Li Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC)

Bendable Concrete for Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure
1. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-662-58438-5
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 428 Seiten

This is the first book on Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC), an advanced concrete material attracting world-wide attention in both the academic community and in industry. The book presents a comprehensive coverage of the material design methodology, processing methodology, mechanical and durability properties, smart functions, and application case studies. It combines effective use of illustrations, graphical data, and tables. It de-emphasizes mathematics in favor of physical understanding. The book serves as an introduction to the subject matter, or as a reference to those conducting research in ECC. It will also be valuable to engineers who need to quickly search for relevant information in a single comprehensive text.

Dr. Victor Li is the James R. Rice Distinguished University Professor of Engineering, and the E.B. Wylie Collegiate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His research interest is in multifunctional materials targeted at enhancing civil infrastructure sustainability and resiliency. He led the research team that invented Engineering Cementitious Composites, popularly known as 'Bendable Concrete'. Professor Li was awarded the International Grand Prize for Innovation by the Construction Industry Council and the Life-time Achievement Award by RILEM in 2016. He received the Distinguished Graduate Mentor Award in 2015 and the Distinguished Faculty Award in 2006 from the University of Michigan. In 2005, he received the Stephen S. Attwood award, the highest honor bestowed by the College of Engineering at the University of Michigan. In 2004, Professor Li was honored by the Technical University of Denmark with a 'Doctor technics honoris causa' in recognition of his 'outstanding, innovative contributions to materials research and engineering and providing our society and the construction industry with new, safe and sustainable building materials'. Professor Li is a Fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the World Innovation Forum, and the American Concrete Institute. His research and societal impacts have been featured in the CBS Evening News, CNN, the Discovery Channel, the Architectural Record, the American Ceramic Society, the Portland Cement Association, and the Forbes Magazine, amongst many other public media. Professor Li is named inventor on ten US patents.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Li, Victor C.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Preface;7
3;Contents;10
4;About the Author;16
5;1 Introduction to Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC);17
5.1;1.1 Concrete Technology Development;18
5.2;1.2 What Is ECC?;20
5.3;1.3 Integrated Structures and Materials Design (ISMD) for Infrastructure and Environmental Performance;21
5.4;1.4 Organization of This Text;25
5.5;References;25
6;2 Micromechanics and Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) Design Basis;27
6.1;2.1 Introduction: ECC Versus FRC;28
6.2;2.2 Microstructural Features of ECC;30
6.3;2.3 Micromechanical Model of ECC;32
6.3.1;2.3.1 Criteria for Composite Strain-Hardening;33
6.3.1.1;2.3.1.1 Strength Criterion for Crack Initiation;34
6.3.1.2;2.3.1.2 Energy Criterion for Flat Crack Propagation;35
6.3.1.3;2.3.1.3 Numerical Verification of Energy Criteria for Flat Crack Propagation;37
6.3.2;2.3.2 A Theoretical Model of Stress Versus Crack-Opening Relationship ?(?);40
6.3.2.1;2.3.2.1 Problem Formulation: Summing Forces Carried by Bridging Fibers;40
6.3.2.2;2.3.2.2 The Probability Density Functions p(phi) and p(z), and Fiber Count;42
6.3.2.3;2.3.2.3 Mechanistic Effect of Inclined Fibers;44
6.3.3;2.3.3 Experimental Measurement of Stress Versus Crack-Opening Relationship ?(?);46
6.3.4;2.3.4 Single Fiber Straight Pullout Model P(?);50
6.3.5;2.3.5 Additional Fiber/Matrix Interaction Mechanisms;53
6.3.5.1;2.3.5.1 Matrix Microspalling;53
6.3.5.2;2.3.5.2 Fiber Rupture;54
6.3.5.3;2.3.5.3 Cook-Gordon Effect;55
