Kumar / Dixit Nanotechnology for Defence Applications

1. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-030-29880-7
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 353 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Chemistry and Material Science (R0)

This book examines the application of nanoscience and nanotechnology in military defence strategies. Both historical and current perspectives on military technologies are discussed. The book provides comprehensive details on current trends in the application of nanotechnology to ground, air, and naval specializations. Furthermore, nanotechnology-enabled high energy explosives and propellants, chemical, biological, radiation, and nuclear threats and their detection/protection, and camouflage and stealth for signature management of military targets in multispectral wavelength signals are analyzed. The book also covers nanotechnology-enabled armor and platforms, which may serve as lightweight and high mechanical strength options in contrast to conventional systems. Finally, the book also emphasizes future military applications of nanotechnology and its integration into ‘smart’ materials.Provides comprehensive details on trends in the application of nanotechnology to ground, air, and naval defence systems;Examines the application of nanoscience and nanotechnology in military defence strategies;Offers pathways and research avenues for development of nanotechnology and materials applications in military capacities.

Zielgruppe

Professional/practitioner

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kumar, Narendra

Dixit, Ambesh

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Preface;7
3;Acknowledgement;10
4;Contents;11
5;About the Authors;17
6;Chapter 1: Historical Perspective of Materials and Contemporary Warfare Technologies;19
6.1;1.1 Introduction;19
6.2;1.2 Historical Perspective of Materials;21
6.2.1;1.2.1 The Stone Age;22
6.2.2;1.2.2 The Bronze Age;24
6.2.3;1.2.3 The Iron Age;25
6.2.4;1.2.4 Medieval Age;26
6.2.5;1.2.5 Early Modern Period;27
6.2.6;1.2.6 Modern Period: Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries;29
6.3;1.3 History of Defense Technology;30
6.3.1;1.3.1 Weapons of the Stone Age (Prehistoric Times);32
6.3.2;1.3.2 Weapons of the Bronze Age;32
6.3.2.1;1.3.2.1 Sumerian Weapons;32
6.3.2.2;1.3.2.2 Egyptian Weapons;33
6.3.2.3;1.3.2.3 Indian Weapons;33
6.3.2.4;1.3.2.4 Assyrian Weapons;33
6.3.2.5;1.3.2.5 Greek Weapons;34
6.3.2.6;1.3.2.6 Roman Weapons;34
6.3.2.7;1.3.2.7 Siege Weapons;34
6.3.3;1.3.3 Weapons of the Iron Age;34
6.3.3.1;1.3.3.1 Chariots;35
6.3.3.2;1.3.3.2 Swords, Daggers, and Axe;35
6.3.3.3;1.3.3.3 Projectile Weapons;35
6.3.3.4;1.3.3.4 Siege Weapons;36
6.3.3.5;1.3.3.5 Armor and Shields;36
6.3.3.5.1;Japanese Weapons:;36
6.3.3.5.2;Indian Weapons:;37
6.3.4;1.3.4 Origin of Firearm Technology;37
6.3.5;1.3.5 Weapons of the Seventeenth Century;38
6.4;1.4 Modern Weapons;38
6.4.1;1.4.1 Weapons of the Nineteenth Century;38
6.4.2;1.4.2 Weapons of Twentieth Century to the Present Era;39
6.4.3;1.4.3 Health Care and Nutritious Diets for Troops;42
6.4.4;1.4.4 Industrial and Research and Development Growth;43
6.5;1.5 Post–World War II Warfare Technologies;44
6.6;1.6 Nanomaterials for Defense;47
6.7;References;48
7;Chapter 2: Nanotechnology: Science and Technology at New Length Scale with Implications in Defense;52
7.1;2.1 Introduction;52
7.2;2.2 Historical Perspective;53
7.3;2.3 Classification of Nanomaterials;56
7.3.1;2.3.1 0D Nanomaterials;57
7.3.2;2.3.2 1D Nanomaterials;57
7.3.3;2.3.3 2D Nanomaterials;58
7.3.4;2.3.4 3D Nanomaterials;58
7.3.5;2.3.5 Classification of Nanomaterials Based on Chemical Composition;59
7.3.5.1;2.3.5.1 Elemental and Compound/Alloy Metallic Nanomaterials;59
7.3.5.2;2.3.5.2 Metal Oxides and Mixed Metal Oxide Nanomaterials;60
7.3.6;2.3.6 Important Classes of Nanomaterials;62
