Leonhard Control in Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Proceedings of the Second IFAC Symposium, Düsseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany, 3 - 5 October 1977
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4831-4557-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 1040 Seiten, Web PDF

Control in Power Electronics and Electrical Drives contains the proceedings of the Second International Federation of Automatic Control Symposium held in Düsseldorf, Germany, on October 3-5, 1977. The symposium provided a forum for discussing the effects of converter control on the design of electrical machines. Comprised of 102 chapters, this book begins by focusing on control systems employing electronic power converters, along with converter circuits and converter control procedures. The next section deals with the behavior of inverter-fed electrical machines and requirements imposed by converter operation. Topics covered include the status of power thyristors and rectifiers; the dynamic performance of converter-fed synchronous motors; and open loop control of a linear vernier reluctance motor in a stepping mode. Subsequent sections explore converter-fed alternating current and direct current drives; applications of controlled industrial drives; and solid-state energy conversion. A number of methods for analyzing power electronic circuits are discussed and illustrated. This monograph will be of interest to electronics and electrical engineers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Leonhard, W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Control in Power Electronics and Electrical Drives;4
3;Copyrigh Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;FOREWORD;14
6;CHAPTER 1. A GENERAL DIGITAL COMPUTER SIMULATION PROGRAMME FOR THYRISTOR STATIC CONVERTERS (PROGRAMME SACSO) APPLICATION EXAMPLES;16
6.1;INTRODUCTION;16
6.2;DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD;16
6.3;APPLICATION EXAMPLE;17
6.4;CONCLUSION;17
6.5;REFERENCES;20
7;CHAPTER 2. A DIGITAL SIMULATION OF CONVERTER CIRCUITS;22
7.1;ABSTRACT;22
7.2;INTRODUCTION;22
7.3;COMPUTER PROGRAM DESCRIPTION;22
7.4;EXAMPLES OF COMPUTATION;25
7.5;AKNOWLEDGEMENTS;25
7.6;APPENDIX 1;25
7.7;REFERENCES;29
8;CHAPTER 3. APPLICATION OF STIFFLY STABLE ALGORITHMS IN THE DIGITAL COMPUTATION OF THE SCR CIRCUITS;30
8.1;ABSTRACT;30
8.2;INTRODUCTION;30
8.3;MATHEMATICAL MODEL;30
8.4;INTEGRATION ALGORITHM;31
8.5;APPLICATION OF THE ALGORITHM;31
8.6;CONCLUSIONS;31
8.7;REFERENCES;32
9;CHAPTER 4. CALCULATION OF THE ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES OF CONVERTER CIRCUITS SHOWN IN THIS CASE FOR A QUENCHING, ASYMMETRICAL BRIDGE CIRCUIT (LUB);34
9.1;1. INTRODUCTION;34
9.2;2. CALCULATION OF T HE CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS FOR T HE IDEAL CIRCUIT
;35
9.3;3. CALCULATION OF THE CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS NOT NEGLECTING COMMUTATION INDUCTANCES AND A FINITE SMOOTHING INDUCTANCE THE LATTER BEING INDEPENDENT OF THE CURRENT;37
9.4;4-. CALCULATION OF THE CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS AND REACTIONS OF THE LINE OF THE CASCADE CIRCUITCONSISTING OF A LUB AND AN ASYMMETRICAL, PAIR OF ARMS CONTROLLED BRIDGE CIRCUIT;38
9.5;5. SUMMARY;39
9.6;References;40
10;CHAPTER 5. GENERALIZED HYBRID COMPUTER TECHNIQUE FOR SIMULATING INVERTER-FED AC MOTORS DRIVES;42
10.1;ABSTRACT;42
10.2;INTRODUCTION;42
10.3;GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS;42
10.4;INTERFACE BLOCK REALIZATION;46
10.5;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;48
10.6;REFERENCES;51
11;CHAPTER 6. ANALYSIS OF THREE-PHASE SEMICONDUCTOR CONNECTIONS BY PARK-VECTORS;52
11.1;ABSTRACT;52
11.2;1. PARK-VECTORS;52
11.3;2. THREE-PHASE VALVE GROUP;53
11.4;3. THREE-PHASE BRIDGE CIRCUITS;54
11.5;4. THE EFFECT OF SHUNT CAPACITORS ON THECOMMUTATION;56
11.6;5. CURRENT-SOURCE INVERTER (CSI);57
11.7;REFERENCES;59
12;CHAPTER 7. ANALYSIS OF FORCED COMMUTATION PROCESSES OF A BRIDGE INVERTER BY MEANS OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
;60
12.1;ABSTRACT;60
12.2;INTRODUCTION;60
12.3;EQUATIONS DESCRIBING THE PROCESSES;60
12.4;THE PROCESSES IN THE COORDINATE SYSTEM OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF THE THYRISTOR-CURRENTS;63
12.5;THE OUTPUT CURRENT AT THE MOMENT OF THE COMMUTATIONS
;66
12.6;REFERENCES;67
13;CHAPTER 8. A MODELLING METHOD FOR THE BEHAVIOUR OF CONVERTERS OPERATING IN CONTROL LOOPS;68
13.1;ABSTRACT;68
13.2;1. INTRODUCTION;68
13.3;2. GENERAL STUDY;68
13.4;3 . APPLICATION TO A CLASS OF DC-DC CONVERTORS;72
13.5;CONCLUSION;79
13.6;REFERENCES;80
14;CHAPTER 9. STUDY OF A DC CHOPPER AS ASAMPLED SYSTEM;82
14.1;INTRODUCTION;82
14.2;CONTROL EQUIPMENT WITH SAWTOOTH REFERENCE VOLTAGE;82
14.3;CONTROL EQUIPMENT WITH TRIANGULAR REFERENCE VOLTAGE;85
14.4;RIPPLE OF THE CONTROL VOLTAGE;89
14.5;INFLUENCE OF THE FORCED COMMUTATION;90
14.6;REFERENCES;92
15;CHAPTER 10. A SIMPLE METHOD FOR A QUICK-RESPONSE CHOPPER PWM SYSTEM WITH SMALL STEADY-STATE ERROR;94
15.1;SUMMARY;94
15.2;INTRODUCTION;94
15.3;DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM;94
