Lanza / Langer / Vacanti Principles of Tissue Engineering

2. Auflage 2000
ISBN: 978-0-08-053967-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 995 Seiten

Reihe: Tissue Engineering Intelligence Unit

The opportunity that tissue engineering provides for medicine is extraordinary. In the United States alone, over half-a-trillion dollars are spent each year to care for patients who suffer from tissue loss or dysfunction. Although numerous books and reviews have been written on tissue engineering, none has been as comprehensive in its defining of the field. Principles of Tissue Engineering combines in one volume the prerequisites for a general understanding of tissue growth and development, the tools and theoretical information needed to design tissues and organs, as well as a presentation of applications of tissue engineering to diseases affecting specific organ systems. The first edition of the book, published in 1997, is the definite reference in the field. Since that time, however, the discipline has grown tremendously, and few experts would have been able to predict the explosion in our knowledge of gene expression, cell growth and differentiation, the variety of stem cells, new polymers and materials that are now available, or even the successful introduction of the first tissue-engineered products into the marketplace. There was a need for a new edition, and this need has been met with a product that defines and captures the sense of excitement, understanding and anticipation that has followed from the evolution of this fascinating and important field.Key Features* Provides vast, detailed analysis of research on all of the major systems of the human body, e.g., skin, muscle, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, and nerves* Essential to anyone working in the field* Educates and directs both the novice and advanced researcher* Provides vast, detailed analysis of research with all of the major systems of the human body, e.g. skin, muscle, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, and nerves* Has new chapters written by leaders in the latest areas of research, such as fetal tissue engineering and the universal cell* Considered the definitive reference in the field* List of contributors reads like a 'who's who' of tissue engineering, and includes Robert Langer, Joseph Vacanti, Charles Vacanti, Robert Nerem, A. Hari Reddi, Gail Naughton, George Whitesides, Doug Lauffenburger, and Eugene Bell, among others

Autoren/Hrsg.

Lanza, Robert

Langer, Robert

Vacanti, Joseph P.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Principles of Tissue Engineering;4
3;Contents;8
4;Contributors;23
5;Foreword;30
6;Preface to the Second Edition;32
7;Preface to the First Edition;34
8;Tissue Engineering in Perspective;36
8.1;Origins of Tissue Engineering;36
8.2;The Tissue Engineering Triad;36
8.3;What Parts of the Body Can Tissue Engineering Replace?;37
8.4;Acellular Prostheses;38
8.5;The Relevance of Developmental Biology;38
8.6;Can Nature Be Imitated?;39
8.7;The Need for Vascularization in Vitro and in Vivo;40
8.8;Stem Cells;40
8.9;Cell Signaling;40
8.10;Looking Forward;41
8.11;References;41
9;Introduction to Tissue Engineering;44
9.1;Chapter 1. The History and Scope of Tissue Engineering;46
9.1.1;Introduction;46
9.1.2;Scientific Challenges;47
9.1.3;General Scientific Issues;49
9.1.4;Social Challenges;49
9.1.5;References;50
9.2;Chapter 2. The Challenge of Imitating Nature;52
9.2.1;Introduction;52
9.2.2;Cell Technology;53
