Laakso / Taylor The Cluster Active Archive

Studying the Earth's Space Plasma Environment
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-3499-1
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 492 Seiten

Since the year 2000 the ESA Cluster mission has been investigating the small-scale structures and processes of the Earth's plasma environment, such as those involved in the interaction between the solar wind and the magnetospheric plasma, in global magnetotail dynamics, in cross-tail currents, and in the formation and dynamics of the neutral line and of plasmoids. This book contains presentations made at the 15th Cluster workshop held in March 2008. It also presents several articles about the Cluster Active Archive and its datasets, a few overview papers on the Cluster mission, and articles reporting on scientific findings on the solar wind, the magnetosheath, the magnetopause and the magnetotail.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Laakso, Harri

Taylor, Matthew

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;The Cluster Active Archive
;1
1.1;Preface;4
1.2;Part I Products and Services of the Cluster Active Archive;19
1.2.1;1 Cluster Active Archive: Overview;20
1.2.1.1;1.1 Introduction;21
1.2.1.1.1;1.1.1 Cluster Mission;21
1.2.1.1.2;1.1.2 CAA Concept;21
1.2.1.1.3;1.1.3 CAA Standards;22
1.2.1.2;1.2 Infrastructure;22
1.2.1.2.1;1.2.1 Organization;22
1.2.1.2.2;1.2.2 System Architecture;23
1.2.1.2.3;1.2.3 System Reviews;26
1.2.1.2.4;1.2.4 User Access Statistics;26
1.2.1.2.5;1.2.5 User Feedback;28
1.2.1.3;1.3 Standards;28
1.2.1.3.1;1.3.1 CEF Data Format;28
1.2.1.3.2;1.3.2 CEF Metadata;29
1.2.1.4;1.4 Software System;31
1.2.1.4.1;1.4.1 User Interface;31
1.2.1.4.1.1;1.4.1.1 Web Interface;31
1.2.1.4.1.2;1.4.1.2 Command-Line Interface;34
1.2.1.4.2;1.4.2 Visualization;36
1.2.1.4.2.1;1.4.2.1 CAA Graphics;36
1.2.1.4.2.2;1.4.2.2 Quick-Look Plots;39
1.2.1.4.2.3;1.4.2.3 Pre-generated Inventory Plots;39
1.2.1.4.2.4;1.4.2.4 User-Defined Inventory Plots;39
1.2.1.4.3;1.4.3 Support Tools;40
1.2.1.5;1.5 Science Data Products;40
1.2.1.5.1;1.5.1 CAA Products;41
1.2.1.5.2;1.5.2 Cluster Raw Data System;41
1.2.1.5.3;1.5.3 CSDS Products;42
1.2.1.6;1.6 Cross-calibration Activity;42
1.2.1.7;1.7 Future Planning;43
1.2.1.8;Appendix: CEF Metadata;44
1.2.1.9;References;54
1.2.2;2 ASPOC Data Products in the Cluster Active Archive;55
1.2.2.1;2.1 Introduction;55
1.2.2.2;2.2 Instrument Overview;58
1.2.2.2.1;2.2.1 Ion Emitters;58
1.2.2.2.2;2.2.2 Currents in the Emitter System;59
1.2.2.2.3;2.2.3 Instrument Modes;59
1.2.2.3;2.3 ASPOC Datasets in the Cluster Active Archive;60
1.2.2.4;2.4 Examples and Applications;62
1.2.2.5;2.5 Status of the Data Sets;64
1.2.2.6;References;64