15.4;SMALL SIGNAL PERTURBATION;95
15.5;LARGE SIGNAL PERTURBATION;98
15.6;QUICK-RESPONSE AND SMALL STEADY-STATE ERROR;99
15.7;CONCLUSION;101
15.8;REFERENCE;101
16;CHAPTER 11. DISCRETE TIME DOMAIN MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF DC-DC CONVERTERS WITH CONTINUOUS AND DISCONTINUOUS INDUCTOR CURRENT;102
16.1;ABSTRACT;102
16.2;I. INTRODUCTION;102
16.3;II. NONLINEAR DISCRETE TIME SYSTEM;103
16.4;III. STABILITY AND TRANSIENT ANALYSIS;106
16.5;IV. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AUDIO FREQUENCIES IN THE SUPPLY VOLTAGE;108
16.6;V. EXAMPLE;109
16.7;VI. CONCLUSIONS;113
16.8;REFERENCES;115
17;CHAPTER 12. ANALYSIS OF SGR CIRCUITS VIA AUGMENTED STATE TRANSITION MATRIX;116
17.1;1. INTRODUCTION;116
17.2;2. GENERAL FORMULATION;116
17.3;3.COMPUTATION OF THE STEADY STATE CONDITION;118
17.4;4. EVALUATION OF THE MEAN VALUE AND HARMONIC COEFFICIENTS
;119
17.5;5. EXAMPLE;119
17.6;6. CONCLUSION;121
17.7;REFERENCES;121
18;CHAPTER 13. D.C. CHOPPER CIRCUITS WITH A STRUCTURE DIFFERENT IN INTERVALS
;122
18.1;ABSTRACT;122
18.2;1. INTRODUCTION;122
18.3;2. OUTLINE OF THE EXACT CALCULATION;123
18.4;3. ANALYTIC APPROXIMATION CALCULUS;126
18.5;4. APPLICATION OF THE APPROXIMATIONMODELS;128
18.6;5. CONCLUSIONS;130
18.7;Acknowledgements;130
18.8;REFERENCES;130
19;CHAPTER 14. A GENERAL MODEL FOR SWITCHED DC-DC CONVERTERS INCLUDING FILTERS;132
19.1;ABSTRACT;132
19.2;1 - INTRODUCTION;132
19.3;2 - MODELLING TECHNIQUES;132
19.4;3 - DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD;133
19.5;4 - INTRODUCTION OF AN INPUT FILTER;136
19.6;5 - INTRODUCTION OF AN OUTPUT FILTER;137
19.7;6 - USE OF THE OBTAINED RESULTS;138
19.8;7 - CONCLUSION;141
19.9;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;141
19.10;REFERENCES;141
20;CHAPTER 15. DC AND AC ANALYSIS OF THYRISTOR CIRCUITS BY COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION AND DESCRIBING-FUNCTION METHOD;142
20.1;ABSTRACT;142
20.2;1. INTRODUCTION;142
20.3;2. THYRISTOR CHARACTERISTIC AND ITS DESCRIBING FUNCTION;142
20.4;3. FORMULAS FOR THE DC AND AC DESCRIBING FUNCTIONS OF THE TRANSFORMED THYRISTOR;143
20.5;4. METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS;144
20.6;5. EXAMPLES;147
20.7;6. CONCLUSIONS;148
20.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;148
20.9;REFERENCES;148
21;CHAPTER 16. CONTRIBUTION TO SIMULATION AND CONTROL PROCEDURES OF BRUSHLESS DC-MACHINES
;150
21.1;ABSTRACT;150
21.2;INTRODUCTION;150
21.3;PRINCIPLE OF BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR;150
21.4;Model structure;150
21.5;CONTROL PROCEDURES;153
21.6;Acknowledgements;159
21.7;REFERENCES;159
22;CHAPTER 17. DEVELOPMENTS IN SINUSOIDAL P.W.M. INVERTERS;160
22.1;ABSTRACT;160
22.2;1.0 INTRODUCTION;160
22.3;2.0 THE ASYNCHRONOUS OPERATION OF ANALOGUE

P.W.M.CONTROL CIRCUITS;161
22.4;3.0 REGULAR SAMPLING IN THE DOUBLE-EDGE P.W.M.CONTROL CIRCUIT;165
22.5;4.0 COMPARISON OF VOLTAGE HARMONIC SPECTRA FOR REGULAR SAMPLED ASYMMETRICAL DOUBLE-EDGE P.W.M. AND NATURAL SAMPLED DOUBLE-EDGE P.W.M;167
22.6;5.0 CONCLUSIONS;167
22.7;6.0 REFERENCES;168
23;CHAPTER 18. ON THE ORDINARY AND MODIFIED SUBHARMONIC CONTROL
;170
23.1;ABSTRACT;170
23.2;INTRODUCTION;170
23.3;PULSE WIDTH MODULATION SYSTEMS;170
23.4;UNIFORM SAMPLING;173
23.5;COMPUTATIONAL REMARKS;173
23.6;SYMMETRICAL DOUBLE EDGE MODULATION;174
23.7;SUBHARMONIC CONTENT;174
23.8;MODIFIED SUBHARMONIC CONTROL;174
23.9;CONCLUSION;177
23.10;APPENDIX: A
;177
23.11;APPENDIX: B
;177
23.12;REFERENCES;178
24;CHAPTER 19. PULSE RATIO MODULATION : AN INTERESTING TECHNIQUE TO IMPLEMENT DC/DC CONVERSION;180
24.1;ABSTRACT;180
24.2;INTRODUCTION;180
24.3;PULSE RATIO MODULATOR;181
24.4;MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PRM AND PWM CONTROL SYSTEMS;182
24.5;STEADY-STATE BEHAVIOUR;183
24.6;DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR;184
24.7;STABILITY IN THE LARGE;186
24.8;CONCLUSIONS;186
24.9;REFERENCES;186
25;CHAPTER 20. DESIGN OE AN INVERTER WITH OPTIMUM OUTPUT VOLTAGE WAVEFORM;188
25.1;ABSTRACT;188
25.2;INTRODUCTION;188
25.3;METHOD;188
25.4;DISCUSSION;192
25.5;CONCLUSIONS;193
25.6;REFERENCES;194
25.7;APPENDIX;194
26;CHAPTER 21. POWER FACTOR AND CURRENT HARMONICS WITH CYCLOCONVERTERS FED BY ATHREE-PHASE SUPPLY;196
26.1;General consideration of power factor;196
26.2;The general apparent power as associated with cycloconverters;197
26.3;Power factor with cycloconverters;200
26.4;Analysis of the input current from the supply;203
26.5;Conclusions;206
26.6;References;207
27;CHAPTER 22. HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF PRACTICAL CYCLOCONVERTERS USING A DIGITAL SIMULATION;208
27.1;ABSTRACT;208
27.2;NOMENCLATURE;208
27.3;INTRODUCTION;208
27.4;1. THE DIGITAL SIMULATION OF CYCLOCONVERTER;208
27.5;2. RESULTS OF THE HARMONIC ANALYSIS;210
27.6;CONCLUSION;213
27.7;REFERENCES;213
28;CHAPTER 23. MODIFIED CYCLOCONVERTER WITH MINIMUM BLANKING BETWEEN BRIDGES;214
28.1;ABSTRACT;214
28.2;INTROSUCTION;214
28.3;INHIBITION;214
28.4;MODIFIED CYCLOCONVERTER;215
28.5;COMPUTER ANALYSIS;216
28.6;EXPERIMENTAL· WORK AND RBSULTS;216
28.7;CONCLUSIONS;216
28.8;REFERENCES;217
28.9;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;217