9.2.3;Construct Technology;55
9.2.4;Integration into the Living System;56
9.2.5;Concluding Discussion;57
9.2.6;References;58
10;Part I: The Basis of Growth and Differentiation;60
10.1;Chapter 3. Organization of Cells into Higher Ordered Structures;62
10.1.1;Introduction;62
10.1.2;Cellular Changes Involved in the EMT;63
10.1.3;Stimuli of the Transformation;67
10.1.4;Conclusion;69
10.1.5;References;70
10.2;Chapter 4. Dynamics of Cell–ECM Interactions;76
10.2.1;Introduction;76
10.2.2;Composition and Diversity of the ECM;77
10.2.3;Receptors for Extracellular Matrix Molecules;77
10.2.4;Cell–ECM Interactions;79
10.2.5;Signal Transduction Events during Cell–ECM Interactions;85
10.2.6;Relevance for Tissue Engineering;89
10.2.7;References;91
10.3;Chapter 5. Matrix Molecules and Their Ligands;100
10.3.1;Introduction;100
10.3.2;Fibrillar Collagens: Major Scaffold Proteins in the ECM;101
10.3.3;Elastic Fibers and Microfibrils;106
10.3.4;Fibronectin: A Multidomain, Multifunctional Adhesive ECM Glycoprotein;106
10.3.5;Laminins: Large, Adhesive Basement Membrane Molecules;107
10.3.6;Modulators of Cell–Matrix Interactions;109
10.3.7;Proteoglycans: Multifunctional ECM and Cell Surface Molecules;110
10.3.8;Summary;111
10.3.9;References;111
10.4;Chapter 6. Inductive Phenomena;116
10.4.1;Introduction;116
10.4.2;Epithelial to Mesenchymal Signaling in Endoderm Development;116
10.4.3;Lung Development and Instructive Signaling;116
10.4.4;Permissive Signaling during Pancreas Development;118
10.4.5;References;121
10.5;Chapter 7. Morphogenesis and Tissue Engineering;124
10.5.1;Introduction;124
10.5.2;Bone Morphogenetic Proteins;125
10.5.3;Cartilage-Derived Morphogenetic Proteins;127
10.5.4;Pleitropy and Thresholds;128
10.5.5;BMPs Bind to Extracellular Matrix;128
10.5.6;BMPs: Actions Beyond Bone;128
10.5.7;BMP Receptors;128
10.5.8;Responding Stem Cells;129
10.5.9;Morphogens and Gene Therapy;130
10.5.10;Biomimetic Biomaterials;130
10.5.11;Tissue Engineering of Bones and Joints;131
10.5.12;Future Challenges;131
10.5.13;References;132
10.6;Chapter 8. Cell Determination and Differentiation;136
10.6.1;Introduction;136
10.6.2;Roles of MRFs during Embryogenesis;137
10.6.3;Initiation of Skeletal Muscle Development;138
10.6.4;References;139
11;Part II: In Vitro Control of Tissue Development;142
11.1;Chapter 9. Mechanical and Chemical Determinants of Tissue Development;144
11.1.1;Introduction;144
11.1.2;Extracellular Matrix Structure and Function;144
11.1.3;Pattern Formation through ECM Remodeling;147
11.1.4;Mechanochemical Switching between Growth and Differentiation;148
11.1.5;Summary;150
11.1.6;References;151
11.2;Chapter 10. Animal Cell Culture;154
11.2.1;References;159
11.3;Chapter 11. Regulation of Cell Behavior by Matricellular Proteins;162
11.3.1;Introduction;162
11.3.2;Matricellular Proteins;162
11.3.3;Conclusions;167
11.3.4;References;168
11.4;Chapter 12. Growth Factors;172
11.4.1;Introduction;172
11.4.2;Wound Healing;173
11.4.3;Role of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Angiogenesis;179
11.4.4;Other Roles of Growth Factors and Cytokines;180
11.4.5;Conclusions;180
11.4.6;References;180
11.5;Chapter 13. Tissue Engineering Bioreactors;186
11.5.1;Introduction;186
11.5.2;Cell–Polymer Constructs;186
11.5.3;Bioreactor Technologies;187
11.5.4;Bioreactor Modulation of Tissue Formation;190
11.5.5;Bioreactor Cultivation of Functional Tissues;194
11.5.6;Tissue Engineering Bioreactors: State of the Art;195
11.5.7;Summary and Research Needs;197