1.2.3;3 Cluster Ion Spectrometry (CIS) Data in the Cluster Active Archive (CAA);66
1.2.3.1;3.1 Introduction;67
1.2.3.2;3.2 The CIS Experiment;67
1.2.3.2.1;3.2.1 The CODIF (CIS-1) Instrument;69
1.2.3.2.2;3.2.2 The HIA (CIS-2) Instrument;70
1.2.3.2.3;3.2.3 The CIS Operational Modes;70
1.2.3.2.4;3.2.4 CIS Instrument Status;74
1.2.3.3;3.3 CIS-CAA Archival Products;75
1.2.3.3.1;3.3.1 CIS Level 1 Data;76
1.2.3.3.2;3.3.2 CIS Level 2 Data;76
1.2.3.3.3;3.3.3 CIS Level 3 Data;77
1.2.3.3.4;3.3.4 CIS Graphical Data Products;78
1.2.3.3.5;3.3.5 CIS Calibration Files;80
1.2.3.3.6;3.3.6 CIS Data Processing Software;82
1.2.3.3.7;3.3.7 CIS Documentation;82
1.2.3.3.8;3.3.8 CIS Data Caveats;83
1.2.3.4;3.4 Conclusion;85
1.2.3.5;References;86
1.2.4;4 Digital Wave Processor Products in the Cluster Active Archive;88
1.2.4.1;4.1 Introduction;88
1.2.4.2;4.2 Time Correction Data;90
1.2.4.2.1;4.2.1 Introduction;90
1.2.4.2.2;4.2.2 Production;91
1.2.4.2.3;4.2.3 Validation;92
1.2.4.2.4;4.2.4 Caveats;92
1.2.4.2.5;4.2.5 Application;92
1.2.4.3;4.3 Experiment Status and Commanding Datasets;93
1.2.4.3.1;4.3.1 Status Log (DWP_LOG);93
1.2.4.3.2;4.3.2 Commanding (DWP_UT_PIOR);94
1.2.4.4;4.4 Particle Correlator Datasets;94
1.2.4.4.1;4.4.1 Description;94
1.2.4.4.2;4.4.2 Caveats;95
1.2.4.5;4.5 Software;96
1.2.4.6;References;96
1.2.5;5 EDI Data Products in the Cluster Active Archive;98
1.2.5.1;5.1 Introduction;98
1.2.5.2;5.2 Instrument Overview;99
1.2.5.2.1;5.2.1 Electric Field Measurement;99
1.2.5.2.2;5.2.2 Ambient Electron Monitoring;101
1.2.5.2.3;5.2.3 Operations and Limitations;102
1.2.5.3;5.3 Data Processing Chain;102
1.2.5.4;5.4 Instrument Data Products;103
1.2.5.5;5.5 Example of Science Application;108
1.2.5.6;5.6 Summary of EDI Contribution;109
1.2.5.7;References;110
1.2.6;6 The EFW Data in the CAA;111
1.2.6.1;6.1 Introduction;111
1.2.6.2;6.2 Measured Quantities, Coordinate Systems;111
1.2.6.3;6.3 Science Data Products;112
1.2.6.4;6.4 Production of the Electric Field Data;113
1.2.6.5;6.5 Caveats;115
1.2.6.5.1;6.5.1 10Hz Filter Failure on C2;115
1.2.6.5.2;6.5.2 Probe 1 Failure on C1, C2 and C4;115
1.2.6.5.3;6.5.3 Solar Wind Wakes;115
1.2.6.5.4;6.5.4 Cold Ion Drift Wakes;117
1.2.6.5.5;6.5.5 Plasmasphere;119
1.2.6.5.6;6.5.6 WHISPER Operations;120
1.2.6.5.7;6.5.7 ASPOC Operations;120
1.2.6.5.8;6.5.8 EDI Operations;121
1.2.6.6;6.6 Summary;121
1.2.6.7;References;122
1.2.7;7 FGM Data Products in the CAA;123
1.2.7.1;7.1 FGM Instrument Description;123
1.2.7.2;7.2 The FGM Calibration Procedure for CAA Data Products;124
1.2.7.2.1;7.2.1 Overview of the Calibration Procedure;126
1.2.7.2.2;7.2.2 The Solar Wind Analysis;127
1.2.7.2.3;7.2.3 The Fourier Analysis Technique;129
1.2.7.2.4;7.2.4 The Range Change Analysis;132