29;CHAPTER 24. THYRISTOR HIGH-FREQUENCY RESONANCE INVERTER WITH COMMUTATING-MARGIN ANGLE/TIME CONTROL SYSTEM BY MEANS OF PHASE-LOCKED LOOP;222
29.1;SUMMARY;222
29.2;INTRODUCTION;222
29.3;CONFIGURATION OF INVERTER SYSTEM;222
29.4;SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF INVERTER WITH FEEDBACK CONTROL LOOP;225
29.5;CONCLUSIONS;232
29.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;232
29.7;BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES;232
30;CHAPTER 25. COMMUTATION MODES OF A CURRENT-SOURCE INVERTER;234
30.1;ABSTRACT;234
30.2;INTRODUCTION;234
30.3;DIGITAL SIMULATION PROGRAM;235
30.4;TEST RESULTS;242
30.5;REFERENCES;244
31;CHAPTER 26. APPLICABLE FREQUENCY RANGE OF CURRENT SOURCE CONVERTERS;246
31.1;ABSTRACT;246
31.2;INTRODUCTION;246
31.3;OPERATION IN THE FULL–OVERLAP MODE;247
31.4;REQUIREMENTS OH THE ELEMENTS;249
31.5;REFERENCES;249
32;CHAPTER 27. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A CURRENT-FED INVERTER;250
32.1;SUMMARY;250
32.2;1. INTRODUCTION;250
32.3;2. COMMUTATION ANALYSIS WITH R-L LOAD;250
32.4;3. DESIGN OF INVERTER FOR R-L LOAD;255
32.5;4. EQUATIONS FOR AN IMPROVED MODEL OF MOTOR

LOAD;256
32.6;5· EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATI0N OF RBSULTS' FOR R-L LOAD;257
32.7;6. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF THE INVERTER BUILT;258
32.8;7. CONCLUSIONS;259
32.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;259
32.10;REFERENCES;260
33;CHAPTER 28. MODIFICATIONS OF COMMUTATION CIRCUITS FOR A THREE-PHASE INVERTER, CONNECTED WITH THE NEUTRAL CONDUCTOR;262
33.1;ABSTRACT;262
33.2;INTRODUCTION;262
33.3;EXAMPLES OF CURRENT-FED INVERTER CIRCUITS;262
33.4;ABILITY FOR MULTIPLE PULSE CONTROL;264
33.5;AVOIDANCE OF THE FORCED CAPACITOR RECHARGING;265
33.6;CONCLUSION;271
33.7;REFERENCES;271
34;CHAPTER 29. OPTIMAL DESIGN OF THE COMMUTATING CIRCUIT OF FORCED—COMMUTATED3-PHASE-INVERTERS WITH SEQUENTIAL COMMUTATION;272
34.1;Summary;272
34.2;1. Description of Commutation Process;272
34.3;2. Calculation of the Commutation Process;273
34.4;3. Dimensioning of the Commutation Circuit;278
34.5;References;279
35;CHAPTER 30. A NEW APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF ASYMMETRICALLY LOADED THREE PHASE SINUSOIDAL INVERTERS;280
35.1;ABSTRACT;280
35.2;INTRODUCTION;280
35.3;DESCRIPTION OF THE INVERTER;280
35.4;PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION;282
35.5;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;285
35.6;CONCLUSION;287
35.7;REFERENCES;287
36;CHAPTER 31. A COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF HIG HPOWER PULSEWIDTH MODULATED INVERTER CIRCUITS;288
36.1;1. REQUIREMENTS OF PULSEWIDTH MODULATED INVERTER;288
36.2;2. GENEBAL TURN-OFF PRINCIPLE;289
36.3;5. MCMURRAY CIRCUIT;291
36.4;4. MODIFIED MCMURRAY CIRCUIT;292
36.5;5. SCHEME WITH OSCILLATING COMMUTATINQG CIRCUIT INDEPENDENTOF LOAD;293
36.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;297
36.7;7. REFERENCES;298
37;CHAPTER 32. STEADY-STATE BEHAVIOUR OF A HIGH FREQUENCY THYRISTOR INVERTER;300
37.1;ABSTRACT;300
37.2;INTRODUCTION;300
37.3;APPROXIMATE INVESTIGATION;301
37.4;INVERTER STATES;301
37.5;CALCULATION RESULTS;301
37.6;APPENDIX 1. OUTPUT CURRENT;307
37.7;APPENDIX 2. LIMIT CURVES;307
37.8;APPENDIX 3. COMMON POINT (K POINT);308
37.9;REFERENCES;308
38;CHAPTER 33. FAST RESPONSE-LOAD COMMUTATED CHOPPERS;310
38.1;ABSTRACT;310
38.2;INTRODUCTION;310
38.3;OPERATION OF THE CHOPPERS;310
38.4;ANALYSIS OF THE CHOPPER;310
38.5;STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE CHARACTER ISTICS;315
38.6;MAXIMUM CHOPPER COMPONENT RATINGS;317
38.7;CONCLUSION;320
38.8;REFERENCES;320
39;CHAPTER 34. HIGH-CURRENT TRANSISTOR CHOPPERS;322
39.1;SUMMARY;322
39.2;INTRODUCTION;322
39.3;ON-STATE OVERLOAD PROTECTION;323
39.4;SWITCHING MODE;324
39.5;PARALLEL CONNECTED TRANSISTORS;329
39.6;OPERATING EXPERIENCE;330
39.7;REFERENCES;330
40;CHAPTER 35. A LOAD INSENSITIVE DC/DC CONVERTER FOR SUPPLY OF TELEPHONE EXCHANGES
;332
40.1;ABSTRACT;332
40.2;INTRODUCTION;332
40.3;SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CIRCUIT;334
40.4;REFERENCE;336
41;CHAPTER 36. RECTIFYING SINGLE-PHASE AND THREE-PHASE A.C. WITH FORCED - COMMUTATED CONVERTERS;338
41.1;Summary;338
41.2;1. Introduction;338
41.3;2.Series-connected converter operating from a single-phase a.c.system;338
41.4;3. Conversion of the converter -d.c. chopper series connection;340
41.5;4. Converter with turn-off feature connected to the three-phasesyste;340
41.6;5. Converter connections on the three-phase a.c.system with reduced harmonics;342
41.7;6. The operating characteristics of the turn-on and turn-off type three-phase converter with fixed base voltage;344
41.8;References;344
42;CHAPTER 37. REDUCTION OF THE HARMONIC CONTENT OF THE LOAD CURRENT OF THREE PHASE INVERTERS FED BY DIRECT CURRENT SOURCES;346
42.1;1. INTRODUCTION;346
42.2;2. ASSUMPTIONS AND BASIC CIRCUIT;346
42.3;3. INVERTER-FED DOUBLE LOAD WITH COMPENSATION TRANSFORMER;346
42.4;4. ANALYSIS OF THE COMPENSATION TRANSFORMER
;348
42.5;5. INVERTER-FED 3-PHASEI NDUCTION MOTOR
;348
42.6;6. REFERENCES;349
43;CHAPTER 38. A NEW APPROACH TO POWER CONVERTER CIRCUITS;350
