León / Jansen Thin Calcium Phosphate Coatings for Medical Implants

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-387-77719-1
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 328 Seiten

Calcium phosphate coatings ( 50 mm thick), especially those made with hyd- xyapatite (HA), produced by the plasma-spraying process have been succe- fully used on orthopedic and dental implants to improve fixation of these implants in bone. Thin calcium phosphate coatings ( 10mm thick) formed by various techniques other than plasma spraying may be the successor of the current thick plasma-sprayed coatings because of their improved properties. Like plasma-sprayed HA coatings, these alternative calcium phosphate thin coatings are capable of enabling bone formation on their surfaces and forming a bond with the newly formed bone. In addition, the thin calcium phosphate coatings have shown better adhesion to substrates and are more stable in the biological environment because they have more uniform structure and com- sition than plasma-sprayed HA coatings. Moreover, some of these thin calcium phosphate coatings can be formed on all kinds of substrates including polymers and on the entire surfaces of complex geometries such as porous surfaces.

Autoren/Hrsg.

León, Betty

Jansen, John

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;6
3;Contributors;8
4;List of Abbreviations;12
5;Introduction;16
5.1;1.1 Plasma-Sprayed Calcium Phosphate Coatings;17
5.2;1.2 Clinical Perspective of CaP-Coated Implants;18
5.3;1.3 Clinical Concerns About Plasma-Spray CaP Coatings;19
5.4;1.4 Future Perspectives of CaP-Coated Implants;21
5.5;References;21
6;Physicochemistry of Apatite and Its Related Calcium Phosphates;24
6.1;2.1 Biomaterials for Bone and Teeth Replacement;24
6.2;2.2 Properties and Structure of Calcium Phosphate Ceramics;29
6.3;2.3 Dissolution and Formation of Calcium Phosphate Crystals;33
6.4;2.4 Biological Studies with Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics;35
6.5;References;38
7;Characterization of Thin Calcium Phosphate Coating;40
7.1;3.1 Introduction;40
7.2;3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy;41
7.2.1;3.2.1 Application Example;42
7.3;3.3 Raman Spectroscopy;43
7.3.1;3.3.1 Application Example;44
7.4;3.4 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy;46
7.4.1;3.4.1 Qualitatitive and Quantitative XPS;47
7.4.2;3.4.2 Chemical Shifts;47
7.4.3;3.4.3 Application Example;48
7.4.4;3.4.4 Depth Information;49
7.5;3.5 Auger Electron Spectroscopy;50
7.6;3.6 X-ray Diffraction;50
7.6.1;3.6.1 Application Example;51
7.7;3.7 Electron Microscopy Techniques;53
7.7.1;3.7.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy;54
7.7.2;3.7.2 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy;56
7.7.3;3.7.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy;56
7.8;3.8 Ion Beam Techniques;58
7.8.1;3.8.1 Rutherford Back-Scattering Spectrometry;58
7.8.2;3.8.2 Elastic Recoil Detection;62
7.8.3;3.8.3 Low Energy Ion Scattering;64
7.8.4;3.8.4 Proton-Induced X-ray Emission;64
7.8.5;3.8.5 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry;64
7.9;3.9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance;65
7.9.1;3.9.1 Relevant NMR Basics;65
7.9.2;3.9.2 Application Examples;69
7.9.2.1;3.9.2.1 Characterization of Crystalline CaPs;69
7.9.2.2;3.9.2.2 NMR of Plasma-Sprayed Coatings;70
7.9.2.3;3.9.2.3 NMR Studies of Nano-crystalline HA and of Bone;71
7.9.3;3.9.3 Outlook;72
7.10;3.10 Mechanical Testing of Thin CaP Coatings;73
7.10.1;3.10.1 Adhesion Testing;73
7.10.1.1;3.10.1.1 Tensile Test;73
7.10.1.2;3.10.1.2 Scratch Test;74
7.10.2;3.10.2 Nanoindentation;76
7.11;References;78
8;In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Thin Calcium Phosphate Coatings;82
8.1;4.1 Introduction;82
8.2;4.2 Development of Bone Under Physiological Conditions Including Various Types of Bone;88