1.2.7.2.5;7.2.5 Inter-Spacecraft Calibration;133
1.2.7.3;7.3 The FGM Data Products;135
1.2.7.3.1;7.3.1 Primary Data Products;135
1.2.7.3.2;7.3.2 Support Data Products;135
1.2.7.3.3;7.3.3 Calibration Files;136
1.2.7.3.4;7.3.4 The Data Production Procedure;136
1.2.7.3.5;7.3.5 Quality Control for FGM Data Products Submitted to the CAA;136
1.2.7.4;7.4 Conclusion;140
1.2.7.5;References;141
1.2.8;8 PEACE Data in the Cluster Active Archive;143
1.2.8.1;8.1 Introduction;143
1.2.8.2;8.2 The Cluster PEACE Instruments;144
1.2.8.2.1;8.2.1 Instrument Description;144
1.2.8.2.1.1;8.2.1.1 The Electrostatic Analysers;144
1.2.8.2.1.2;8.2.1.2 The Data Accumulation Time Interval and the PEACE Spin;145
1.2.8.2.1.3;8.2.1.3 Energy and Solid Angle Coverage, and Resolution;146
1.2.8.2.2;8.2.2 How PEACE Science Data Is Generated and Transmitted;148
1.2.8.2.3;8.2.3 PEACE Instrument Status;149
1.2.8.3;8.3 The CAA PEACE Science Data Products;149
1.2.8.3.1;8.3.1 Three Dimensional Distribution Data;149
1.2.8.3.1.1;8.3.1.1 Standard Reduced Resolution 3-D Data (3DR);150
1.2.8.3.1.2;8.3.1.2 Flexible Reduced Polar Resolution 3-D Data (3DXP, 3DXPLAR);151
1.2.8.3.1.3;8.3.1.3 Full Resolution 3-D Distributions (3DX, 3DXLAR);151
1.2.8.3.1.4;8.3.1.4 Partial Azimuth Content 3-D Data (3DXPA, 3DXPALAR);151
1.2.8.3.2;8.3.2 Pitch Angle Distribution Data;151
1.2.8.3.2.1;8.3.2.1 Standard Spin Rate Pitch Angle Data (PITCH_SPIN);151
1.2.8.3.2.2;8.3.2.2 Full Time Resolution Pitch Angle Data (PITCH_FULL);153
1.2.8.3.2.3;8.3.2.3 Pitch Angle Data from 3-D Data (PITCH_3DR, PITCH_3DX, PITCH_3DXLAR, PITCH_3DXA, 3DXA_LAR);154
1.2.8.3.3;8.3.3 Electron Moments Data;154
1.2.8.3.3.1;8.3.3.1 Moments from 3-D Data (MOMENTS);154
1.2.8.3.3.2;8.3.3.2 Prime Parameters;155
1.2.8.4;8.4 Other Data Products;156
1.2.8.4.1;8.4.1 Pre-science Data;156
1.2.8.4.1.1;8.4.1.1 Onboard Selected Pitch Angle Data (PAD);156
1.2.8.4.1.2;8.4.1.2 Onboard Moments Sums (OMS);157
1.2.8.4.2;8.4.2 Diagnostic Data;157
1.2.8.4.2.1;8.4.2.1 LER;157
1.2.8.4.2.2;8.4.2.2 NOI;157
1.2.8.5;8.5 Caveats and Status Information;158
1.2.8.6;8.6 Summary;158
1.2.8.7;References;158
1.2.9;9 RAPID Products at the Cluster Active Archive;159
1.2.9.1;9.1 Introduction;159
1.2.9.2;9.2 The RAPID Instrument;160
1.2.9.2.1;9.2.1 Electrons;161
1.2.9.2.1.1;9.2.1.1 The Electron Base Products;162
1.2.9.2.2;9.2.2 Ions;163
1.2.9.2.2.1;9.2.2.1 The Ion Base Products;165
1.2.9.3;9.3 Standardized Energy Channels;165
1.2.9.4;9.4 CAA Products;167
1.2.9.4.1;9.4.1 Main Products;167
1.2.9.4.2;9.4.2 Support Products;168
1.2.9.4.3;9.4.3 Diagnostic Products;168
1.2.9.4.4;9.4.4 Graphics and Software;169
1.2.9.5;9.5 Status of RAPID Data at CAA;169
1.2.9.5.1;9.5.1 Recalibration;169