43.1;ABSTRACT;350
43.2;LIST OF SYMBOLS;350
43.3;INTRODUCTION;350
43.4;THE PRINCIPLE OF SHORTING-COIL SWITCHING;351
43.5;REDUCING THE RATING OF THE SHORTING COIL AND THE ASSOCIATED SWITCHES;354
43.6;CONCLUSIONS;355
43.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;355
43.8;REFERENCES;355
43.9;APPENDIX;355
44;CHAPTER 39. SURGE SUPPRESSOR'S DESIGN BY MEANS OF NOMOGRAMS;360
44.1;ABSTRACT;360
44.2;INTRODUCTION;360
44.3;TRANSIENT PHENOMENA IN COMMUTATION CIRCUIT;360
44.4;METOD OF DESIGN;365
44.5;CONCLUSIONS;368
44.6;REFERENCES;368
45;CHAPTER 40. CURRENT STATUS OF POWER THYRISTORS AND RECTIFIERS;370
45.1;ABSTRACT;370
45.2;1. INTRODUCTION;370
45.3;2. THYRISTORS;370
45.4;3. POWER RECTIFIERS;380
45.5;4. CONCLUSION;381
45.6;ACKNOVLEDGMENT;381
45.7;REFERENCES;381
46;CHAPTER 41. DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF CONVERTER-FED SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS;384
46.1;ABSTRACT;384
46.2;INTRODUCTION;384
46.3;DEVIATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION MODELS;384
46.4;SOME REMARKS;389
46.5;CONCLUSION;392
46.6;REFERENCES;392
46.7;APPENDIX;392
47;CHAPTER 42. OPTIMAL CONTROL OF VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTERS SUPPLYING INDUCTION MOTORS;394
47.1;ABSTRACT;394
47.2;INTRODUCTION;394
47.3;STATING THE PROBLEM;394
47.4;SIMPLE INVERTER;395
47.5;PULSE WIDTH MODULATED (PWM) INVERTERS;397
47.6;SKIN EFFECT;399
47.7;CONCLUSIONS;400
47.8;APPENDIX;400
47.9;REFERENCES;400
48;CHAPTER 43. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNING THE DESIGN OF INDUCTION MACHINES, ESPECIALLY MACHINES WITH HIGH POWER DENSITY WITH RESPECT TO THE INVERTER SUPPLY AND SPEED REGULATION;402
48.1;SUMMARY;402
48.2;1. INFLUENCES OF THE INVERTER SUPPLY;402
48.3;2. TEST MODELS;406
48.4;3. THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE MODELS ON THE NETWORK;406
48.5;4. THE INVERTER SUPPLY;408
48.6;5. BEHAVIOUR DURING INVERTER SUPPLY;410
48.7;6. CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING THE DESIGN OF SUCH MACHINES;413
48.8;REFERENCES;413
49;CHAPTER 44. A COMPARISON BETWEEN OPERATING CONDITIONS OF INVERTER FED ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS;414
49.1;1. GENERALITIES;414
49.2;2. ASYNCHRONOUS OPERATIONS;414
49.3;3.ALTERNATIVE TORQUES ANALYSIS;415
49.4;4.CONCLUSIONS;416
49.5;5.SHORT LIST OF SYMBOLS;416
49.6;6. REFERENCES;416
50;CHAPTER 45. A DIMENSIONING CRITERION FOR THE SHAFTING OF THE VARIABLE FREQUENCY FED INDUCTION MOTOR;420
50.1;ABSTRACT;420
50.2;INTRODUCTION;420
50.3;MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND LINEARIZATION;421
50.4;LOCAL STABILITY STUDY;422
50.5;DIMENSIONING CRITERION FOR THE SHAFTING;422
50.6;NUMERICAL EXAMPLE;422
50.7;CONCLUSIONS;423
50.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;423
50.9;REFERENCES;423
51;CHAPTER 46. APPROXIMATE FORMULAE FOR THE CHARACTERISTIC VALUES OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES;424
51.1;ABSTRACT;424
51.2;PREMISE;424
51.3;INTRODUCTION;424
51.4;DERIVATION OF THE MODEL;424
51.5;DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTIC ROOTS;426
51.6;THE NORMALIZED EQUATIONS;426
51.7;THE CASE OF THE MACHINE WITH SINGLE WINDING ON EACH ZONE;428
51.8;CONCLUSIONS;429
51.9;REFERENCES;429
52;CHAPTER 47. THE INFLUENCE OF THYRISTOR CONTROL ON TRACTION MOTORS
;430
52.1;INTRODUCTION;430
52.2;COMMUTATOR MOTOR;430
52.3;COMMUTATOR MOTORS, SUMMARY;432
52.4;INDUCTION MOTOR;432
52.5;INDUCTION MOTORS, SUMMARY;434
52.6;REFERENCES;434
53;CHAPTER 48. OPEN LOOP CONTROL OF A LINEAR VERNIER RELUCTANCE MOTOR IN A STEPPING MODE;436
53.1;SUMMARY;436
53.2;INTRODUCTION;436
53.3;MACHINE DESIGN & EARLY TESTS;437
53.4;VERNIER MOTOR CONVEYOR SYSTEM;439
53.5;CONCLUSION;446
53.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;447
53.7;REFERENCES;447
54;CHAPTER 49. INVERSION OF THE ROTATING DIRECTION OF A CURRENT-FED CLOSED-LOOP CONTROLLED ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINE;448
54.1;INTRODUCTION;448
54.2;1 - SYSTEM DESCRIPTION;448
54.3;2 - ANALYSIS OF THE REVERSAL OF THE ROTATING DERICTION;451
54.4;3 - REALIZATION;453
54.5;4 - EXPERIMENTAL TESTS;455
54.6;5 - CONCLUSION;455
54.7;BIBLIOGRAPHY;457
55;CHAPTER 50. THE OPERATIONAL MODES OF A CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEM;458
55.1;ABSTRACT;458
55.2;INTRODUCTION;458
55.3;FIRST MODE;459
55.4;BOUNDARY STATE;460
55.5;SECOND MODE;461
55.6;CONCLUSIONS;462
55.7;REFERENCES;462
56;CHAPTER 51. ON THE UTILITY OF SIGNAL FLOW GRAPHS IN THE ANALYSIS OF CURRENT CONTROLLED INDUCTION MOTOR
;470
56.1;LIST OF SYMBOLS;470
56.2;INTRODUCTION;470
56.3;MACHINE EQUATIONS AND FORMULATION OF SIGNAL FLOW SRAPH;471
56.4;MASONS GAIN FORMULA AND ITS APPLICATION TO THS SOLUTION OF FLUX LINKAGES
;471
56.5;ROTOR CURRENT AND TORQUE DEVELOPED;473
56.6;STATOR INDUCED VOLTAGES
;474
56.7;RSSULTS;474
56.8;CONCLUSIONS;477
56.9;REFERENCES;477
57;CHAPTER 52. STATIONARY AND DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF A SPEED CONTROLLED SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR WITH COS/ - OR COMMUTATION LIMITLINE CONTROL;478
57.1;1 . ABSTRACT;478
57.2;2. INTRODUCTION;478