7.3.6.1;2.3.6.1 Quantum Dots;62
7.3.6.2;2.3.6.2 Carbon Nanomaterials;63
7.3.6.3;2.3.6.3 Nanomaterials Based on Organic and Biological Materials;67
7.4;2.4 Synthesis Strategies of Nanomaterials and Composites;71
7.4.1;2.4.1 Metal Nanoparticles (Al, Ag, and Au);72
7.4.2;2.4.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles;73
7.4.3;2.4.3 Metal Chalcogenide Nanoparticles;74
7.4.4;2.4.4 Metal Carbide Nanoparticles;74
7.4.5;2.4.5 Carbon Nanomaterials;75
7.5;2.5 Synthesis of Nanocomposites;77
7.6;2.6 Uniquenesses of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology;79
7.6.1;2.6.1 Large Surface-to-Volume Ratio;79
7.6.2;2.6.2 Quantum Size Effects;80
7.6.2.1;2.6.2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance;82
7.6.2.2;2.6.2.2 Electronic Properties (Density of States);83
7.6.2.3;2.6.2.3 Magnetic Properties;85
7.6.2.4;2.6.2.4 Mechanical Properties;86
7.7;2.7 Self-Assembled Supramolecular Nanomaterials and Their Properties;87
7.8;2.8 Applications of Nanotechnology;88
7.9;References;92
8;Chapter 3: Nanotechnology-Driven Explosives and Propellants;97
8.1;3.1 Introduction;97
8.2;3.2 Historical Perspective of High-Energy Materials;99
8.3;3.3 Energetic Materials;99
8.3.1;3.3.1 Pyrotechnics;99
8.3.2;3.3.2 Propellants;104
8.3.2.1;3.3.2.1 Solid Propellants;104
8.3.2.2;3.3.2.2 Liquid Propellants;106
8.3.2.3;3.3.2.3 Gel Propellants (GPs);108
8.3.3;3.3.3 Explosives;109
8.3.3.1;3.3.3.1 Detonation;110
8.3.3.2;3.3.3.2 Processing of Explosives;117
8.3.3.3;3.3.3.3 Polymer-Bonded Explosives;117
8.3.4;3.3.4 Nanotechnology in Propellants and Explosives;119
8.3.4.1;3.3.4.1 Nanometals as Fuel (or Fuel Activator);120
8.3.4.2;3.3.4.2 Nanothermites;124
8.3.4.3;3.3.4.3 Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites;126
8.4;3.4 Storage and Safe Handling of nEMs;127
8.5;References;128
9;Chapter 4: Nanotechnology-Enabled Management of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Threats;132
9.1;4.1 Introduction;132
9.2;4.2 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Definitions;133
9.2.1;4.2.1 Chemical Weapons;133
9.2.2;4.2.2 Biological Weapons;136
9.2.3;4.2.3 Radiological Weapons;136
9.2.4;4.2.4 Improvised Nuclear Device;136
9.3;4.3 Management of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear;137
9.3.1;4.3.1 Chemical Warfare Agents;138
9.3.1.1;4.3.1.1 Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents;139
9.3.1.2;4.3.1.2 Diagnosis and Medical Treatment of Chemical Warfare Agents Victims;141
9.3.2;4.3.2 Protection Against Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs);142
9.3.2.1;4.3.2.1 Protective Equipment for Chemical Warfare;142
9.3.3;4.3.3 Decontamination of Chemical Weapon Agents;143
9.4;4.4 Biological Warfare Agents;146
9.4.1;4.4.1 Detection Techniques for Biological Warfare Agents;147
9.4.2;4.4.2 Protection from Biological Warfare Agents;150
9.4.3;4.4.3 Decontamination from Biological Warfare Agents;151
9.4.3.1;4.4.3.1 Chemical Methods;151
9.4.3.2;4.4.3.2 Physical Methods;152
9.5;4.5 Radiological Weapons;152
9.5.1;4.5.1 Detection;153
9.5.2;4.5.2 Protection and Prevention from Radio Dispersive Devices;153
9.5.3;4.5.3 Decontamination;154
9.6;4.6 Improvised Nuclear Device;155
9.6.1;4.6.1 Detection of Improvised Nuclear Devices;155
9.6.2;4.6.2 Protection from Improvised Nuclear Devices;157
9.6.3;4.6.3 Decontamination;158
9.7;4.7 Nanomaterials-Based Technologies for Management of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Threats;158
9.7.1;4.7.1 Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents;159
9.7.1.1;4.7.1.1 Detection;159
9.7.1.2;4.7.1.2 Nanomaterials in Protection and Decontamination from Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents;162
9.7.2;4.7.2 Radiological Dispersive and Improvised Nuclear Devices;163
9.7.2.1;4.7.2.1 Detection;164
9.7.2.2;4.7.2.2 Protection and Decontamination;164
9.8;References;165