6.3.6;2.3.6 Linking P(?) to ?(?) and Micromechanical Parameters;56
6.4;2.4 Experimental Determination of Micromechanical Parameters;57
6.4.1;2.4.1 Determining Fiber/Matrix Interfacial Parameters from Measured P(?) Relation;58
6.4.2;2.4.2 Determination of Matrix Parameters;60
6.5;2.5 Material Tailoring;63
6.5.1;2.5.1 Fiber Tailoring;64
6.5.2;2.5.2 Interface Tailoring by Fiber Surface Coating;65
6.5.3;2.5.3 Matrix Tailoring;74
6.6;2.6 Fracture Mechanics of Steady State Crack Propagation and Tunnel Crack Propagation;79
6.6.1;2.6.1 Derivation of Eq. (2.3) for Steady State Crack Propagation;79
6.6.2;2.6.2 Derivation of Eqs. (2.12) and (2.12?) for Single Fiber Debond P(u) Relation;81
6.7;2.7 Summary and Conclusions;84
6.8;References;85
7;3 Processing of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC);88
7.1;3.1 Introduction;89
7.2;3.2 Self-Consolidating Casting;89
7.2.1;3.2.1 The Chemical Admixture Approach;89
7.2.2;3.2.2 Liquefaction Approach;94
7.2.3;3.2.3 Full-Scale Field Mixing and Casting;96
7.3;3.3 Fiber Dispersion Control and Characterization;97
7.3.1;3.3.1 Fiber Dispersion Uniformity Control by Means of ECC Mortar Viscosity Control;98
7.3.2;3.3.2 Fiber Dispersion Uniformity Control by Mixing Sequence;101
7.4;3.4 Sprayable ECC;104
7.5;3.5 Extrusion of ECC;108
7.6;3.6 Conclusions;113
7.7;References;114
8;4 Mechanical Properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC);115
8.1;4.1 Introduction;116
8.2;4.2 Direct Tension;116
8.2.1;4.2.1 Specimen Geometries;117
8.2.2;4.2.2 Test Setup;119
8.2.3;4.2.3 Stress-Strain Behavior;121
8.2.4;4.2.4 Measurement of Crack Width;125
8.2.5;4.2.5 Strain-Rate Sensitivity;128
8.3;4.3 Flexure;129
8.3.1;4.3.1 Flexural Stress-Deflection Behavior of ECC Beams;129
8.3.2;4.3.2 Quality Control Based on Beam Test;133
8.4;4.4 Shear;134
8.5;4.5 Compression;138
8.6;4.6 Fatigue;141
8.7;4.7 Creep;144
8.8;4.8 Summary and Conclusions;146
8.9;References;149
9;5 Constitutive Modeling of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC);152
9.1;5.1 Introduction;153
9.2;5.2 Phenomenological Model;155
9.2.1;5.2.1 Modeling ECC Beam Behavior;155
9.2.1.1;5.2.1.1 Flexural/Tensile Strength Ratio of ECC Beams;155
9.2.1.2;5.2.1.2 Flexural Behavior of Steel Reinforced ECC Beams;158
9.2.2;5.2.2 Constitutive Model for 2D Stress State: Monotonic Loading;160
9.2.3;5.2.3 Constitutive Model for 2D Stress State: Cyclic Loading;163
9.2.4;5.2.4 Constitutive Model for 3D Stress State: Dynamic Loading;170
9.3;5.3 Multiscale Model;176
9.3.1;5.3.1 Scales and Scale-Linking Approach;176
9.3.2;5.3.2 Microscale Models;180
9.3.3;5.3.3 Micro-Meso I Linkage;182
9.3.4;5.3.4 Meso I-Meso II Linkage;183
9.3.5;5.3.5 Meso II-Macro Linkage;184
9.3.6;5.3.6 Application of Multiscale Model;184
9.4;5.4 Summary and Conclusions;186
9.5;References;187
10;6 Resilience of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) Structural Members;189
10.1;6.1 Introduction;190
10.2;6.2 Damage Tolerance and Tension Stiffening of Steel Reinforced ECC;191
10.3;6.3 Performance of R/ECC Elements Under Fully Reversed Cyclic Loads;195
10.3.1;6.3.1 Performance of R/ECC Beams Under Flexure;195
10.3.1.1;6.3.1.1 ECC Beams Reinforced with Steel;195
10.3.1.2;6.3.1.2 ECC Beams Reinforced with FRP;199
10.3.2;6.3.2 Performance of R/ECC Beams Under Shear;202
10.3.3;6.3.3 Performance of R/ECC Columns;204
10.3.4;6.3.4 Performance of R/ECC Beam-Column Connections;206
10.3.5;6.3.5 Performance of R/ECC Frames;211
10.3.6;6.3.6 Performance of R/ECC Enhanced Wall Systems;216
10.3.6.1;6.3.6.1 Open Frame Retrofitted with ECC Connected Panels;216
10.3.6.2;6.3.6.2 Integrity of Bolt-Joint Connected Panels;217
10.3.6.3;6.3.6.3 ECC-Strengthened Masonry Infilled R/C Frames;219
10.4;6.4 Resilience of ECC Members Under Impact Loads;222
10.4.1;6.4.1 Rate Sensitivity of ECC;223
10.4.2;6.4.2 Impact Response of ECC Members;225
10.4.2.1;6.4.2.1 Impact Response of Reinforced Rectangular Panels;225
10.4.2.2;6.4.2.2 Impact Response of Circular Panels;226
10.4.2.3;6.4.2.3 Impact Response of Beams;226
10.4.2.3.1;Impact Response of High Strength ECC Versus High Strength FRC;230
10.5;6.5 Conclusions;233
10.6;References;234