57.3;3. STATIONARY BEHAVIOUR;479
57.4;4. CONTROL EQUIPMENTS;480
57.5;5. DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR;482
57.6;6. SIMULATION AND PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION
;484
57.7;7. RESULTS;486
57.8;8. ACKNOWLEGEMENT;487
58;CHAPTER 53. TRANSIENT CHARACTERISTICS AND LIMITS OF ASQUIRREL-CAGE MOTOR FED FROM A FREQUENCY CONVERTER WITH D.C. CURRENT LINK;490
58.1;ABSTRACT;490
58.2;INTRODUCTION;490
58.3;BEHAVIOUR OF THE INVERTER AND MODELLING;490
58.4;MODELLING OF THE DRIVE SYSTEM;491
58.5;CONTROL LOOPS FOR SQUIRREL-CAGE MOTORS;493
58.6;LIMITS OF THE CONTROL BEHAVIOR OF THE DRIVE;493
58.7;BEHAVIOUR AT CONSTANT SLIP CONTROL FREQUENCY;494
58.8;SPEED CHANGE AT LIMITED D.C.VOLTAGE;495
58.9;SYMBOLS;496
58.10;REFERENCES;496
59;CHAPTER 54. STABILITY PROBLEMS WITH THE CONTROL OFINDUCTION MACHINES USING THE METHOD OF FIELD ORIENTATION;498
59.1;Summary;498
59.2;Introduction;498
59.3;Properties of the induction machine;499
59.4;Method of field orientation;500
59.5;Effect of rotor leakage;501
59.6;Nature of the problem;502
59.7;Solution of the problem;504
59.8;Practical implementation;505
59.9;Reference;507
60;CHAPTER 55. TIME-RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF INVERTER-FED INDUCTION MOTORS WITH CONTROLLED STATOR CURRENT;508
60.1;INTRODUCTION;508
60.2;SYSTEH ANALYZED;508
60.3;REDUCTION OF PARAMETERS;509
60.4;HETHODS OF SPEED CONTROL;510
60.5;SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS;512
60.6;REFERENCES;514
61;CHAPTER 56. COMPUTATION OF OPTIMUM CONTROL FUNCTIONS FOR TRANSIENTS OF INDUCTION MOTORS;516
61.1;INTRODUCTION;516
61.2;THE MOTOR - EQUATIONS;516
61.3;THE STRATEGY OF OPTIMIZATION;517
61.4;TINE OPTIMUM CONTROL OF THE SPEED;518
61.5;RESULTS OF THE COPIPUTATION;519
61.6;SYMBOLS AND MOTOR DATA;524
61.7;REFERENCES;524
62;CHAPTER 57. ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT P.W.M. TECHNIQUES FOR INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES;526
62.1;NOMENCLATURE;526
62.2;1. INTRODUCTION;526
62.3;2. MODULATION TECHNIQUES;526
62.4;3. HARMONIC COMPUTATION PROCEDURE;527
62.5;4. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE TWO MODULATION

TECHNIQUES;527
62.6;5. CONCLUSIONS;530
62.7;REFERENCES;530
63;CHAPTER 58. INTERACTION BETWEEN CONVERTER, SIGNAL-PROCESSING AND CONTROL FOR ACONVERTER-FED SQUIRREL CAGE MOTOR;532
63.1;SUMMARY;532
63.2;LITERATURE;538
64;CHAPTER 59. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PULSE COMMUTATED INVERTER CIRCUITS FOR MULTIMOTOR DRIVES;540
64.1;ABSTRACT;540
64.2;INTRODUCTION;540
64.3;METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF COMMUTATION CIRCUIT;541
64.4;THE METHOD OF OALCULATIC3N OF LC PARAMETERS;543
64.5;RESULTS OF COMPUTATION AND EXPERIMENTS;546
64.6;CONCLUSIONS;549
64.7;REFERENCES;550
65;CHAPTER 60. CONTROL OF CYCLOCONVERTERS FOR FEEDINGOF ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINES;552
65.1;SUMMARY;552
65.2;INTRODUCTION;552
65.3;STATOR CURRENT CONTROL SYSTEM;552
65.4;OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF CURRENT CONTROL USING THE CYCLOCONVERTER;554
65.5;OVERLAID COMPONENT CONTROL AND DECOUPLING;556
65.6;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;559
65.7;SYMBOLS;560
65.8;REFERENCES;561
66;CHAPTER 61. CONTINUOUS OPERATION METHODS OF STATICS CHERBIUS CONTROL SYSTEM AT INSTANTANEOUS POWER FAILURE;562
66.1;ABSTRACT;562
66.2;INTRODUCTION;562
66.3;PROBLEMS ON CONVENTIONAL STATIC SCHERBIUS CONTROL SYSTEM AT INSTAN-TANEOUS POWER

FAILURE;562
66.4;ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENT PHENOMENA AT INSTANTANEOUS POWER FAILURE;563
66.5;CONSIDERATION OF CONTINUOUS OPERATION OF STATIC SCHERBIUS CONTROL SYSTEM AT INSTANTANEOUS POWER FAILURE;566
66.6;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;568
66.7;CONCLUSIONS;568
66.8;REFERENCES;569
67;CHAPTER 62. SUPER-SYNCHRONOUS STATIC CONVERTER CASCADE
;574
67.1;SUMMARY;574
67.2;INTRODUCTION;574
67.3;THREE-PHASE CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH TWO CONTROLLED FREE-WHEELING VALVES;575
67.4;A FORCED COMMUTATED INVERTER TO BE USED IN A VARIABLE VOLTAGE D.C. LINK;576
67.5;CONTROL SYSTEM FOR CLOSED LOOP OPERATION;577
67.6;VARIATIONS OF THE DRIVE CONCEPT
;581
67.7;REFERENCES;581
67.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;581
68;CHAPTER 63. A MODIFIED ROTOR CHOPPER FOR SPEEDCONTROL OF SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTORS;582
68.1;ABSTRACT;582
68.2;NOMENCLATURE;582
68.3;INTRODUCTION;582
68.4;CIRCUIT UNDER STUDY;584
68.5;ANALYSIS;584
68.6;FEEDBACK CONTROL
;587
68.7;CONCLUSIONS;589
68.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;589
68.9;REFERENCES;589
69;CHAPTER 64. ANALYSIS OF SELF-EXCITATION OF VOLTAGE CONTROLLED INDUCTION MOTOR;590
69.1;ABSTRACT;590
69.2;INTRODUCTION;590
69.3;FUNDAMENTALS OF CALCULATING SELF EXCITATION AT 25Hz;591
69.4;CALCULATED RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS;595
69.5;REFERENCES;596
70;CHAPTER 65. COMPARISON OF SPEED CONTROLLED DC DRIVE SWITH AND WITHOUT SUBORDINATE CURRENT LOOP;598
70.1;INTRODUCTION;598
70.2;ANALYTIC COMPARISON OF CURRENT LEADING AND DIRECT SPEED CONTROL;598