10;Chapter 5: Camouflage and Stealth Technology Based on Nanomaterials;169
10.1;5.1 Introduction;169
10.1.1;5.1.1 Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception;170
10.1.2;5.1.2 Camouflage in Nature;171
10.1.3;5.1.3 History of Military Camouflage;172
10.2;5.2 Basic Principles of Camouflage;173
10.2.1;5.2.1 Threat Perception Analysis;174
10.2.1.1;5.2.1.1 Sensors in VIS-NIR Spectrum;175
10.2.1.2;5.2.1.2 Infrared Sensors;176
10.2.1.3;5.2.1.3 UV Sensors;176
10.2.1.4;5.2.1.4 Acoustic Sensors;177
10.2.1.5;5.2.1.5 Sonar;177
10.2.1.6;5.2.1.6 Radar;177
10.2.1.7;5.2.1.7 RF Sensors;178
10.2.1.8;5.2.1.8 Multispectral and Hyperspectral Sensors;179
10.3;5.3 War Theatres;179
10.3.1;5.3.1 Land;179
10.3.2;5.3.2 Sea;181
10.3.3;5.3.3 Aerospace;181
10.4;5.4 Materials for Stealth;181
10.5;5.5 CCD Measures and Their Implementation;182
10.5.1;5.5.1 Personal Camouflage;183
10.5.2;5.5.2 Track Discipline;184
10.5.3;5.5.3 Deception;184
10.5.4;5.5.4 Smoke and Liquid Foam;185
10.6;5.6 Multispectral Camouflage Nets;186
10.7;5.7 Materials for Multispectral Camouflage and Stealth;187
10.7.1;5.7.1 Camouflage in VIS-NIR (400–1200 nm);188
10.7.2;5.7.2 Camouflage in Thermal Infrared (3–5 and 8–12 ?m);191
10.7.3;5.7.3 Radar Stealth;193
10.7.3.1;5.7.3.1 Radar Cross-Section Reduction;194
10.7.4;5.7.4 Radar-Absorbing Materials (RAM);196
10.7.4.1;5.7.4.1 Basic Mechanisms of MW Absorption in RAMs;196
10.7.4.2;5.7.4.2 Classification of RAMs;198
10.7.5;5.7.5 Acoustic Camouflage;200
10.8;5.8 Nanomaterials/Nanotechnology for Multispectral Camouflage/Stealth Applications;201
10.8.1;5.8.1 Nanomaterial for Radar-Absorbing Coatings and Structures;202
10.8.1.1;5.8.1.1 Crystalline Nano RAMs;203
10.8.1.2;5.8.1.2 Core–Shell Nanocomposite RAMs;203
10.8.1.3;5.8.1.3 Nanocomposite of Carbon Nanomaterials;204
10.8.1.4;5.8.1.4 Metallic Thin Films;205
10.8.2;5.8.2 Radar-Absorbing Structures (RAS);206
10.9;5.9 Metamaterials for Multispectral Camouflage/Stealth;208
10.9.1;5.9.1 Invisibility Clocks (Infrared and Microwave);209
10.9.2;5.9.2 Optical Invisible Clock;210
10.9.3;5.9.3 Infrared Invisible Clock from Non-meta Materials;212
10.10;5.10 Adaptive Camouflage;212
10.11;References;214
11;Chapter 6: Nanomaterials-Enabled Lightweight Military Platforms;218
11.1;6.1 Introduction;218
11.2;6.2 Military Land Platforms;219
11.2.1;6.2.1 Tanks;219
11.2.2;6.2.2 Armored Personnel Carriers;220
11.2.3;6.2.3 Army Trucks;220
11.3;6.3 Aerospace Military Platforms;220
11.3.1;6.3.1 Fixed-Wing Aircrafts;224
11.3.2;6.3.2 Rotary-Wing Aircrafts: Helicopter;229
11.4;6.4 Naval Platforms;229
11.5;6.5 Lightweighting of Military Platforms;230
11.5.1;6.5.1 Low-Density Materials;231
11.5.2;6.5.2 Structural Materials for Military Platform;232
11.6;6.6 Composites for Lightweight Military Platforms;234
11.6.1;6.6.1 Land Vehicles;237
11.6.2;6.6.2 Aerial Vehicles;237
11.6.3;6.6.3 Naval Structures;239
11.6.3.1;6.6.3.1 Submarines;239
11.6.3.2;6.6.3.2 Patrol Boats;240
11.6.3.3;6.6.3.3 Mine Counter Measure Vessels [48];240
11.6.3.4;6.6.3.4 Components of Naval Ships;240
11.7;6.7 Nanocomposites for Structural Applications;241
11.7.1;6.7.1 Tribological and Anticorrosion Coatings;243
11.8;6.8 Armor;244
11.8.1;6.8.1 Mechanism for Armor Penetration;245
11.8.2;6.8.2 Technology and Materials for Lightweight Armor for Military Platforms;246
11.8.2.1;6.8.2.1 Metals;247
11.8.2.2;6.8.2.2 Ceramic Armor Materials;249
11.9;6.9 Nano Armor;252
11.9.1;6.9.1 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites;253
11.9.1.1;6.9.1.1 Carbon Nanotube and Graphene-Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites;253
11.9.2;6.9.2 Transparent Armor;255
11.9.2.1;6.9.2.1 Nanotransparent Armor;257
11.10;6.10 Blast-Protecting Armor;259
11.10.1;6.10.1 Polymeric Foams;260
11.10.2;6.10.2 Metal Foam;261
11.10.3;6.10.3 Metal Matrix Syntactic Foams;263
11.10.4;6.10.4 Nanoparticle-Reinforced Foam Composite;263
11.11;References;264