11.5.8;References;197
11.6;Chapter 14. Tissue Assembly in Microgravity;200
11.6.1;Introduction;200
11.6.2;Microgravity as a Novel Tissue Culture Venue;201
11.6.3;Vascularization: Overcoming Size Limitations of Tissue Assemblies;202
11.6.4;From Single Cells to Tissues in Space;202
11.6.5;In Vitro Embryology;203
11.6.6;Gravitational Sensing;204
11.6.7;Caveats;204
11.6.8;Conclusions;205
11.6.9;References;205
12;Part III: In Vivo Synthesis of Tissues and Organs;208
12.1;Chapter 15. In Vivo Synthesis of Tissues and Organs;210
12.1.1;Scale of Functional Deficit: Macromolecule versus Organ;210
12.1.2;Basic Parameters of the Living Environment during in Vivo Organ Synthesis;211
12.1.3;Fundamental Design Principles for Tissue and Organ Regeneration Templates;213
12.1.4;Examples of in Vivo Organ Synthesis;217
12.1.5;Summary;220
12.1.6;References;220
13;Part IV. Models for Tissue Engineering;222
13.1;Chapter 16. Organotypic and Histiotypic Models of Engineered Tissues;224
13.1.1;Introduction;224
13.1.2;The Collagen Gel Model;224
13.1.3;Models of Cell Interactions in Collagen Lattices;225
13.1.4;Other Types of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Models;227
13.1.5;Vascular Models;229
13.1.6;Selection of Scaffolds Other Than Gels for Model Systems;231
13.1.7;Cell Signaling and the Enrichment of Scaffolds;232
13.1.8;Goals and Uses of Model Tissue and Organ Building;233
13.1.9;References;234
13.2;Chapter 17. Quantitative Aspects of Tissue Engineering: Basic Issues in Kinetics, Transport, and Mechanics;238
13.2.1;Introduction;238
13.2.2;Molecular Interactions with Cells;241
13.2.3;Molecular and Cell Transport through Tissue;241
13.2.4;Cell and Tissue Mechanics;244
13.2.5;References;248
14;Part V: Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering;250
14.1;Chapter 18. Patterning of Cells and Their Environment;252
14.1.1;Introduction;252
14.1.2;Soft Lithography;252
14.1.3;Self-Assembled Monolayers;253
14.1.4;Microcontact Printing;255
14.1.5;Microfluidic Patterning;257
14.1.6;Laminar Flow Patterning;259
14.1.7;Conclusion and Future Prospects;260
14.1.8;References;261
14.2;Chapter 19. Cell Interactions with Polymers;264
14.2.1;Introduction;264
14.2.2;Methods for Characterizing Cell Interactions with Polymers;264
14.2.3;Cell Interaction with Polymer Surfaces;267
14.2.4;Cell Interactions with Polymers in Suspension;272
14.2.5;Cell Interactions with Three-Dimensional Polymer Scaffolds and Gels;273
14.2.6;References;274
14.3;Chapter 20. Matrix Effects;280
14.3.1;Introduction;280
14.3.2;Extracellular Matrix Proteins and Their Receptors;280
14.3.3;Model Systems for Study of Matrix Interactions;285
14.3.4;Cell Pattern Formation by Substrate Patterning;287
14.3.5;Signal Transduction and Functional Regulation via the Extracellular Matrix;287
14.3.6;Translation to Working Biomaterial Systems;289
14.3.7;References;289
14.4;Chapter 21. Polymer Scaffold Processing;294
14.4.1;Introduction;294
14.4.2;Fiber Bonding;295
14.4.3;Solvent Casting and Particulate Leaching;296
14.4.4;Membrane Lamination;298
14.4.5;Melt Molding;299
14.4.6;Extrusion;299
14.4.7;Three-Dimensional Printing;300
14.4.8;Gas Foaming;300
14.4.9;Freeze Drying;301
14.4.10;Phase Separation;301
14.4.11;Polymer/Ceramic Composite Foams;302
14.4.12;In Situ Polymerization;303
14.4.13;Conclusions;304
14.4.14;References;304
14.5;Chapter 22. Biodegradable Polymers;306
14.5.1;Introduction;306
14.5.2;Biodegradable Polymer Selection Criteria;306
14.5.3;Biologically Derived Bioresorbables;307