8.2.1;4.2.1 Enchondral Ossification or Secondary Bone;89
8.2.2;4.2.2 Intramembranous Ossification, Primary Bone, or Woven Bone;90
8.3;4.3 In Vitro Evaluation of CaP Coatings;94
8.4;4.4 In Vivo Evaluation of Thin CaP Coatings;102
8.5;4.5 Considerations for Predicting Clinical Performance of CaP Coatings;108
8.6;References;112
9;Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Calcium Phosphate Coatings;115
9.1;5.1 Introduction;115
9.2;5.2 Description of the Technique;118
9.2.1;5.2.1 Mechanism of PLD;118
9.2.1.1;5.2.1.1 Interaction Between the Laser and the Calcium Phosphate Target;119
9.2.1.2;5.2.1.2 Dynamics of the Ablation Materials (Laser Plume);122
9.3;5.3 Physicochemical Properties of PLD Coatings: Nucleation and Growth on the Substrate;124
9.3.1;5.3.1 Pressure Dependence;125
9.3.2;5.3.2 Temperature Dependence;126
9.3.3;5.3.3 Fluence Dependence;130
9.3.4;5.3.4 Pulse Repetition Rate Dependence;131
9.3.5;5.3.5 Preferential Orientation;132
9.3.6;5.3.6 Influence of the Substrate Material;133
9.3.7;5.3.7 Interface Between HA and Titanium;134
9.3.8;5.3.8 Octacalcium Phosphate Thin Films;135
9.3.9;5.3.9 Deposition on Other Materials;136
9.4;5.4 Modifications of the PLD Technique;137
9.5;5.5 Mechanical Properties of the PLD Coatings;139
9.5.1;5.5.1 Adhesive Bond Strength;139
9.5.2;5.5.2 Scratch Testing;141
9.5.3;5.5.3 Elastic Modulus and Hardness;143
9.6;5.6 In Vitro Evaluation;145
9.6.1;5.6.1 Dissolution Behavior;145
9.6.2;5.6.2 Cell Activity;148
9.6.2.1;5.6.2.1 PLD Coatings on Titanium Substrates;148
9.6.2.2;5.6.2.2 PLD Coatings on Polymer Substrates;152
9.7;5.7 Efficacy of PLD Coatings In Vivo;154
9.7.1;5.7.1 Study in Mongrel Dogs;154
9.7.2;5.7.2 Study in Rats;155
9.7.3;5.7.3 Studies in Minipigs;155
9.7.4;5.7.4 Studies in Rabbits;156
9.7.5;5.7.5 Studies in Beagle Dogs;158
9.8;5.8 Conclusions and Prospects for Applications;163
9.9;References;165
10;Ion Beam Techniques for Thin Calcium Phosphate Coating Production;170
10.1;6.1 Introduction;170
10.2;6.2 Ion Beam Technique;171
10.3;6.3 Coating Characterization;174
10.4;6.4 Mechanical Properties of Thin Coatings (Composites with Ceramics and Metals);175
10.5;6.5 Change in Bond Strength and Solubility by Heat Treatment;176
10.6;6.6 Biological Responses;181
10.6.1;6.6.1 In Vitro Cell Behavior of Thin CaP Coatings;181
10.6.2;6.6.2 In Vivo Bone Behavior of Thin CaP Coatings;181
10.6.3;6.6.3 Immobilization of Bisphosphonates Through Thin CaP Coatings;182
10.7;6.7 Critical Assessment of Prospective Use;184
10.8;Appendix: Significant references for this chapter;185
10.9;References;185
11;Calcium Phosphate Coating Produced by a Sputter Deposition Process;188
11.1;7.1 Introduction;188
11.2;7.2 Sputtering Technique;193
11.3;7.3 Physicochemical Properties of Sputtered Coatings;194
11.4;7.4 Dissolution;198
11.5;7.5 In Vitro and In Vivo Biological Evaluation;200
11.5.1;7.5.1 In Vitro Study;201
11.5.2;7.5.2 In Vivo Study;202
11.6;7.6 Conclusion;204
11.7;References;206
12;Silicon-Substituted Hydroxyapatite Thin Films;212
12.1;8.1 Introduction;212
12.2;8.2 Production of SiHA Coatings;213
12.3;8.3 Physicochemical Characterization of SiHA Coating;215
12.4;8.4 In Vitro Study: Acellular Simulated Body Fluid;216
12.5;8.5 In Vitro Cell Culture;220
12.6;8.6 Conclusion;225
12.7;References;225
13;Electrochemically Assisted Deposition of Thin CaP Coatings;228
13.1;9.1 Introduction;228
13.1.1;9.1.4 Advantages of the ECAD Method;229
13.1.2;9.1.4 Disadvantages of the ECAD Method;229
13.2;9.2 ECAD: The Technique;230
13.2.1;9.2.1 Basic Principles;230
13.2.2;9.2.2 Influence of Processing Conditions on Coating Properties;233
13.2.2.1;9.2.2.1 Influence on Coating Composition;233
13.2.2.2;9.2.2.2 Influence on Coating Mass;234
13.2.3;9.2.3 Influence of Electrochemical and Solution Parameters;234
13.2.3.1;9.2.3.1 Processing with Constant Cell Voltage;235
13.2.3.2;9.2.3.2 Potentiostatic Processing;235