1.2.9.5.2;9.5.2 Reissues;171
1.2.9.6;9.6 Summary;171
1.2.9.7;References;171
1.2.10;10 STAFF Instrument Products Distributed Through the Cluster Active Archive;173
1.2.10.1;10.1 Introduction;173
1.2.10.2;10.2 Instrument Hardware;174
1.2.10.2.1;10.2.1 The Magnetic Waveform Unit;174
1.2.10.2.2;10.2.2 The Spectrum Analyser;174
1.2.10.3;10.3 Data Processing;175
1.2.10.3.1;10.3.1 STAFF-SC;176
1.2.10.3.2;10.3.2 STAFF-SA;176
1.2.10.4;10.4 Available STAFF Data Products in the CAA;176
1.2.10.4.1;10.4.1 STAFF-SC Decommutated Waveform;178
1.2.10.4.2;10.4.2 STAFF-SC Complex Spectra;179
1.2.10.4.3;10.4.3 STAFF-SC Dynamic Spectra;179
1.2.10.4.4;10.4.4 STAFF-SA Automatic Gain Control;179
1.2.10.4.5;10.4.5 STAFF-SA Power Spectral Density and Spectral Matrix;179
1.2.10.4.6;10.4.6 Caveats;180
1.2.10.5;10.5 Prospects;181
1.2.10.5.1;10.5.1 CAA STAFF Data Status;181
1.2.10.5.2;10.5.2 STAFF Data Prospects;181
1.2.10.6;References;181
1.2.11;11 Cluster Wideband Data Products in the Cluster Active Archive;183
1.2.11.1;11.1 Introduction;183
1.2.11.2;11.2 WBD Data and Science Investigations;187
1.2.11.3;11.3 WBD Products Currently Archived at the CAA;189
1.2.11.3.1;11.3.1 Documentation;189
1.2.11.3.2;11.3.2 Software;190
1.2.11.3.3;11.3.3 WBD Plots;191
1.2.11.4;11.4 Interpretation Issues with WBD Data;193
1.2.11.5;11.5 Plans for Archiving WBD Digital Data Files;195
1.2.11.6;11.6 Cross Calibration Activities;195
1.2.11.6.1;11.6.1 Waveform;195
1.2.11.6.2;11.6.2 Power Spectral Density;196
1.2.11.6.3;11.6.3 Density;196
1.2.11.7;11.7 Summary;196
1.2.11.8;References;197
1.2.12;12 The WHISPER Relaxation Sounder and the CLUSTER Active Archive;198
1.2.12.1;12.1 Introduction;199
1.2.12.2;12.2 WHISPER Instrument Design and Performance;199
1.2.12.3;12.3 WHISPER Data Products in CAA;203
1.2.12.3.1;12.3.1 Natural Waves Related Datasets;203
1.2.12.3.2;12.3.2 Energy Related Datasets;205
1.2.12.3.3;12.3.3 Sounding Related Datasets;205
1.2.12.3.4;12.3.4 Electron Density Related Dataset;206
1.2.12.4;12.4 Electron Density Determination Process;207
1.2.12.4.1;12.4.1 Density Determination in the Solar Wind and Magnetosheath;208
1.2.12.4.2;12.4.2 Density Determination in the Plasmasphere, Cusp and Tail;210
1.2.12.5;12.5 Cross-calibration Activities;212
1.2.12.6;12.6 Discussion and Conclusion;213
1.2.12.7;References;219
1.2.13;13 ESOC Data Products in the CAA;222
1.2.13.1;13.1 The Cluster Mission;222
1.2.13.1.1;13.1.1 Ground and Space Segment;222
1.2.13.1.2;13.1.2 Mission Operations Concept;223
1.2.13.1.3;13.1.3 Evolution of the Cluster Mission;224
1.2.13.2;13.2 Reports and Technical Notes;225
1.2.13.3;13.3 Spacecraft System Data;228
1.2.13.4;13.4 Flight Dynamics Data;230
1.2.13.5;13.5 Ground Segment Data;232
1.2.13.6;13.6 Summary;235