14.5.4;Experimental Biologically Derived Bioresorbables;309
14.5.5;Creating Materials for Tissue-Engineered Products;316
14.5.6;Conclusion;317
14.5.7;References;317
15;Part VI: Transplantation of Engineered Cells and Tissues;322
15.1;Chapter 23. Approaches to Transplanting Engineered Cells and Tissues;324
15.1.1;Introduction;324
15.1.2;Developing Workable Strategies;324
15.1.3;Mode of Action—An Important Design Consideration;326
15.1.4;Role of the Host;327
15.1.5;Source of Cells;328
15.1.6;The Immunology of Nonautologous Cells;330
15.1.7;Safety Considerations;331
15.1.8;Conclusion;331
15.1.9;References;332
15.2;Chapter 24. Cryopreservation;336
15.2.1;Introduction;336
15.2.2;Applications of Cryopreservation Technology in Tissue Engineering;336
15.2.3;Challenges in Cryopreservation Protocol Development;337
15.2.4;Cryobiology of Cells;338
15.2.5;Cryobiology of Tissue;345
15.2.6;Summary and Future Directions;347
15.2.7;References;348
15.3;Chapter 25. Immunomodulation;352
15.3.1;Introduction;352
15.3.2;Origin of the Designer Tissue Concept;353
15.3.3;Expansion of Research on Designer Tissues;354
15.3.4;Mechanisms of Graft Survival after Class I Donor Ablation or Antibody Masking;357
15.3.5;The Launching of Xenogeneic Human Clinical Trials in the United States Using Immunomodulation;359
15.3.6;Gene Addition;360
15.3.7;RNA Ablation;360
15.3.8;Comment;361
15.3.9;References;361
15.4;Chapter 26. Immunoisolation;364
15.4.1;Introduction;364
15.4.2;Technology;364
15.4.3;Clinical;366
15.4.4;Future Directions;369
15.4.5;References;371
15.5;Chapter 27. Engineering Challenges in Immunoisolation Device Development;374
15.5.1;Introduction;374
15.5.2;Engineering Challenges ;374
15.5.3;Oxygen-Supply Limitations;379
15.5.4;Theoretical Analysis of in Situ Oxygen Generation;382
15.5.5;Calculations;388
15.5.6;Concluding Remarks;391
15.5.7;References ;391
16;Part VII: Fetal Tissue Engineering;394
16.1;Chapter 28. Fetal Tissue Engineering;396
16.1.1;Introduction;396
16.1.2;General Characteristics of Fetal Cells;397
16.1.3;The Fetus as a Transplantation Host;398
16.1.4;Fetal Tissue Engineering;400
16.1.5;Ethical Considerations;403
16.1.6;Future Perspectives ;406
16.1.7;References ;407
16.2;Chapter 29. Pluripotent Stem Cells ;412
16.2.1;Introduction;412
16.2.2;Differentiation in Vitro;414
16.2.3;Examples of in Vitro Differentiation and Markers;417
16.2.4;In Vivo Applications;419
16.2.5;Summary and Future Prospects ;421
16.2.6;References ;421
17;Part VIII: Gene Therapy ;426
17.1;Chapter 30. Gene-Based Therapeutics;428
17.1.1;Introduction;428
17.1.2;Gene Delivery ;429
17.1.3;Persistent Gene Expression ;433
17.1.4;Safety Considerations for Gene-Based Therapeutics;437
17.1.5;Large-Scale Production Issues ;439
17.1.6;Conclusion;440
17.1.7;References ;440
17.2;Part IX. Breast;450
17.3;Chapter 31. Breast Reconstruction;452
17.3.1;Introduction;452
17.3.2;Cell Types for Soft Tissue Engineering;453
17.3.3;Materials;455
17.3.4;Animal Models;460
17.3.5;Strategies to Enhance the Vascularization of Engineered Tissue;462
17.3.6;Concluding Remarks;463
17.3.7;References ;463
18;Part X: Cardiovascular System;468
18.1;Chapter 32. Blood Vessels ;470
18.1.1;Introduction;470
18.1.2;Graft Healing ;471
18.1.3;Strategies for the Development of Vascular Grafts;475
18.1.4;References;484
18.2;Chapter 33. Small-Diameter Vascular Grafts;490
18.2.1;Introduction;490
18.2.2;Synthetic Grafts;491
18.2.3;In Vitro Blood Vessel Tissue Engineering ;491
18.2.4;In Vivo Tissue Engineering of Blood Vessels;492