70.3;CURRENT LMITATION AT DIRECT SPEED CONTROL;605
70.4;CONCLUSION;607
70.5;SYMBOLS;607
70.6;REFERENCES;607
71;CHAPTER 66. DESIGN OF AN OPTIMAL, AUTOADAPTATIVE CURRENT LOOP FOR D.C. MOTOR. REALIZATION WITH AN HYBRID DEVICE INCLUDING A MICROPROCESSOR;608
71.1;ABSTRACT;608
71.2;INTRODUCTION;608
71.3;1. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM-NOMENCLATURE;608
71.4;2. EQUATIONS AND STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM;609
71.5;3. DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMALGAIN;610
71.6;4. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AUTO ADAPTATIVE GAIN USED IN PRACTICE
;611
71.7;5. CHOICE AND FUNCTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR;612
71.8;6. MOUNTING AND WORKING;612
71.9;7. PRACTICAL RESULTS AND CONCLUSION;614
71.10;BIBLIOGRAPHY;615
72;CHAPTER 67. CONTROL OF DC-DRIVES BY MICROPROCESSORS;618
72.1;1. Summary;618
72.2;2. Introduction;618
72.3;3. Criteria for selecting a suitable microprocessor;619
72.4;4. Firing control;620
72.5;5. Current control loop;621
72.6;6. Speed control system;622
73;CHAPTER 68. SIMULATION OF THE CHOPPER CONTROLLED DC SERIES MOTOR;624
73.1;Summary;624
73.2;1. Introduction;624
73.3;2. Equivalent circuit for dc motor;624
73.4;3. Computer simulation;629
73.5;4. Conclusion;633
73.6;References;633
74;CHAPTER 69. THE COMMUTATORLESS D-C MOTOR WITH THREE-PHASE CURRENT EXCITATION;634
74.1;SUMMARY;634
74.2;INTRODUCTION;634
74.3;CONVERTER-FED CAGE-ROTOR INDUCTION MOTOR;634
74.4;DOUBLE-CONVERTER-FED D. C. MOTOR;635
74.5;COMMUTATORLESS D. C. MOTOR WITH D. C. EXCITATION;635
74.6;THE COMMUTATORLESS D. C. MOTOR WITH THREE-PHASE CURRENT EXCITATION;636
74.7;APPLICATION FIELDS;641
74.8;REFERENCE;642
74.9;NOTE;642
74.10;SUMMARY OF DRIVE CHARACTERISTICS;642
75;CHAPTER 70. HYBRID LINEAR ELECTRIC DRIVE FOR INDUSTRIALAPPLICATIONS;644
75.1;ABSTRACT;644
75.2;INTRODUCTION;644
75.3;STRUCTURE OF THE DRIVE;644
75.4;PROPERTIES OF THE MOTOR;645
75.5;POWER CONVERTER OF THE DRIVE;648
75.6;MEASUREMENTS IN THE CONTROL CIRCUITS;650
75.7;CONTROL OF THE DRIVE OPERATION;651
75.8;RESEARCH PROTOTYPES OF THE DRIVE;653
75.9;CONCLUSION;655
75.10;REFERENCES;656
76;CHAPTER 71. THE INFLUENCE OF DRIVE CIRCUIT PARAMETERSON THE PERFORMANCES OF STEPPING MOTORS;658
76.1;ABSTRACT;658
76.2;INTRODUCTION;658
76.3;DRIVE CIRCUIT PARAMETERS;658
76.4;ENERGY APPROACH OF STEPPING MOTOR OPERATION;659
76.5;COMPUTATION OF RUNNING LIMIT CHARACTERISTICS;661
76.6;STEPPING MOTORS SPECIFICATIONS AND PERFORMANCE DATA;662
76.7;CONCLUSIONS;664
76.8;REFERENCES;664
77;CHAPTER 72. THE APPLICATION OF CONTROLLED STATIC CONVERTERS IN TRACTIVE UNITS;666
77.1;1. INTRODUCTION;666
77.2;2. STATIC CONVERTER SYSTEMS WITH PULSATING CURRENT TRACTION MOTORS;667
77.3;3. CONVERTER TRACTION SYSTEMS WITH ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS FREQUENCY CONVERSION TECHNIQUES;672
77.4;4. CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTS;676
78;CHAPTER 73. THE ANALYSIS OF DYNAMICS OF INDUCTION DRIVING MOTORS OF MINE WINDERS WITH FREQUENCY CONTROL;714
78.1;1. Introduction;714
78.2;2. Induction a.c. machine;714
78.3;References;716
79;CHAPTER 74. ON–LINE RECORDING WITH A STORAGE DISPLAYAND A PROCESS COMPUTER FOR CURRENT LOCUS AND TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTIC OF AN INDUCTION MACHINE AT RATED VOLTAGE;726
79.1;ABSTRAT;726
79.2;INTRODUCTION;726
79.3;SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS;726
79.4;SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND MEASURING TECHNIQUES;727
79.5;COURSE OF MEASUREMENT, EVALUATION AND SOFTWARE,CONSIDERATIONS;729
79.6;References;735
80;CHAPTER 75. HIGH ACCURACY AND FAST RESPONSE DIGITAL SPEED MEASUREMENT FOR CONTROL OFINDUSTRIAL MOTOR DRIVES;736
80.1;ABSTRACT;736
80.2;1. INTRODUCTION;736
80.3;2. NEW METHOD OF DIGITAL SPEED MEASUREMENT;737
80.4;3. PRACTICAL DESIGN OF A FREQUENCY TO DIGITAL CONVERTOR BASED ON THE METHOD;742
80.5;4. DIGITAL DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING THE NEW F/D CONVERTOR;743
80.6;5. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS;745
80.7;6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;745
80.8;7. REFERENCES;745
81;CHAPTER 76. MULTI-STEP LINE- AND SELF-COMMUTATED SINGLE-PHASE BRIDGE CONVERTER;748
81.1;ABSTRACT;748
81.2;INTRODUCTION;748
81.3;BASIC CIRCUITS;748
81.4;FUNCTIONS OP THE TURN-OFF CIRCUITS;751
81.5;TURN-OFF METHODS;751
81.6;APPLICABILITY OF THE TURN-OFF METHODS;753
81.7;ARRANGEMENTS OF SELF-COMMUTATED SINGLE-PHASE CONVERTORS;754
81.8;WAVEFORMS OF VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS;755
81.9;EXAMPLES OF RESISTANCE BRAKING EQUIPMENTS;757
81.10;CONCLUSION;757
81.11;REFERENCES;757
82;CHAPTER 77. SINGLE-PHASE CONVERTERS WITH FORCED COMMUTATION BASED ON THE SUPPORTING CAPACITOR PRINCIPLE;760
82.1;SUMMARY;760
82.2;O. INTRODUCTION;760
82.3;1. THE COMMUTATION PRINCIPLES OF SOME WELL-KNOWN CIRCUITS;761
82.4;2. COMMUTATION WITH SUPPORTING CAPACITOR;765
82.5;REFERENCES;772
83;CHAPTER 78. DIGITAL SIMULATIONS OF A FORCED-COMMUTATED CONVERTER FOR SINGLE-PHASE FOR AC LOCOMOTIVES;774
83.1;Summary;774
83.2;Zusammenfassung;774
83.3;1. Introduction;774