1.2.13.7;References;235
1.3;Part II Tools for the CAA Data Analysis;236
1.3.1;14 QSAS, QM Science Analysis Software;237
1.3.1.1;14.1 Overview;237
1.3.1.2;14.2 Case Study;238
1.3.1.3;14.3 Discussion;239
1.3.2;15 Flexible Tools for Accessing the Cluster Archives;244
1.3.2.1;15.1 Introduction;244
1.3.2.2;15.2 Software Infrastructure;244
1.3.2.2.1;15.2.1 The Retrieval Process;245
1.3.2.2.2;15.2.2 The Formatting Process;245
1.3.2.2.3;15.2.3 The Analysis and Visualization Process;246
1.3.2.3;15.3 The MIM Implementation;246
1.3.2.4;15.4 About the Importance of Metadata;248
1.3.2.5;15.5 Conclusion;248
1.3.2.6;References;249
1.3.3;16 AMDA, Automated Multi-Dataset Analysis: A Web-Based Service Provided by the CDPP;250
1.3.3.1;16.1 Introduction;250
1.3.3.2;16.2 Analysis of the Needs for Data Exploitation in Space Physics;251
1.3.3.3;16.3 AMDA (Automated Multi-Dataset Analysis);252
1.3.3.4;16.4 A Use Case;253
1.3.3.5;16.5 Conclusion and Perspectives;257
1.3.3.6;References;258
1.3.4;17 Cluster CAA Module for PaPCo;259
1.3.4.1;17.1 Introduction;259
1.3.4.1.1;17.1.1 What Is PaPCo?;260
1.3.4.1.2;17.1.2 CAA Module for PaPCo;260
1.3.4.2;17.2 Using the Module;261
1.3.4.2.1;17.2.1 Slicing Data;262
1.3.4.2.2;17.2.2 Panel Editor;263
1.3.4.2.3;17.2.3 Transferring Data from the CAA;264
1.3.4.3;17.3 Internal Mechanics;266
1.3.4.3.1;17.3.1 Reading and Plotting the Data;266
1.3.4.3.2;17.3.2 Datasets Database;266
1.3.4.3.3;17.3.3 Plug-in Extensions;267
1.3.4.3.4;17.3.4 Using PaPCo and the CAA Module to Access Data;267
1.3.4.4;17.4 Installing PaPCo;267
1.3.4.5;17.5 Conclusion;267
1.4;Part III Measurement Techniques and Calibration Routines;269
1.4.1;18 Electron Density Estimation in the Magnetotail: a Multi-Instrument Approach;270
1.4.1.1;18.1 Introduction;271
1.4.1.2;18.2 Cluster Instruments for Electron Density Estimation;271
1.4.1.2.1;18.2.1 PEACE;271
1.4.1.2.2;18.2.2 EFW;272
1.4.1.2.3;18.2.3 WBD;273
1.4.1.2.4;18.2.4 WHISPER;273
1.4.1.3;18.3 Z-Mode in the Distant Tail;275
1.4.1.3.1;18.3.1 Event 1: 28 July 2006;276
1.4.1.3.2;18.3.2 Event 2: 07 September 2006;277
1.4.1.4;18.4 A Multi-instrument Approach;279
1.4.1.4.1;18.4.1 Lobe Regions;279
1.4.1.4.2;18.4.2 PSBL/Outer Plasmasheet;280
1.4.1.4.3;18.4.3 Central Plasmasheet;282
1.4.1.5;18.5 Conclusion;285
1.4.1.6;References;286
1.4.2;19 Cluster-PEACE In-flight Calibration Status;289
1.4.2.1;19.1 Introduction;289
1.4.2.2;19.2 The Calibration Parameters;290
1.4.2.2.1;19.2.1 Introduction to the Calibration Parameters;290
1.4.2.2.2;19.2.2 Calibration Parameters: HEEA and LEEA;290
1.4.2.2.3;19.2.3 Calibration Correction Factors;291
1.4.2.2.4;19.2.4 Relationship Between Calibration Parameters and Moments;291
1.4.2.3;19.3 PEACE In-flight Calibration Method;292