18.2.5;Summary;496
18.2.6;References ;496
18.3;Chapter 34. Cardiac Prostheses;498
18.3.1;Introduction;498
18.3.2;A Short History of Tissue Heart Valves;499
18.3.3;The Status of Tissue Valves in 1999;502
18.3.4;The Issue of Whether to Use a Stent;504
18.3.5;The Issue of Repair versus Replacement;506
18.3.6;Speculation about the Future;506
18.3.7;Recent Developments;507
18.3.8;The Ideal Valve Repair or Replacement ;508
18.3.9;References ;509
19;Part XI: Cornea;512
19.1;Chapter 35. Cornea;514
19.1.1;Introduction;514
19.1.2;Biology of the Cornea;516
19.1.3;Criteria for Keratoprostheses ;520
19.1.4;Development of the Keratoprosthesis ;521
19.1.5;Evaluation of Intact Devices ;527
19.1.6;Other Devices Used to Change the Curvature of the Cornea;532
19.1.7;References ;532
20;Part XII: Endocrinology and Metabolism ;536
20.1;Chapter 36. Bioartificial Pancreas ;538
20.1.1;Introduction;538
20.1.2;Theoretical Background ;540
20.1.3;Experiment;543
20.1.4;Capsule Development;544
20.1.5;Discussion;547
20.1.6;References ;548
20.2;Chapter 37. Parathyroid;552
20.2.1;History of Parathyroid Allotransplantation;552
20.2.2;Hypoparathyroidism ;554
20.2.3;Microencapsulation;559
20.2.4;Alginates;559
20.2.5;Experimental and Clinical Transplantation of Microencapsulated Parathyroid Tissue;560
20.2.6;Alternative Approaches and Perspectives;560
20.2.7;References;561
21;Part XIII: Gastrointestinal System;566
21.1;Chapter 38. Alimentary Tract ;568
21.1.1;Introduction;568
21.1.2;Enterocyte Isolation;571
21.1.3;Procedural Steps ;573
21.1.4;Discussion;575
21.1.5;References ;580
21.2;Chapter 39. Liver;584
21.2.1;Introduction;584
21.2.2;Anatomy and Function of the Liver;584
21.2.3;Liver Failure: Pathophysiological Classification;587
21.2.4;Mechanisms of HE in Liver Failure ;588
21.2.5;Medical Need for Liver-Assist Devices;588
21.2.6;Biological Component of Liver-Assist Devices;589
21.2.7;Liver-Assist Device Configurations;591
21.2.8;References ;593
21.3;Chapter 40. HepatAssist Liver Support System;596
21.3.1;Introduction;596
21.3.2;HepatAssist System;596
21.3.3;Cell Preparation;596
21.3.4;Clinical Study;597
21.3.5;Conclusion;600
21.3.6;References;600
21.4;Chapter 41. Lineage Biology and Liver ;602
21.4.1;Introduction;602
21.4.2;Liver Organization and Development;603
21.4.3;Identification, Isolation, and Sourcing of Cells for Tissue Engineering;605
21.4.4;Sourcing of Human Cells for Tissue Engineering;612
21.4.5;Microenvironment ;613
21.4.6;Biodegradable Polymers;619
21.4.7;Designing Bioreactors for Tissue Engineering;626
21.4.8;Technical Aspects of Tissue Engineering ;628
21.4.9;Future Considerations ;630
21.4.10;Summary;631
21.4.11;References ;632
22;Part XIV: Hematopoietic System ;642
22.1;Chapter 42. Red Blood Cell Substitutes;644
22.1.1;Introduction;644
22.1.2;Why Do We Have to Modify Hemoglobin? ;644
22.1.3;Sources of Hemoglobin ;648
22.1.4;Circulating Time of Modified Hemoglobin;649
22.1.5;Safety of Modified Hemoglobin Blood Substitute;649
22.1.6;Efficacy of Modified Hemoglobin Blood Substitute;650
22.1.7;Present Status and Future Research and Development;650
22.1.8;References ;651
22.2;Chapter 43. Lymphoid Cells;654
22.2.1;Introduction;654
22.2.2;Lymphocyte Engineering: Reality and Potential;655
22.2.3;Concluding Remarks and Prospects for Lymphocyte Engineering ;668
22.2.4;References ;669
22.3;Chapter 44. Hematopoietic Stem Cells ;674
22.3.1;Introduction;674
22.3.2;Overview of Hematopoiesis: Properties and Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Relevant to Tissue Engineering;675
