Landsberg / Sands Physiological Ecology of Forest Production

Principles, Processes and Models
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-08-092254-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 4, 352 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Terrestrial Ecology

Process-based models open the way to useful predictions of the future growth rate of forests and provide a means of assessing the probable effects of variations in climate and management on forest productivity. As such they have the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional forest growth and yield models, which are based on mensuration data and assume that climate and atmospheric CO2 concentrations will be the same in the future as they are now. This book discusses the basic physiological processes that determine the growth of plants, the way they are affected by environmental factors and how we can improve processes that are well-understood such as growth from leaf to stand level and productivity. A theme that runs through the book is integration to show a clear relationship between photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrient requirements, transpiration, water relations and other factors affecting plant growth that are often looked at separately. This integrated approach will provide the most comprehensive source for process-based modelling, which is valuable to ecologists, plant physiologists, forest planners and environmental scientists. - Includes explanations of inherently mathematical models, aided by the use of graphs and diagrams illustrating causal interactions and by examples implemented as Excel spreadsheets - Uses a process-based model as a framework for explaining the mechanisms underlying plant growth - Integrated approach provides a clear and relatively simple treatment

Autoren/Hrsg.

Landsberg, J. J.

Sands, Peter

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Physiological Ecology of Forest Production: Principles, Processes and Models;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Acknowledgements;7
6;Preface;8
7;Table of Symbols;12
8;Chapter 1: Introduction;22
8.1;1.1 Some Background on Forests;23
8.2;1.2 Models and Physiology;26
8.3;1.3 Outline;30
8.4;1.4 The PhysEcol Website;33
9;Chapter 2: Weather and Energy Balance;34
9.1;2.1 Process Rates at Different Levels;35
9.2;2.2 Weather Factors that Affect Plant Growth;38
9.3;2.3 Variation of Climatic Factors Within a Canopy;52
9.4;2.4 Energy Balance, Evaporation and Transpiration;54
9.5;2.5 Canopy Energy Balance and Transpiration;61
10;Chapter 3: Physiological Processes;70
10.1;3.1 Photosynthesis;72
10.2;3.2 Stomatal Conductance;82
10.3;3.3 Coupled Model of Photosynthesis and Stomatal Function;90
10.4;3.4 Respiration;93
10.5;3.5 Allocation of Biomass;96
11;Chapter 4: Stand Structure and Dynamics;102
11.1;4.1 Stem Population Dynamics;104
11.2;4.2 Height and Diameter Relations and Distributions;110
11.3;4.3 Allometric Scaling and Its Implications;113
11.4;4.4 Leaf Area of Trees and Canopies;122
11.5;4.5 Roots;131
12;Chapter 5: The Carbon Balance of Trees and Stands;136
12.1;5.1 Radiation Interception;138
12.2;5.2 Modelling Canopy Photosynthetic Production;145
12.3;5.3 Light-Use Efficiency and Canopy Photosynthetic Production;154
12.4;5.4 Non-Homogeneous Canopies;158
12.5;5.5 Stand Respiration;162
12.6;5.6 Allocation of Biomass;167
13;Chapter 6: Nutrient Dynamics and Tree Growth;172
13.1;6.1 Nutrient Cycling;175
13.2;6.2 Forest Nutritional Requirements;182
13.3;6.3 Modelling Soil Nutrient Dynamics;197
13.4;6.4 A Pragmatic Fertility Index;203
14;Chapter 7: Hydrology and Plant Water Relations;206
14.1;7.1 The Hydrological Balance;208
14.2;7.2 Components of the Hydrological Balance;210
14.3;7.3 Water in Soils and the Root Zone;217
14.4;7.4 Water Movement Through Trees;222
14.5;7.5 Models Including Storage;227
14.6;7.6 Water Relations of Stands;235
14.7;7.7 Concluding Remarks;239
15;Chapter 8: Modelling Tree Growth;242
15.1;8.1 Concepts and Principles;243
15.2;8.2 Types of Model in Forest Ecophysiology;244
15.3;8.3 Discussion Arising from Empirical, Process-Based and Hybrid Models;256
15.4;8.4 Model Evaluation: Testing and Sensitivity Analyses;259
16;Chapter 9: The 3-PG Process-Based Model;262
16.1;9.1 An Overview of 3-PG;264
16.2;9.2 Biological Sub-Models of 3-PG;268
16.3;9.3 Calibration, Performance and Validation;280
16.4;9.4 Applications;284
16.5;9.5 Possible Improvements;296
16.6;9.6 Concluding Remarks;302
17;Chapter 10: Future Developments;304
17.1;10.1 Measurement and Instrumentation;305
17.2;10.2 Remote Sensing;306
17.3;10.3 Meta-Analyses;307
17.4;10.4 Respiration;307
17.5;10.5 Stomatal Control and Hydraulic Limitation;308
17.6;10.6 Soil Fertility;309
17.7;10.7 Models;310
17.8;10.8 Concluding Remarks;311
18;Appendices;312
18.1;Appendix 1: Determining Solar Direction and Radiation;312
18.2;Appendix 2: Some Mathematical Details of 3-PG;317
18.3;Appendix 3: Further Reading;319
19;References;322
20;Index;346