Li Geophysical Exploration Technology

Applications in Lithological and Stratigraphic Reservoirs
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-410474-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 480 Seiten

Authored by one of the world's hydrocarbon exploration experts, Geophysical Exploration Technology: Applications in Lithological and Stratigraphic Reservoirs presents the latest technological advancements and cutting edge techniques in reservoir theory, research and exploration. Stratigraphic and lithological reservoirs play a critical role in increasing the production from oil reserves and new hydrocarbon sources. Recent resource evaluations indicate that onshore stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs account for as much as 40% of the total remaining hydrocarbon sources globally. As a result, these reservoirs will be the most practical, potential and prevalent fields for long-lasting onshore exploration. Intended as an aid in developing an understanding of the techniques of reservoir exploration, this book presents the latest and most practical methods and technology in oil and gas exploration. It can be used as a training book for lithological stratigraphic exploration and a reference for scientific and technological personnel in the oil and gas industry. - Authored by one of the world's foremost experts in stratigraphic and lithological reservoir exploration who has more than 30 years of experience in research and instruction - Features more than 200 figures, illustrations, and working examples to aid the reader in retaining key concepts - Presents the latest technological developments in reservoir exploration techniques - Integrates theory and application, arming readers with a rigorous yet practical approach to hydrocarbon exploration in stratigraphic and lithological reservoirs

Li Ming is a master instructor in the geosciences and is now the president of Tarim Branch Institute of RIPED, Petrochina. He has authored dozens of related journal articles and several books including poroelasticity and hydrocarbon prediction and an industrial application guide of oil and gas exploration. Dr. Ming has more than 30 years of experience in stratigraphic reservoir research and exploration, with applications specific to the oil and gas industry.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Li, Ming

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Geophysical ExplorationTechnology: Applications in Lithological and Stratigraphic Reservoirs;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;About the Author;14
6;Acknowledgments;16
7;Preface;18
8;Introduction;20
9;Chapter 1 - Introduction to Geophysical Exploration Technologies for Lithological and Stratigraphic Reservoirs;22
9.1;1.1 REVIEW AND PROSPECT FOR EXPLORATION OF LITHOLOGICAL AND STRATIGRAPHIC RESERVOIRS;23
9.2;1.2 RESEARCH PROGRESS OF ACCUMULATION THEORY OF LITHOLOGICAL AND STRATIGRAPHIC RESERVOIRS;25
9.3;1.3 EXPLORATION STATUS AND RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF LITHOLOGICAL AND STRATIGRAPHIC RESERVOIRS;31
9.4;1.4 EXPLORATION METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR LITHOLOGICAL AND STRATIGRAPHIC RESERVOIRS;35
9.5;1.5 FOUR MAIN EXPLORATION DOMAINS OF PETROCHINA COMPANY LIMITED;40
10;Chapter 2 - Sequence Stratigraphic Research Technology;42
10.1;2.1 BASIC CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY;44
10.2;2.2 SEQUENCE ORDER AND GEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE;57
10.3;2.3 SEQUENCE BOUNDARY SIGNATURES;60
10.4;2.4 SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC RESEARCH PROGRAM;69
10.5;2.5 A CASE STUDY: LOWER TERTIARY IN NANPU SAG;75
11;Chapter 3 - Seismic Coherence Technique;84
11.1;3.1 THE COHERENCE CONCEPT;84
11.2;3.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COHERENCE CALCULATION;86
11.3;3.3 TECHNICAL PROCESSES AND PROCEDURES OF COHERENCE;90
11.4;3.4 PRACTICAL EXAMPLES;93
12;Chapter 4 - Visualization and Spectral Decomposition;96
12.1;4.1 CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF VISUALIZATION;97
12.2;4.2 VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES;99
12.3;4.3 FULL 3D VISUAL INTERPRETATION;101
12.4;4.4 VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNIQUE;105
12.5;4.5 SPECTRAL DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUE;114
12.6;4.6 EXAMPLES;117
13;Chapter 5 - Seismic Attribute Analysis;124
13.1;5.1 SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE CLASSIFICATION;125
13.2;5.2 METHODS AND ANALYTICAL METHODS OF SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE EXTRACTION;137
13.3;5.3 KEY ISSUES OF SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS;148
13.4;5.4 DEVELOPMENT OF SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE TECHNIQUE;150
14;Chapter 6 - Seismic Inversion Techniques;154
14.1;6.1 CONCEPTS OF SEISMIC INVERSION AND ITS CLASSIFICATION;155
14.2;6.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SEISMIC INVERSION AND APPLICATION CONDITIONS;159
14.3;6.3 COMPARING DIFFERENT SEISMIC INVERSION METHODS;171
14.4;6.4 RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTIC RECONSTRUCTION METHODS;186
14.5;6.5 EXAMPLES;210
15;Chapter 7 - Prestack Seismic Inversion and Seismic Attribute Analysis;220
15.1;7.1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF PRESTACK SEISMIC INVERSION AND SEISMIC ATTRIBUTES;222
15.2;7.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES;223
15.3;7.3 PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES;226
15.4;7.4 WORKFLOW AND KEY STEPS OF SEISMIC INVERSION AND ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS;230
15.5;7.5 EXAMPLES;231
16;Chapter 8 - Hydrocarbon Detection Technology;242
16.1;8.1 SEISMIC ANOMALY CHARACTERISTICS OF OIL-BEARING RESERVOIRS;243
16.2;8.2 PRESTACK AVO HYDROCARBON DETECTION;245
16.3;8.3 PATTERN RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY;248
16.4;8.4 SPECTRAL ATTENUATION FOR HYDROCARBON DETECTION;255
17;Chapter 9 - Hydrocarbon Reservoir Logging Evaluation Methods and Technologies;260
17.1;9.1 OIL AND GAS RESERVOIR EVALUATION, TECHNOLOGY, AND APPLICATION;261
17.2;9.2 LOW-RESISTIVITY RESERVOIR EVALUATION;264
17.3;9.3 EVALUATING THIN SANDSTONE–SHALE INTERBEDDED RESERVOIRS;285
17.4;9.4 CARBONATE HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR EVALUATION;297
17.5;9.5 EVALUATING IGNEOUS ROCK HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS;312
18;Chapter 10 - Applicable Scope, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Major Software Packages;326
18.1;10.1 COHERENT BODY, FREQUENCY DECOMPOSITION, AND 3D VISUALIZATION;327
18.2;10.2 SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS;329
18.3;10.3 SEISMIC INVERSION;334
18.4;10.4 PRESTACK SEISMIC INVERSION AND ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS;345
18.5;10.5 HYDROCARBON DETECTION;350
18.6;10.6 OIL AND GAS RESERVOIR LOGGING EVALUATION;353
19;Chapter 11 - Exploration Examples of Lithological and Stratigraphic Reservoirs;358
19.1;11.1 EXPLORATION EXAMPLES OF STRUCTURAL AND LITHOLOGICAL COMPOSITE RESERVOIRS IN THE SOUTHERN SONGLIAO BASIN;359
19.2;11.2 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION OF CARBONATE RESERVOIRS IN LUNNAN AREA, TARIM BASIN;388
19.3;11.3 IGNEOUS GAS RESERVOIR EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY IN SONGLIAO BASIN;420
20;References;450
21;Index;452