22.3.3;Organization of the Stem Cell Compartment;676
22.3.4;Stromal Microenvironments;676
22.3.5;References ;681
23;Part XV: Kidney and Genitourinary System;686
23.1;Chapter 45. Renal Replacement Devices;688
23.1.1;Introduction;688
23.1.2;Basics of Kidney Function ;688
23.1.3;Tissue Engineering Approach to Renal Function Replacement ;689
23.1.4;Summary;695
23.1.5;References ;695
23.2;Chapter 46. Genitourinary System;698
23.2.1;Introduction;698
23.2.2;Tissue Engineering Strategies in the Genitourinary System;698
23.2.3;Engineering Genitourinary Tissues;699
23.2.4;Future Directions ;707
23.2.5;References ;707
23.2.6;Part XVI. Musculoskeletal System;712
23.3;Chapter 47. Structural Tissue Engineering;714
23.3.1;Introduction;714
23.3.2;Materials Development;715
23.3.3;Structural Tissues;717
23.3.4;Biomechanics ;722
23.3.5;Conclusion;723
23.3.6;References ;723
23.4;Chapter 48. Bone Regeneration through Cellular Engineering;726
23.4.1;Introduction;726
23.4.2;Marrow: The Source of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells;726
23.4.3;Delivery of Osteoprogenitor Cells ;730
23.4.4;Bone Regeneration by MSCs;732
23.4.5;MSCs and Gene Therapy ;735
23.4.6;Prevention of Age-Related Bone Loss;736
23.4.7;Conclusion;737
23.4.8;References ;737
23.5;Chapter 49. Articular Cartilage Injury ;740
23.5.1;Introduction;740
23.5.2;Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation;742
23.5.3;Commercialization of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation;744
23.5.4;Alternative Strategies for the Delivery of Cell-Based Therapies for Cartilage Repair ;749
23.5.5;Conclusions;750
23.5.6;References;751
23.6;Chapter 50. Tendons and Ligamensts;754
23.6.1;Introduction;754
23.6.2;The Need for Bioengineered Tendon and Ligament Substitutes;754
23.6.3;Histologic Description of Tendons and Ligaments;755
23.6.4;Production of Bioengineered Tendons and Ligaments;756
23.6.5;A New Living Bioengineered Ligament Model ;756
23.6.6;Technical Steps to Produce and Analyze Our bACL ;758
23.6.7;Conclusions;761
23.6.8;Perspectives in Tendon and Ligament Bioengineering;762
23.6.9;References ;763
23.7;Chapter 51. Mechanosensory Mechanisms in Bone ;766
23.7.1;Introduction;766
23.7.2;The Connected Cellular Network ;767
23.7.3;Mechanosensation on the CCN ;768
23.7.4;Questions for Future Research; Socratic Questions;774
23.7.5;References ;775
23.8;Chapter 52. Myoblast Therapy ;782
23.8.1;Introduction;782
23.8.2;Myoblast-Mediated Gene Transfer;782
23.8.3;Therapeutic Myoblast Transplantation for Myopathies;783
23.8.4;References ;788
24;Part XVII: Nervous System;792
24.1;Chapter 53. Protection and Repair of Hearing;794
24.1.1;Introduction;794
24.1.2;Basis for Interventions ;794
24.1.3;Methods of Intervention;798
24.1.4;Conclusions;800
24.1.5;References ;800
24.2;Chapter 54. Vision Enhancement Systems ;804
24.2.1;Visual System: Architecture and (Dys)Function;804
24.2.2;Possible Approaches to Vision Restoration;806
24.2.3;Current Approaches;806
24.2.4;Applications of Engineered Cells and Tissues: Challenges and Tentative Solutions ;811
24.2.5;Toward “2020” Vision;813
24.2.6;References ;813
24.3;Chapter 55. Brain Implants ;816
24.3.1;Introduction;816
24.3.2;Naked Cell Implants;816
24.3.3;Encapsulated Cell Implants ;820
24.3.4;Controlled-Release Implants;820
24.3.5;Axonal Guidance Implants;821
24.3.6;Disease Targets ;821
24.3.7;Surgical Considerations ;823
24.3.8;Conclusions;823
24.3.9;References ;823
24.4;Chapter 56. Nerve Regeneration;828