1.4.2.3.1;19.3.1 Note on Determination of Electron Moments;292
1.4.2.3.2;19.3.2 Determination of Correction Factors;293
1.4.2.3.3;19.3.3 Determination of Correction Factors;294
1.4.2.3.4;19.3.4 Determination of 0 Calibration Parameter;295
1.4.2.4;19.4 Assessment of PEACE Calibrations;296
1.4.2.4.1;19.4.1 Effect of Inter-anode Sensitivity Corrections;296
1.4.2.4.2;19.4.2 EFW-FGM-PEACE Comparisons;299
1.4.2.4.3;19.4.3 CIS-PEACE Comparisons;301
1.4.2.4.4;19.4.4 PEACE-WHISPER Comparison;302
1.4.2.4.5;19.4.5 PEACE-RAPID Comparisons;304
1.4.2.4.6;19.4.6 PEACE Inter-instrument Comparisons;305
1.4.2.5;19.5 Summary;306
1.4.2.6;References;307
1.4.3;20 Generation and Validation of Ion Energy Spectra Based on Cluster RAPID and CIS Measurements;308
1.4.3.1;20.1 Introduction;308
1.4.3.2;20.2 Data and Methodology;309
1.4.3.2.1;20.2.1 Fitting Method;310
1.4.3.3;20.3 Examples;311
1.4.3.4;20.4 CIS/CODIF and RAPID/IIMS Cross-Calibration;312
1.4.3.5;20.5 Summary and Outlook;312
1.4.3.6;References;313
1.5;Part IV Magnetospheric Missions;314
1.5.1;21 The Cluster Mission: Space Plasma in Three Dimensions;315
1.5.1.1;21.1 Introduction;316
1.5.1.2;21.2 Mission;316
1.5.1.3;21.3 Instrumentation;320
1.5.1.4;21.4 Publications;321
1.5.1.5;21.5 Recent Results;322
1.5.1.5.1;21.5.1 First Observation of Surface Waves on the Bow Shock;323
1.5.1.5.2;21.5.2 Solitons Observed and Successfully Modeled at the Magnetopause;323
1.5.1.5.3;21.5.3 First 3-D Analysis of the Turbulence in the Magnetosheath;323
1.5.1.5.4;21.5.4 Discoveries on Magnetic Reconnection;324
1.5.1.5.5;21.5.5 Discovery of the Largest Reconnection Line (2.5 Millions of Kilometers Length);324
1.5.1.5.6;21.5.6 First Observation of Magnetic Reconnection and Electric Current Disruption Close to Earth Using Cluster and Double Star;324
1.5.1.5.7;21.5.7 Discovery of Magnetic Reconnection in Turbulent Plasma;325
1.5.1.5.8;21.5.8 First Observation of Magnetic Reconnection in Giant Vortices;325
1.5.1.5.9;21.5.9 Discovery of Very Elongated Electron Diffusion Region;327
1.5.1.5.10;21.5.10 First Observation of 3D Magnetic Reconnection and Magnetic Nulls;327
1.5.1.5.11;21.5.11 Confirmation of Relation Between Magnetic Substorms and Plasma Bursty Bulk Flows;327
1.5.1.5.12;21.5.12 Strongest Current Measured So Far in the Magnetotail;329
1.5.1.5.13;21.5.13 First Measurement of the Size of Ion Diffusion Region Using Cluster Multi-scale Configuration;329
1.5.1.5.14;21.5.14 First Measurement of Second Order Terms in the Generalized Ohm's Law;329
1.5.1.5.15;21.5.15 First Observation of ``Chorus'' Emission Propagation to Low Altitude;331
1.5.1.5.16;21.5.16 Discovery of Magnetosonic Waves Accelerating Electrons to MeV Energies in Radiation Belts;331