13.2.3.3;9.2.3.3 Galvanostatic Processing;240
13.2.3.4;9.2.3.4 Summary;247
13.2.4;9.2.4 Formation of Composite Coatings;248
13.2.4.1;9.2.4.1 Composite Coatings with Inorganic Additives;249
13.2.4.2;9.2.4.2 Composite Coatings with Organic Additives;249
13.2.4.3;9.2.4.3 Summary;254
13.2.5;9.2.5 Basic Principles of the Electrophoretic Deposition Process;254
13.3;9.3 Physicochemical Properties of Thin Coatings;255
13.4;9.4 Mechanical Properties of Thin Coatings;256
13.5;9.5 Similarities and Differences Between Plasma-Sprayed HA and Thin CaP Coating;259
13.6;9.6 Physicochemical Stability In Vitro and In Vivo;259
13.7;9.7 Biological Efficiency of the Thin CaP Coating;261
13.7.1;9.7.1 Cell Culture Investigations Using ECAD-CPP Coating;261
13.7.2;9.7.2 Animal Experimental Investigations;263
13.7.3;9.7.3 Experience from Clinical Applications;266
13.7.4;9.7.4 Summary;267
13.8;9.8 Characterization of Thin CaP Coating in Relation to the Regulatory Pathway;267
13.9;9.9 Critical Assessment on the Prospects of Future Industrial Applications (Advantages and Difficulties);268
13.10;References;272
14;Electrosprayed Calcium Phosphate Coating for Biomedical Purposes;275
14.1;10.1 Introduction to Electrostatic Spray Deposition;275
14.2;10.2 Electrospraying;277
14.2.1;10.2.1 Conventional Spraying;277
14.2.2;10.2.2 Electrospraying;277
14.3;10.3 Physicochemical Properties of Electrosprayed CaP Coatings;278
14.3.1;10.3.1 Chemical Properties of Electrosprayed Coatings;278
14.3.1.1;10.3.1.1 Influence of Precursor Solution Parameters on Chemical Properties;278
14.3.1.2;10.3.1.2 Influence of Physical, Apparatus-Related Parameters on Chemical Properties;281
14.3.2;10.3.2 Morphological Properties of Electrosprayed Coatings;283
14.3.2.1;10.3.2.1 Influence of Physical, Apparatus-Related Parameters on Morphological Properties;283
14.3.2.2;10.3.2.2 Influence of Chemical, Precursor Solution Parameters on Morphological Properties;284
14.3.3;10.3.3 Conclusion;285
14.4;10.4 Mechanical Properties of Porous, Electrosprayed CaP Coatings;285
14.4.1;10.4.1 Fatigue Testing;286
14.4.2;10.4.2 Scratch Testing;287
14.4.3;10.4.3 Explantation of Dental Screw Implants;289
14.4.4;10.4.4 Conclusion;291
14.5;10.5 Similarities and Differences Between Plasma-Sprayed and Electrosprayed CaP Coatings;291
14.6;10.6 Physicochemical Stability In Vitro and In Vivo;292
14.6.1;10.6.1 In Vitro Soaking in Simulated Body Fluid;293
14.6.2;10.6.2 In Vivo Subcutaneous Implantation;296
14.6.3;10.6.3 Comparison Between In Vitro and In Vivo Studies;300
14.6.4;10.6.4 Conclusion;300
14.7;10.7 Efficacy of Porous, Electrosprayed CaP Coatings In Vivo;301
14.7.1;10.7.1 Implant Materials, Surgical Procedure, Implant Retrieval;301
14.7.2;10.7.2 Histological Evaluation;302
14.7.3;10.7.3 Histomorphometric Analysis;303
14.7.4;10.7.4 Discussion;304
14.7.5;10.7.5 Conclusion;305
14.8;10.8 Prospects of Future Industrial Applications;305
14.9;References;310
15;Biomimetic Coatings and Their Biological Functionalization;313
15.1;11.1 Introduction;313
15.2;11.2 Biomimetic Coatings;315
15.2.1;11.2.1 Biomimetic Coating Techniques;315
15.2.2;11.2.2 Characterization of Coatings;317
15.2.3;11.2.3 Typical Results Obtained Using the Standard Biomimetic Coating Process;317
15.2.4;11.2.4 Incorporation of Osteogenic Agents into Biomimetic Coatings: Biological Functionalization;318
15.3;11.3 Biomimetic CaP Coatings as a Delivery Vehicle for Osteogenic Drugs;319
15.3.1;11.3.1 In-Vitro Testing of the Osteogenic Potential of Biomimetic Coatings Bearing BMP-2;320
15.3.2;11.3.2 In-Vivo Testing of the Osteogenic Potential of Biomimetic Coatings Bearing BMP-2;320
15.3.2.1;11.3.2.1 Ectopic Ossification Model in Rats;320
15.3.2.2;11.3.2.2 Orthotopic Ossification Model in Miniature Pigs;321
15.4;11.4 Biologically Functionalized Biomimetic Coatings;323
15.5;11.5 Conclusions;324
15.6;References;324
16;Prospects for Future Applications;327
17;Index;329