Lamb Regreening the Bare Hills

Tropical Forest Restoration in the Asia-Pacific Region
2011
ISBN: 978-90-481-9870-2
Verlag: Springer Netherland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 8, 550 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: World Forests

In , David Lamb explores how reforestation might be carried out both to conserve biological diversity and to improve the livelihoods of the rural poor. While both issues have attracted considerable attention in recent years, this book takes a significant step, by integrating ecological and silvicultural knowledge within the context of the social and economic issues that can determine the success or failure of tropical forest landscape restoration.

Describing new approaches to the reforestation of degraded lands in the Asia-Pacific tropics, the book reviews current approaches to reforestation throughout the region, paying particular attention to those which incorporate native species – including in multi-species plantations. It presents case studies from across the Asia-Pacific region and discusses how the silvicultural methods needed to manage these ‘new’ plantations will differ from conventional methods. It also explores how reforestation might be made more attractive to smallholders and how trade-offs between production and conservation are most easily made at a landscape scale. The book concludes with a discussion of how future forest restoration may be affected by some current ecological and socio-economic trends now underway.

The book represents a valuable resource for reforestation managers and policy makers wishing to promote these new silvicultural approaches, as well as for conservationists, development experts and researchers with an interest in forest restoration. Combining a theoretical-research perspective with practical aspects of restoration, the book will be equally valuable to practitioners and academics, while the lessons drawn from these discussions will have relevance elsewhere throughout the tropics.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Lamb, David

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface

Abbreviations

Chapter 1: Deforestation and its Consequences in the Asia-Pacific region
Introduction
Deforestation rates
The new landscapes
Estimates of the area of ‘degraded’ land potentially available for reforestation
Assessing the extent of biodiversity losses
Consequences of deforestation and biodiversity loss
Is the Protected Area network able to protect regional biodiversity?
Conclusions
References

Chapter 2: Forest and Land Degradation in the Asia-Pacific Region
Introduction
Natural disturbances
Human uses of forest
Environmental determinants of deforestation
The socio-economic context – a short history of deforestation in China and Japan
Deforestation and degradation in the Asia-Pacific region
Seven forest and land degradation Case Studies
Lessons emerging from these Case Studies about the causes of forest and land degradation
Thresholds and forest transitions
Conclusions
References

Chapter 3: Reforestation, Conservation and Livelihoods
Introduction
Defining and assessing rural poverty
Natural forests and livelihoods
Biodiversity Conservation or Livelihood Improvements?
Reforestation to enhance livelihoods and foster biodiversity conservation

The role of land tenure
Land tenure and reforestation
Community forestry
Community or private reforestation?
Conclusions
References

Chapter 4: Different Types of Reforestation
Introduction
A conceptual model of degradation and forest restoration
Choosing between Ecological Restoration, Plantation Monocultures and Rehabilitation
Degradation and resilience
Building resilience during reforestation
Conclusions
References

Chapter 5: Natural Regeneration and Secondary Forests
Introduction
Defining secondary forests
Natural regeneration at disturbed sites
Environmental services provided by secondary forests
Using natural succession to overcome degradation
Accelerating successional development
Managing established secondary forests
Using secondary forests to create agroforests
Conclusion
References

Chapter 6: Monocultural Plantations
Introduction
Reasons for establishing plantations
Implementing reforestation on degraded lands
The particular case of mine site rehabilitation
The standard plantation model
Limitations of this standard model
The hazards of monocultures
Species choices
Sources of information on species choices
Problems needed resolution before using a wider range of species in reforestation programs
Monoculture plantations, biodiversity and environmental services
Conclusions
References

Chapter 7: Mixed-species Plantings
Introduction
Some potential advantages of mixed-species plantations
Species functional types
Designs for mixed-species plantations
Identifying ecologically complementary species
Some management issues
Mixtures at a landscape scale – a mosaic of monocultures
Providing environmental services
Conclusions
References

Chapter 8: Ecological Restoration
Introduction
Re-assembling forest ecosystems
Examples of Ecological Restoration of tropical forests
Some tentative principles governing the ways in which forest ecosystems might be restored

In practice
Direct seeding
The social context
Monitoring and adaptive management
Conclusions
References

Chapter 9: Income for Farmers from Tree-planting
Introduction
Markets for forest products – examples from Vietnam
Forest product markets elsewhere in the Asia-Pacific region
Market chains
Financial models of different plantation designs
The financial profitability of tree-growing elsewhere in the Asia-Pacific region
Reforestation businesses
Payments for environmental services
The carbon market
Increasing the income received by tree-growers
Conclusions
References

Chapter 10: Assisting Farmers to Undertake Reforestation
Introduction
Farmers and the farming environment
Making reforestation attractive to farmers
The transition away from traditional forms of silviculture
Reforestation following government assistance
Reforestation with assistance from private timber companies
Reforestation with assistance from Non Government Organisations

Are partnerships enough? The role of incentives
Building socially resilient forms of reforestation
Judging success from a farmer’s perspective
Conclusion
References

Chapter 11: Reforestation at a Landscape Scale
Introduction
The nature of landscape mosaics
Ecological processes in evolving landscape
Building resilience at the landscape scale
How much reforestation?
Where to undertake reforestation?
What types of reforestation at particular locations?
Planning Forest Landscape Restoration
Approaches and decision-support tools for Forest Landscape Restoration
Conclusions
References

Chapter 12: Developing Institutions to Support Reforestation
Introduction
The future context?
Undertaking reforestation in future
New institutional changes to encourage reforestation
Revisiting resilience
Conclusions

References

Chapter 13: Conclusions
Introduction
Alternative visions of the future
Some things we still need to know
Finally

Glossary of terms

Index