1.5.1.5.17;21.5.17 First Observation of Narrow Angle Emission of the Auroral Kilometric Radiation;332
1.5.1.5.18;21.5.18 First Observation of the Evolution of Electric Circuit Powering the Auroras;333
1.5.1.6;21.6 Conclusions;333
1.5.1.7;References;335
1.5.2;22 Double Star: Mission, Instruments and Joint Observations;337
1.5.2.1;22.1 Introduction;337
1.5.2.2;22.2 Operations, Payload and Data Acquisition;339
1.5.2.3;22.3 Orbit Strategy and Mission Extension;343
1.5.2.4;22.4 Selected Scientific Results;344
1.5.2.4.1;22.4.1 Magnetotail Phenomena;344
1.5.2.4.2;22.4.2 Selected Scientific Results: Dayside Phenomena;346
1.5.2.4.2.1;22.4.2.1 Cusp-Magnetopause Boundary Layer;347
1.5.2.4.2.2;22.4.2.2 Flux Tube Motion and Reconnection Flows;348
1.5.2.4.2.3;22.4.2.3 Boundary Layer Extent and Energisation;349
1.5.2.5;22.5 Discussion and Conclusions;349
1.5.2.6;References;351
1.6;Part V Observations of Solar Wind and Magnetosheath;353
1.6.1;23 Effect of Shock Normal Orientation Fluctuations on Field-Aligned Beam Distributions;354
1.6.1.1;23.1 Introduction;355
1.6.1.2;23.2 Foreshock FAB Reduced Parallel Distribution Functions;356
1.6.1.3;23.3 Accessible Source Regions and Velocity Filtering;358
1.6.1.4;23.4 A Geometric Model;360
1.6.1.5;23.5 Results;362
1.6.1.6;23.6 Discussion;364
1.6.1.7;References;366
1.6.2;24 Wave Number Spectra in the Solar Wind, the Foreshock, and the Magnetosheath;368
1.6.2.1;24.1 Introduction;368
1.6.2.2;24.2 Estimator of Wave Number Spectra;369
1.6.2.3;24.3 Application to Cluster;370
1.6.2.4;24.4 Discussion and Conclusion;372
1.6.2.5;References;373
1.6.3;25 Cluster Hot Flow Anomaly Observations During Solar Cycle Minimum;374
1.6.3.1;25.1 Introduction;374
1.6.3.2;25.2 Observations;375
1.6.3.3;25.3 Discussion and Conclusions;378
1.6.3.4;References;380
1.6.4;26 On the Growth of Mirror Mode Waves in the Magnetosheath Based on Cluster Observations;381
1.6.4.1;26.1 Introduction;381
1.6.4.2;26.2 Data Analysis;382
1.6.4.3;26.3 The Influence of Plasma Parameters on the Occurrence of Mirror Mode Waves;383
1.6.4.4;26.4 Growth Rate of Fluctuations;385
1.6.4.5;26.5 Summary;387
1.6.4.6;References;388
1.7;Part VI Observations of Magnetopause and Cusp;390
1.7.1;27 Mixed Azimuthal Scales of Flux Transfer Events;391
1.7.1.1;27.1 Introduction;391
1.7.1.2;27.2 Cluster Orientation and Solar Wind Conditions;392
1.7.1.3;27.3 Extent of Dayside Reconnection: Ionospheric Signatures;394
1.7.1.4;27.4 In Situ Observations: FTEs and Their Azimuthal Extent;396
1.7.1.5;27.5 Summary;399
1.7.1.6;References;399
1.7.2;28 Perspectives Gained from a Combination of Polar, Cluster and ISEE Energetic Particle Measurements in the Dayside Cusp;401
1.7.2.1;28.1 Introduction;402