24.4.1;Nerve Regeneration and Neural Tissue Engineering ;828
24.4.2;Overview of Neural Regeneration;829
24.4.3;Experimental Use of Guidance Channels;831
24.4.4;Biomaterial-Based Approaches to Nerve Repair ;833
24.4.5;Tissue Engineering Approaches to Nerve Repair;837
24.4.6;Specificity of Nerve Reconnections;839
24.4.7;Summary;839
24.4.8;References ;839
24.5;Chapter 57. Transplantation Strategies for Treatment of Spinal Cord Dysfunction and Injury ;842
24.5.1;Introduction;842
24.5.2;Spinal Implants as Axon Bridges;842
24.5.3;Spinal Implants for Replacement of Specific Cell Populations;848
24.5.4;Spinal Implants for Provision of Neurotransmitters ;851
24.5.5;References;856
24.6;Chapter 58. Neural Stem Cells;864
24.6.1;Introduction;864
24.6.2;Background;864
24.6.3;Neural Stem Cell Applications in Tissue Engineering ;867
24.6.4;Summary;871
24.6.5;References ;871
25;Part XVIII: Periodontal and Dental Applications ;874
25.1;Chapter 59. Periodontal Applications;876
25.1.1;Introduction;876
25.1.2;Guided Tissue Regeneration;877
25.1.3;Bone Substitutes;879
25.1.4;Dental Implants ;881
25.1.5;Growth Factors and Plasma Proteins;882
25.1.6;Cell Culture Techniques ;886
25.1.7;Conclusion;886
25.1.8;References;886
25.2;Chapter 60. Regeneration of Dentin;890
25.2.1;Introduction;890
25.2.2;Dentin;890
25.2.3;Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ;890
25.2.4;Induction Potential of Dentin;891
25.2.5;Recombinant Human BMPs Induce Dentin Formation ;891
25.2.6;Delivery Systems ;893
25.2.7;Clinical Considerations ;893
25.2.8;Additional Considerations;894
25.2.9;Potential Applications of BMP-Induced Dentinogenesis;894
25.2.10;References ;895
26;Part XIX: Skin;898
26.1;Chapter 61. Wound Repair: Basic Biology to Tissue Engineering ;900
26.1.1;Introduction;900
26.1.2;Inflammation ;901
26.1.3;Epithelialization;901
26.1.4;Granulation Tissue ;905
26.1.5;Wound Contraction and Extracellular Matrix Reorganization ;911
26.1.6;References ;913
26.2;Chapter 62. Skin;922
26.2.1;Introduction;922
26.2.2;Skin Structure and Function;923
26.2.3;Engineering Skin Tissue;926
26.2.4;Epidermal Regeneration ;927
26.2.5;Dermal Replacement;927
26.2.6;Composite Skin Grafts ;928
26.2.7;Conclusion;930
26.2.8;References ;930
26.3;Chapter 63. Dermal Equivalents ;934
26.3.1;Introduction;934
26.3.2;Cell Testing and Establishment of Manufacturing Cell Banks ;934
26.3.3;Manufacturing a Dermal Replacement ;934
26.3.4;Clinical Results of Wound Healing;943
26.3.5;Summary;944
26.3.6;References ;944
27;Part XX: Womb;946
27.1;Chapter 64. Artificial Womb;948
27.1.1;What Does the Field of Tissue Engineering Have to Offer the Premature Infant? ;949
27.1.2;Prematurity—The Consequences ;949
27.1.3;The Ideal Artificial Womb;950
27.1.4;State-of-the-Art Artificial Placenta Design;952
27.1.5;Organ Maturation during Maintenance with Artificial Womb ;954
27.1.6;Variations of Artificial Womb Technology ;954
27.1.7;Conclusion;955
27.1.8;References ;955
28;Part XXI: Regulatory Issues ;956
28.1;Chapter 65. Regulatory Considerations ;958
28.1.1;Introduction;958
28.1.2;Legislative Authority/Oversight;959
28.1.3;Product Evaluation and the Regulatory Process ;960
28.1.4;Recent Developments in Product Evaluation;965
28.1.5;Interaction between FDA Headquarters and Field Offices;968
28.1.6;Development of Standards;968
28.1.7;Communications with Industry;969
28.1.8;The FDA and Future Perspectives for Tissue-Engineered Medical Products;970
28.1.9;References;970
29;Epilogue;972
30;Index ;974