83.4;2. Convertors for supplying an intermediate d.c. circuit;775
83.5;3. Single-chopper convertor;775
83.6;4. Three-chopper convertor;779
83.7;5. Convertor with line simulation;781
83.8;6. Key to symbols , not explained elsewhere;782
83.9;References;782
84;CHAPTER 79. TOLERANCE BAND CONTROLLED SINGLE PHASE CONVERTER CIRCUIT WITH MINIMUM INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CONVERTER AND SUPPLY BY OPTIMUM CONTROL PARALLEL OPERATION;784
84.1;ABSTRACT;784
84.2;1. INTRODUCTION;784
84.3;2. BASIC TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT;784
84.4;3. MAIN CIRCUIT;786
84.5;4. REGULATOR AND CONTROL UNIT;786
84.6;5. RESULTS;788
84.7;REFERENCES;790
85;CHAPTER 80. THREE-PHASE A.C. MOTOR VEHICLES FROM D.C POWER SUPPLY FEED-IN CIRCUIT AND INTERFERENCE CURRENT REDUCTION;792
85.1;Summary;792
85.2;1. Introduction;792
85.3;2. Design and operating principle of the feeding converter;793
85.4;3. Effects of the input converteron the supply system;795
85.5;4. Control;797
85.6;5. Future Trends;799
85.7;REFERENCES;799
86;CHAPTER 81. STEADY-STATE BEHAVIOUR OF INDUCTION MACHINES FED BY A FREQUENCY CONVERTER WHICH IS SUPPLIED BY A DC-LINK WITH AN AC-COMPONENT;802
86.1;1. INTRODUCTION;802
86.2;2. CALCULATION OF THE EQUIVALENT CONDUCTANCE GdL ;803
86.3;3. CALCULATIONS AND MEASUREMENT;806
86.4;4. CALCULATION OF THE STEADY-STATE CONTIONFOR A FREQUENCY CONVERTER WITH A D.C. LINK;810
86.5;5. METHODS OF DECREASING THE FILTER EXPENDITURE
;810
86.6;REFERENCES;810
87;CHAPTER 82. INVERTER-FED ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS FOR TRACTION SYSTEMS;812
87.1;INTRODUCTION;812
87.2;TEST EQUIPMENT;812
87.3;ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS;813
87.4;RELATION BETWEEN SUPPLY WAVE FORM AND JOULE LOSSES [4 , 5 , 6 , 7];813
87.5;BIBLIOGRAPHY;822
88;CHAPTER 83. CONTROL OF ROTATING AND LINEAR INDUCTION MOTORS FOR VEHICLE DRIVES;824
88.1;Summary;824
88.2;1. Introduction;824
88.3;2. Control characteristics vs. speed;825
88.4;3. Control methods for the tractive effort
;827
88.5;4. Braking with series resistors;830
88.6;5. References;831
89;CHAPTER 84. CONTROL SYSTEM WITH CONVERTER FOR IMPROVING THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF MAGNETICALLY SUSPENDED VEHICLES;832
89.1;SUMMARY;832
89.2;1. INTRODUCTION;832
89.3;2. PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRODYNAMIC SUSPENSION;832
89.4;3. PRIMARY-SIDE LIFTING OR GUIDING AND DAMPING COMPONENTS IN PROTOTYPE TEST VEHICLES;834
89.5;4. DAMPING CONTROL CIRCUIT;835
89.6;5. CONVERTER;835
89.7;6. TEST STAND FOR EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF THE DAMPING CONTROL CIRCUIT;838
89.8;7. SIMULATION AND MEASURING RESULTS OF THE DAMPING CONTROL CIRCUIT;839
89.9;8. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS;841
89.10;Bibliography;841
90;CHAPTER 85. MICROCOMPUTER BASED DATA ACQUISITION AND PROPULSION CONTROL FOR A TRACK-POWERED LINEAR SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR FOR HIGH-SPEED GROUND TRANSPORTATION;842
90.1;SUMMARY;842
90.2;INTRODUCTION;842
90.3;DETERMINATION OF THE POLE POSITION ANGLE;843
90.4;ACQUISITION OF THEVARIABLES;844
90.5;PROPULSI0N CONTROL
;846
90.6;SIMULATION OF THE CONTROL SYSTEM;847
90.7;OPERATION AT LOW SPEED;848
90.8;CONCLUSION;848
90.9;LITERATURE;848
91;CHAPTER 86. ANALYSIS OF DRIVES FOR ELECTRIC ROAD VEHICLES-REQUIREMENTS, BASIC DESIGN, PROPERTIES, VALUE AND OPTIMIZATION CRITERIA;850
91.1;ABSTRACT;850
91.2;INTRODUCTION;850
91.3;GENERAL REQUIREMENTS PLACED ON THE DRIVE;850
91.4;STRAIGHT ELECTRIC DRIVES;852
91.5;HYBRID ELECTRIC DRIVE;853
91.6;TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC DECISION-MAKING AND OPTIMIZING CRITERIA;854
91.7;CONCLUSIONS;855
91.8;REFERENCES;855
92;CHAPTER 87. THE APPLICATION OF TRANSISTORIZED SWITCHES TO D-C AND A-C MACHINES FOR THE CONTROL OF BATTERY VEHICLES UP TO 30kW;856
92.1;ABSTRACT;856
92.2;1. OUTLINE OF INVESTIGATED PROBLEM;856
92.3;2. CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING TRANSISTORS AS POWER SWITCHES;856
92.4;3. COMPOSITE POWER SWITCHES BASED ON TRANSISTORS;857
92.5;4. CONSIDERATIONS FOR APPLICATION OF CHOPPERS TO D.C. MACHINES AND INVERTERS FOR A.C. MACHINES;862
92.6;5. EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF TRANSISTOR POWER SWITCHES TO BATTERY TRACTION;865
92.7;6. EVALUATION OF TRANSISTOR POWER SWITCH APPLICATIONS FOR BATTERY FED TRACTION;866
92.8;7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;867
92.9;LITERATURE REFERENCES;867
92.10;SYMBOLS USED;867
93;CHAPTER 88. STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE OF CHOPPER CONTROL SYSTEM OF A SERIES MOTOR ON THE TRACTION MODE;868
93.1;ABSTRACT;868
93.2;1. INTRODUCTION;868
93.3;2. STEADY STATE ANALYSIS;869
93.4;3. STEADY STATE CONTROL STUDIES;871
93.5;4. CONCLUSIONS;872
93.6;REFERENCES;872
94;CHAPTER 89. A FAIL-OPERATIONAL STEERING SERVO FOR VEHICLES;874
94.1;INTRODUCTION;874
94.2;RELIABILITY;874
94.3;THE STEERING SERVO-MECHANISM;875
94.4;THE ELECTRONICS;876
94.5;POWER SUPPLIES;878
94.6;SOLENOID DRIVE;878
94.7;AUDIBLE WARNINGS;879
94.8;THE JOYSTICK;879
94.9;SAFETY FEATURES;879
94.10;PERFORMANCE;879
94.11;SUMMARY;880
94.12;REFERENCES;880
