.6;9.6 Summary and Conclusions;208
8.3.7;References;209
8.4;Chapter 10: The System Value of CCS Technologies in the Context of CO2 Mitigation Scenarios for Germany;211
8.4.1;10.1 Introduction;211
8.4.2;10.2 Methodological Approach and Scenario Design;213
8.4.2.1;10.2.1 System Value;213
8.4.2.2;10.2.2 The IKARUS Energy System Model;214
8.4.2.3;10.2.3 Scenario Structure, Underlying Data and Basic Assumptions;215
8.4.3;10.3 Energy Economics Results;219
8.4.3.1;10.3.1 Energy and CO2 Balances;219
8.4.3.1.1;10.3.1.1 Primary Energy;219
8.4.3.1.2;10.3.1.2 End-Use Energy;219
8.4.3.1.3;10.3.1.3 Installed Net Capacity;221
8.4.3.1.4;10.3.1.4 Net Electricity Generation;222
8.4.3.1.5;10.3.1.5 Installed Net CCS Capacity and CCS Electricity Generation;223
8.4.3.1.6;10.3.1.6 CO2 Emissions;223
8.4.3.1.7;10.3.1.7 Comparison of CO2 Reduction Scenarios;225
8.4.3.2;10.3.2 Cost of Reduction Strategies;225
8.4.3.2.1;10.3.2.1 CO2 Reduction Costs;225
8.4.3.2.2;10.3.2.2 CCS System Value;227
8.4.4;10.4 Summary and Conclusions;228
8.4.5;References;229
8.5;Chapter 11: Public Acceptance;231
8.5.1;11.1 Introduction;231
8.5.2;11.2 Public Acceptance of CCS as a Subject of Research;232
8.5.2.1;11.2.1 Definition and Delimitation of the Subject of Research;232
8.5.2.2;11.2.2 Methods of CCS Acceptance Research;234
8.5.2.3;11.2.3 Key Findings of CCS Acceptance Research;237
8.5.3;11.3 Public Acceptance of CCS in Germany;242
8.5.3.1;11.3.1 Awareness and Knowledge of CCS;243
8.5.3.2;11.3.2 Initial Attitudes Towards CCS;246
8.5.3.3;11.3.3 Perception of the Risks and Benefits of CCS;248
8.5.3.4;11.3.4 Factors Influencing Initial Attitudes Towards CCS;250
8.5.4;11.4 Summary and Conclusions;255
8.5.5;References;256
9;Part III: Framework for Energy and Climate Policy;262
9.1;Chapter 12: No CCS in Germany Despite the CCS Act?;263
9.1.1;12.1 Introduction;263
9.1.2;12.2 The EU Sets the Framework and the Deadlines;264
9.1.3;12.3 Political Parties Attempt a Balancing Act;267
9.1.4;12.4 The Federal States Have Conflicting Interests;270
9.1.5;12.5 Social Actors Fail to Find Agreement;274
9.1.6;12.6 The Legislative Process Is Tedious and Contentious;277
9.1.7;12.7 A Future for CCS?;285
9.1.8;References;288
9.2;Chapter 13: CCS Policy in the EU: Will It Pay Off or Do We Have to Go Back to Square One?;295
9.2.1;13.1 Introduction - Why Does the EU Need CCS?;295
9.2.2;13.2 CCS - A Cornerstone of the EU´s Integrated Climate and Energy Policy;297
9.2.2.1;13.2.1 Integrated Energy and Climate Change Package in 2007 - Determination of Strategic Orientation for CCS;297
9.2.2.2;13.2.2 Climate and Energy Package 2008 - Definition of Long-Term Prospects for CCS;300
9.2.2.2.1;13.2.2.1 EU Directive on Emissions Trading and EU Guidelines on State Aid for Environmental Protection;301
9.2.2.2.2;13.2.2.2 European Legal Framework for Carbon Storage;302
9.2.3;13.3 Funding of Research and Development;306
9.2.4;13.4 Support for the Demonstration of CCS: Instruments and Their Implementation;307
9.2.4.1;13.4.1 The European Energy Programme for Recovery;308
9.2.4.2;13.4.2 NER300;310
9.2.5;13.5 CCS in the EU - An Initial Assessment;312
9.2.6;References;314
9.3;Chapter 14: International Cooperation in Support of CCS;318
9.3.1;14.1 Introduction;318
9.3.2;14.2 International Cooperation: Priorities and Discussion;319
9.3.2.1;14.2.1 International Cooperation Supporting Competitiveness;320
9.3.2.2;14.2.2 International Cooperation Supporting the Demonstration of CCS Technologies;322
9.3.2.3;14.2.3 International Cooperation and Knowledge Sharing;328
9.3.3;14.3 Germany´s Role in International Collaboration;330
9.3.4;14.4 Summary and Outlook;331
9.3.5;References;332
10;Part IV: Conclusion;335
10.1;Chapter 15: Evaluation Index of Carbon Capture and Utilization: A German Perspective and Beyond;336
10.1.1;15.1 Introduction and Motivation;337
10.1.2;15.2 Key Conclusions of the Integrated Technology Evaluation;338
10.1.2.1;15.2.1 Challenges for Technology and Actors;339
10.1.2.1.1;15.2.1.1 Demonstration on an Industrial Scale and Commercial Availability;339
10.1.2.1.2;15.2.1.2 Environmental and Safety Requirements;340
10.1.2.1.3;15.2.1.3 Cost Efficiency and Economic Viability;341
10.1.2.1.4;15.2.1.4 Coordination of Energy and Climate Policy;343
10.1.2.1.5;15.2.1.5 Public Acceptance;346
10.1.2.2;15.2.2 The Big Picture: Where Do We Stand?;347
10.1.3;15.3 Possible Implications for Implementation in Europe;349
10.1.4;Appendix: Survey;351
10.1.5;References;352