12;Chapter 7: Nanotechnology-Empowered Smart Soldier;268
12.1;7.1 Introduction;268
12.2;7.2 Historical Perspectives of Soldier’s Weapons and Armor;270
12.2.1;7.2.1 Weapons of Stone Age (250000–3000 BC);271
12.2.2;7.2.2 Weapons of Bronze Age (3000–1000 BC);271
12.2.3;7.2.3 Weapons of Iron Age (1200 BC–40 AD);273
12.2.4;7.2.4 Weapons of Medieval Period (500–1550 AD);274
12.2.5;7.2.5 Postmedieval Period: Seventeenth–Nineteenth Centuries;276
12.2.6;7.2.6 Soldier’s Arms and Armor: Twentieth Century to the Present;278
12.3;7.3 Soldier’s Weight Penalty;280
12.4;7.4 Soldier in Modern Era;281
12.4.1;7.4.1 Weapon Systems;281
12.4.1.1;7.4.1.1 Weapon Sights;282
12.4.1.2;7.4.1.2 Ammunition;283
12.4.2;7.4.2 Food and Water;283
12.4.3;7.4.3 Personnel Protective Equipment;284
12.4.4;7.4.4 Electronic Equipment;284
12.4.4.1;7.4.4.1 Communication Equipment;285
12.4.5;7.4.5 Night Vision Device;286
12.4.6;7.4.6 Load-Carrying Equipment;287
12.5;7.5 Smart Soldier: Role of Nanotechnology;288
12.5.1;7.5.1 Power Generation;289
12.5.1.1;7.5.1.1 Movements of the Soldier;290
12.5.1.2;7.5.1.2 Solar Photovoltaic;291
12.5.1.3;7.5.1.3 Thermoelectrics;293
12.5.1.4;7.5.1.4 Batteries: Energy Storage Devices;294
12.5.2;7.5.2 Body Protective Equipment;295
12.5.2.1;7.5.2.1 Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Body Armor;295
12.5.2.2;7.5.2.2 Miscellaneous Nanomaterials for Body Armor;299
12.5.3;7.5.3 Future Soldier;300
12.5.4;7.5.4 Wearable Technology;300
12.5.5;7.5.5 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology for Future Soldier;303
12.5.5.1;7.5.5.1 Smart Textiles;303
12.5.5.2;7.5.5.2 Smart Skins;306
12.5.5.3;7.5.5.3 Energy Harvesting and Storage Devices;307
12.5.5.4;7.5.5.4 Exoskeleton;307
12.5.6;7.5.6 Dynamic Battle Suit;309
12.6;References;310
13;Chapter 8: Role of Nanotechnology in Futuristic Warfare;314
13.1;8.1 Introduction;314
13.2;8.2 Contemporary Advancements in Warfare Equipment;316
13.2.1;8.2.1 Precision-Guided Arms;316
13.2.1.1;8.2.1.1 ADS Amphibious Rifle;316
13.2.1.2;8.2.1.2 Counter Defilade Target Engagement (CDTE);317
13.2.1.3;8.2.1.3 Extreme Accuracy Tasked Ordnance;317
13.2.1.4;8.2.1.4 Magneto Hydrodynamic Explosive Munitions (MAHEM);318
13.2.1.5;8.2.1.5 Modular Advanced Armed Robotic System (MAARS);318
13.2.1.6;8.2.1.6 Unmanned Combat Vehicle (UCV);318
13.2.1.7;8.2.1.7 Personnel Halting and Stimulation Response (PHASR) Rifle;319
13.2.1.8;8.2.1.8 Human Universal Load Carrier (HULC);319
13.2.2;8.2.2 Adaptive Camouflage;319
13.2.3;8.2.3 Long-Range Weapon System: Hypersonic Missile System;321
13.2.4;8.2.4 Directed-Energy Weapons;321
13.2.4.1;8.2.4.1 Sensors for Directed-Energy Weapons;322
13.2.4.2;8.2.4.2 High-Power Microwave Weapons;323
13.2.4.3;8.2.4.3 Laser Weapons;324
13.2.5;8.2.5 Particle Beam Weapons;326
13.3;8.3 New Strategies for Futuristic War;326
13.3.1;8.3.1 Artificial Intelligence;327
13.3.2;8.3.2 The Internet of Things;328
13.3.3;8.3.3 Internet of Intelligent Battle Things (IoBT);328
13.3.3.1;8.3.3.1 Enemy’s Detection;329
13.3.3.2;8.3.3.2 Care of Physical and Mental State of a Soldier;330
13.3.3.3;8.3.3.3 Syncing Soldiers with Weapons Systems and Other Devices;330
13.4;8.4 Nanotechnology in a Futuristic Warfare;330
13.4.1;8.4.1 Multipurpose Nanocomputers for Battlefield;331
13.4.2;8.4.2 New Class of Miniaturized Convertible Vehicles and Ships;332
13.4.2.1;8.4.2.1 Mini Drones for Surveillance;332
13.4.2.2;8.4.2.2 Nanotechnology-Enabled Corrosion Protection of Naval Vessels;333
13.4.3;8.4.3 Nanomaterials-Enabled Soldiers;333
13.4.3.1;8.4.3.1 Soldiers’ Body Armors;333
13.4.3.2;8.4.3.2 Nanoweapons;333
13.4.3.3;8.4.3.3 Toxic Nanoweapons;334
13.4.3.4;8.4.3.4 Nanonukes;334
13.4.3.5;8.4.3.5 Nano Bioweapons;335
13.4.3.6;8.4.3.6 Nano Drones;335
13.4.4;8.4.4 Nanotechnology-Based Invisibility Clocks;336
13.4.5;8.4.5 Nanotechnology-Enabled Next Generation Cyber Security;337
13.5;References;340
14;Index;343