11;7 Durability of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) and Reinforced ECC (R/ECC) Structural Members;236
11.1;7.1 Background;237
11.1.1;7.1.1 Introduction;237
11.1.2;7.1.2 Material Durability Versus Structural Durability;238
11.1.3;7.1.3 ECC Crack Pattern;240
11.2;7.2 R/ECC Durability: Chloride Diffusivity, Steel Corrosion, and Cover Spalling;243
11.2.1;7.2.1 Chloride Diffusivity of ECC;243
11.2.2;7.2.2 Corrosion Initiation of Steel Reinforcement in ECC;245
11.2.3;7.2.3 Spall Resistance of ECC Cover;247
11.2.4;7.2.4 Combined Action Against Corrosion Induced Damage to R/ECC;248
11.3;7.3 Permeability of ECC;249
11.4;7.4 Sorptivity of ECC;252
11.5;7.5 Restrained Drying Shrinkage Cracking in ECC;253
11.6;7.6 Long-Term Strain Capacity;257
11.7;7.7 Durability of ECC Under Various Exposure Environments;258
11.7.1;7.7.1 Freeze-Thaw Exposure;258
11.7.2;7.7.2 Freeze-Thaw Exposure in the Presence of De-icing Salt;260
11.7.3;7.7.3 Accelerated Weathering Exposure;260
11.7.4;7.7.4 Elevated Temperature Exposure;262
11.7.5;7.7.5 High Alkalinity Exposure;263
11.8;7.8 Durability of ECC Under Abrasion and Wear;265
11.9;7.9 Summary and Conclusions;267
11.10;References;268
12;8 Sustainability of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) Infrastructure;272
12.1;8.1 Introduction;273
12.2;8.2 The Sustainable Infrastructure Materials, Structures, and Systems (SIMSS) Design Approach;276
12.3;8.3 Infrastructure Sustainability Life Cycle Analyses;278
12.3.1;8.3.1 Life Cycle Analysis Framework;278
12.3.2;8.3.2 Service Life Estimation of R/ECC Members Exposed to a Corrosive Environment;280
12.3.3;8.3.3 LCA for Bridge Deck with ECC Link-Slab;283
12.3.4;8.3.4 LCA for Pavement Overlay;288
12.3.5;8.3.5 Service Life and Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Analysis of R/ECC Bridge Deck;291
12.4;8.4 Greening of ECC;297
12.4.1;8.4.1 Green ECC Development Methodology;297
12.4.2;8.4.2 ECC with Green Binder/Filler;302
12.4.3;8.4.3 ECC with Green Aggregate;312
12.4.4;8.4.4 ECC with Green Fiber;317
12.5;8.5 Conclusions;319
12.6;References;321
13;9 Applications of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC);324
13.1;9.1 Introduction;325
13.2;9.2 Building Infrastructure;326
13.2.1;9.2.1 Coupling Beams for Tall Buildings;326
13.2.2;9.2.2 External Insulation Wall;331
13.2.3;9.2.3 Other Building Application Studies;332
13.2.3.1;9.2.3.1 External Wall Retrofit;332
13.2.3.2;9.2.3.2 Retrofit for Damage Control of R/C Buildings Subjected to Seismic Loading;334
13.2.3.3;9.2.3.3 Structural Elements for Modular Housing;336
13.3;9.3 Transportation Infrastructure;337
13.3.1;9.3.1 Bridge Deck and Pavement Link-Slab;337
13.3.2;9.3.2 Composite Bridge Deck;342
13.3.3;9.3.3 Tunnel Linings;346
13.3.4;9.3.4 Damper Retrofit of the Seisho By-Pass Viaduct;347
13.3.5;9.3.5 Retrofit of Tokaido Shinkansen High-Speed Rail Line;350
13.3.6;9.3.6 Patch Repair of Bridge Decks and Viaduct;350
13.3.7;9.3.7 Rigid-Frame Railway Bridges;355
13.3.8;9.3.8 Grouting Materials in Shear Keys Between Voided Slabs;357
13.4;9.4 Water Infrastructure;358
13.4.1;9.4.1 Repair and Retrofit of the Mitaka-Dam, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan;359
13.4.2;9.4.2 Renovation of Dam at Hydraulic Power Plant Hohenwarte II, Thuringen, Germany;360
13.4.3;9.4.3 Repair of Irrigation Channels;362
13.4.4;9.4.4 Lining of Water Tunnel for Water Treatment Facility;362
13.5;9.5 Other Application Studies;365
13.5.1;9.5.1 Earth-Retaining Wall Repair;365
13.5.2;9.5.2 Steel-Concrete Interaction Zone;369
13.6;9.6 Summary and Conclusions;376
13.7;References;378
14;10 Multi-functional Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC);381
14.1;10.1 Introduction;382
14.2;10.2 Thermal Adaptive ECC;383
14.3;10.3 Self-Healing ECC;388
14.3.1;10.3.1 Self-Healing Studies in Cementitious Materials;388
14.3.2;10.3.2 The Nature of Self-Healing in ECC;389
14.3.3;10.3.3 The Robustness of Self-Healing in ECC;394
14.4;10.4 Photo-Catalytic ECC;401
14.5;10.5 Self-Sensing ECC;407
14.5.1;10.5.1 Piezo-Resistivity of ECC;408
14.5.2;10.5.2 Meso-macroscale Linkage of Resistivity Change;410
14.5.3;10.5.3 Electrical Impedance Tomography of Multiply Cracked ECC;414
14.6;10.6 Summary and Conclusions;417
14.7;References;419
15;Index;422