95;CHAPTER 90. INVESTIGATION OF CONTROL PROBLEMS DURING HVDC INVERTER OPERATION;882
95.1;ABSTRACT;882
95.2;INTRODUCTION;882
95.3;DESCRIPTION OF THE CONTROL METHODS;882
95.4;DESCRIPTION OF THE POWER SYSTEM;883
95.5;SIMULATION RESULTS;885
95.6;SUMMARY;888
95.7;REFERENCES;889
96;CHAPTER 91. IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF A PARALLEL AC/DC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM USING AN ADAPTIVE OPTIMAL CONTROL POLICY;890
96.1;ABSTRACT;890
96.2;1 . INTRODUCTION;890
96.3;2. SYSTEM UNDER CONSIDERATION;890
96.4;3· SYSTEM MODELING;890
96.5;4. STABILISATION METHODS;893
96.6;5· SIMULATION TEST;895
96.7;6. CONCLUSIONS;897
96.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;897
96.9;REFERENCES;898
96.10;APPENDIX;900
97;CHAPTER 92. UNIT CONNECTION OF GENERATOR AND HVDC CONVERTER, LINK BETWEEN POWER GENERATION AND POWER TRANSMISSION
;902
97.1;ABSTRACT;902
97.2;INTRODUCTION;902
97.3;THE UNIT CONNECTION;902
97.4;OPERATING CONDITIONS AND SPECIFIC RQUIREMENTS ON THE CONTROL SYSTEM OF THE UNIT CONNECTIONS;903
97.5;REQUIREMENTS OF AUXILIARY POWER SYSTEMS
;904
97.6;STARTING A UNIT CONNECTION;904
97.7;THE MUTUAL INTERACTIONS;905
97.8;REQUIREMENTS ON THE PROTECTION SYSTEM OF THE UNIT CONNECTION ;906
97.9;RESULTS;907
97.10;CONCLUSIONS;908
97.11;REFERENCES;909
98;CHAPTER 93. COMPARISON OF INSTALLATIONS FOR COMPENSATION OF

REACTIVE POWER;910
98.1;ABSTRACT;910
98.2;1. INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM AREA;910
98.3;2. GENERAL COMPARISON ASPECTS;912
98.4;3. CRITERIA FOR THE TECHNICAL COMPARISON;912
98.5;4. CRITERIA FOR THE COMPARISON OF INSTALLATION COSTS
;913
98.6;5. EVALUATION OF THE LOSSES;916
98.7;6. EVALUATION OF ECONOMY;919
98.8;7. REFERENCES;920
99;CHAPTER 94. HIGH-SPEED VAr CONTROL USING STATIC CONVERTERS IN SHORT-
CIRCUIT;922
99.1;Abstract;922
99.2;Introduction;922
99.3;Principle of operation;923
99.4;Circuit details;926
99.5;Results from the experimental circuit Simulation;926
99.6;Limited range of control;926
99.7;Dynamic performance;928
99.8;Current harmonics;928
99.9;Conclusions;929
99.10;References;929
100;CHAPTER 95. CONTROLLABLE STATIC REACTIVE-POWERCOMPENSATORS IN ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM;932
100.1;ABSTRACT;932
100.2;INTRODUCTION;932
100.3;SELECTION OF OPTIMUM VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS
;933
100.4;SELECTION OF REACTOR REACTANCE;934
100.5;CURRENT RATING OF THE THYRISTORS;935
100.6;VOLTAGE RATING OF THYRISTORS;938
100.7;ELIMINATION OF HARMONIC CURRENTS FROM THE SYSTEM;938
100.8;INFLUENCE OF UNBALANCE DURING STEADY-STATE OPERATION AND TRANSIENT CONDITIONS;939
100.9;PROTECTION AND MONITORING;939
100.10;CONCLUSIONS;939
100.11;REFERENCES;940
101;CHAPTER 96. CONVERTER-CONTROLLED REACTIVE POWERCOMPENSATORS FOR STABILIZING EHV THREE PHASE TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS;942
101.1;1. INTRODUCTION;942
101.2;2. BASIC DESIGN AND OPERATION OF THE CONTROLLABLE REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATOR;942
101.3;3. STABILIZATION OF THE VOLTAGE ALONG THE TRANSMISSION LINE;943
101.4;4. IMPROVEMENT OF THE STATIC STABILITY OF THE POWER TRANSMISSION;945
101.5;5. IMPROVING THE DYNAMIC STABILITY OF POWER TRANSMISSION
;945
101.6;Reference;951
102;CHAPTER 97. OPERATING RESULTS OF A COMPENSATING EQUIPMENT;952
102.1;SUMMARY;952
102.2;SAME THEORETICAL ASPECTS;952
102.3;STATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMPENSATING EQUIPMENT;954
102.4;INVESTIGATION ON THE VOLTAGE STABILIZATION;956
103;CHAPTER 98. REACTIVE POWER STATIC COMPENSATION AND HARMONIC FILTERING IN A METAL INDUSTRY PLANT;960
103.1;SUMMARY;960
103.2;A. INTRODUCTION;960
103.3;B. DISTURBING LOADS IN A METAL INDUSTRY PLANT
;960
103.4;C. DISTURBANCES AND THEIR PERMISSIBLE LIMITS;962
103.5;D. DESIGN AND RATINGS OF THE COMPENSATING SYSTEM : THE STATO -COMPENSATOR;962
103.6;E. STATIC COMPENSATOR ADJUSTING ELEMENT : REACTIVE

ENERGYABSORBER;967
103.7;F. POMPEY STEEL-WORK BLOOMING MILL COMPENSATION;974
103.8;CONCLUSIONS;974
103.9;REFERENCES;974
104;CHAPTER 99. THYRISTOR CONTROLLER FOR INDUCTIONSMELTING FURNACE;976
104.1;ABSTRACT;976
104.2;INTRODUCTION;976
104.3;CURRENT SYMMETRIZATION NETWORK R-S;977
104.4;THE R-U VOLTAGE CONTROLLER
;980
104.5;REACTIVE POWER CONTROLLER R-R;983
104.6;CONTUSIONS;986
104.7;REFERENCES;986
105;CHAPTER 100. DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEM FORUNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY;988
105.1;ABSTRACT;988
105.2;SYSTEM DESCRIPTION;988
105.3;CONTROL DESCRIPTION;990
105.4;SIMULATION;992
105.5;CONCLUSIONS;994
105.6;REFERENCES;994
106;CHAPTER 101. HARMONIC ANALYZER FOR SUPPLY FREQUENCIES;996
106.1;INTRODUCTION;996
106.2;STANDARDS;996
106.3;EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION;996
106.4;MODE OF OPERATION;997
106.5;TECHNICAL DATA;999
106.6;APPLICATIONS;999
106.7;CONCLUSION;1000
106.8;References;1000
107;CHAPTER 102. POWER ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES;1002
107.1;ABSTRACT;1002
107.2;INTRODUCTION;1002
107.3;ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES;1003
107.4;CLOSING REMARKS;1037
107.5;REFERENCES;1038
108;AUTHOR INDEX;1040