Über Autor(innen)

Dr. Narendra Kumar is a former Director and DRDO fellow (Ministry of Defence, Government of India). With his Ph.D. degree in Organometallic Chemistry from Delhi University, he has experience in working on a variety of advanced materials, including organometallics, liquid crystals, conducting polymers, and nanomaterials. He also has experience with  evolving green synthetic routes for the preparation of metal salts by electrochemicals, conducting polymers and nanomaterials in aqueous media, and products based on such materials for defence applications. Dr. Kumar has published 110 research papers, including four review articles, in International journals. He is a co-author of several book chapters, he holds 12 patents and has co-authored three books on nanotechnology. He was a post-doctoral Fellow between 1981 and 1983 at Windsor University in Canada, and also served as a visiting research associate of CSIR from 1992-1995. He is the recipient of the DRDO Technology Award for his pioneering research work on conducting polymers and received the DRDO Scientist of the Year Award from the Prime Minister of India for products based on conducting Polymers and nanomaterials for defence applications. He has also been awarded the national MRSI-ICSC Super Conductivity and Materials Science Annual prize  from the Materials Research Society of India. Dr. Kumar is the member of a number of scientific societies, including the American Chemical Society and Material Research Society.

Dr. Ambesh Dixit received his Ph.D. in 2010 at Wayne State University and is Associate Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology at Jodhpur. He has more than 10 years’ experience in computational and experimental condensed matter physics, with a special emphasis on the design and development of materials for various applications. His research utilizes bulk three, two, one and zero dimensional nanostructured systems to develop unique materials. He is an expert in multifunctional systems, and was the first to demonstrate that iron vanadate (FeVO4) is a multiferroic system. He is currently working on the development of materials for strategic military applications, such as microwave absorbing materials for stealth, energy conversion using solar photovoltaic and solar thermal process, and energy storage using electrical and thermal approaches. He has co-edited one book and authored several publications in international journals.