1.7.2.2;28.2 Polar Observations;402
1.7.2.3;28.3 Cluster Observations;406
1.7.2.4;28.4 ISEE 1 and 2 Observations;408
1.7.2.5;28.5 Conclusions;411
1.7.2.6;References;413
1.7.3;29 Energetic Particles in the Cusp: A Cluster/RAPID View;416
1.7.3.1;29.1 Introduction;417
1.7.3.2;29.2 Instrumentation;418
1.7.3.3;29.3 The High-Latitude Dayside Regions;418
1.7.3.4;29.4 Reconnection Near the Cusp;420
1.7.3.5;29.5 Statistics of Energetic Particles in the HLPS and the Cusp;422
1.7.3.6;29.6 Conclusions;425
1.7.3.7;References;426
1.8;Part VII Observations of Magnetospheric Tail;428
1.8.1;30 Plasma Flow Reversals in the Magnetotail and Their Implications on Substorm Models;429
1.8.1.1;30.1 Introduction;429
1.8.1.2;30.2 Features Around Plasma Flow Reversal for MTI Model;429
1.8.1.3;30.3 Features Around Plasma Flow Reversal for NEI Model;431
1.8.1.4;30.4 Comparison of Observations with Model Predictions;432
1.8.1.5;30.5 Summary and Discussion;433
1.8.1.6;References;433
1.8.2;31 Spatial and Temporal Structures in the Vicinity of the Earth's Tail Magnetic Separatrix Cluster Observations;435
1.8.2.1;31.1 Introduction;436
1.8.2.2;31.2 Observations of Magnetic Separatrix Crossing and Transient Effects in PSBL Plasma Distributions;438
1.8.2.3;31.3 PSBL Manifestations of Quasi-Steady Resonant Acceleration of Ions in the CS;440
1.8.2.3.1;31.3.1 Event of 21 September 2001;440
1.8.2.3.2;31.3.2 PSBL Signatures of Multiple Acceleration in the CS;442
1.8.2.3.3;31.3.3 Modeling of Ion Beam Intersection;444
1.8.2.4;31.4 Discussion and Summary;446
1.8.2.5;References;450
1.8.3;32 Cluster Observations of Energy Conversion Regions in the Plasma Sheet;452
1.8.3.1;32.1 Introduction;453
1.8.3.2;32.2 Observations;454
1.8.3.3;32.3 Prospects;457
1.8.3.4;References;457
1.8.4;33 Acceleration of >40keV Electrons in Near-Earth Magnetotail Reconnection Events;459
1.8.4.1;33.1 Introduction;459
1.8.4.2;33.2 Reconnection Events;460
1.8.4.3;33.3 Discussion and Summary;462
1.8.4.4;References;463
1.8.5;34 Evolution and Energization of Energetic Electrons in the Inner Magnetosphere;464
1.8.5.1;34.1 Introduction;464
1.8.5.2;34.2 What Has Been Learned;466
1.8.5.2.1;34.2.1 Parameters Used in Paper;466
1.8.5.2.2;34.2.2 Summary of Current Knowledge;466
1.8.5.2.3;34.2.3 Radial Transport and M Violation Processes;468
1.8.5.2.4;34.2.4 Peak Electron Enhancements and Phase Space Density Dependences with L;468
1.8.5.2.5;34.2.5 Source Populations;471
1.8.5.3;34.3 Energetic Electron Responses During July 2004 Storms;474
1.8.5.3.1;34.3.1 Data Sources for Example Storms;474
1.8.5.3.2;34.3.2 HEO3 Observations of July 2004 Storms;474
1.8.5.3.3;34.3.3 Cluster Observations of July 24, 2004 Storm;478
1.8.5.4;34.4 Summary;482
1.8.5.5;References;482