Leseproben

Chapter 1

Introduction to Geophysical Exploration Technologies for Lithological and Stratigraphic Reservoirs

Abstract

In China, oil and gas resources mainly accumulated in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic continental basins, and the proven reserves of oil and gas in continental basins account for three-quarters and nearly half of China's total reserves, respectively (Zhai, 1996). After more than half a century of exploration, a large number of structural reservoirs and some lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs were discovered in continental basins. With improved exploration methods, lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs will be the most realistic and promising fields for oil and gas exploration in China's mainland for many years into the future.

With years of experience, Chinese explorationists summarized the "four basic ideas" and "six specialized technologies" of lithological and stratigraphic reservoir exploration. But some difficulties still remain; for example, we still didn't recognize the control factors on sand-body distribution and hydrocarbon enrichment. Sand-body description, reservoir prediction, and high productive fracturing techniques for low permeability reservoirs have not been integrated into a cohesive system for exploration and production. Therefore, it is still important to emphasize research on formation conditions, distribution rules, and the methods and techniques of exploration and production of lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs.

This book presents in simple terms the geophysical exploration technologies of lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs; while proposing that on the basis of a high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework, we can integrate geological analyses with geophysical techniques, explore the necessary conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation and favorable exploration targets, and discover the formation conditions and the distribution of lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs.

This book also provides some successful examples and geophysical methods in specific conditions for the readers who are interested in the exploration of lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs.

Keywords

lithological and stratigraphic reservoirsgeophysical technologiesexploration statusresearch progress

Chapter Outline

1.1. Review and Prospect for Exploration of Lithological and Stratigraphic Reservoirs

1.2. Research Progress of Accumulation Theory of Lithological and Stratigraphic Reservoirs

1.2.1. Theory Research Progress in Foreign Countries

1.2.2. Theory Research Progress in China

1.3. Exploration Status and Resource Potential of Lithological and Stratigraphic Reservoirs

1.4. Exploration Methods and Technologies for Lithological and Stratigraphic Reservoirs

1.4.1. Research Status of Two Exploration Technologies in Foreign Countries

1.4.2. Research Status of Two Exploration Technologies in China

1.5. Four Main Exploration Domains of PetroChina Company Limited

1.5.1. Lithological and Stratigraphic Reservoirs

1.5.2. Deep Areas of a Superimposed Basin

1.5.3. Foreland Basins

1.5.4. Expansion of an Old Oil Field

In this chapter, we summarize a series of geophysical exploration technologies using our experience in hydrocarbon accumulation analysis and the distribution laws of lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs. These technologies have been proved to be effective for oil and gas production.

Review and Prospect for Exploration of Lithological and Stratigraphic Reservoirs

In China, oil and gas resources mainly accumulated in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic continental basins, and the proven reserves of oil and gas in continental basins account for three-quarters and nearly half of China's total reserves, respectively (Zhai, 1996). Almost 95% of the proven oil reserves in China are concentrated in continental basins (Dai, 2000). After more than half a century of exploration, a large number of structural reservoirs and some lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs were discovered in continental basins. Although the exploration efforts of many Mesozoic and Cenozoic basins has been relatively high, especially for eastern basins, there is still a great potential for the exploration of lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs. In order to promote petroleum exploration development, we must develop new technologies and methods, and strengthen the basic research theories targeting lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs, using petroleum geological characteristics of continental basins (Jia, 2003).

With improved exploration methods, lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs have been the targets of exploration in China. In the 1950s, some shallow lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs were discovered in the northwestern part of Junggar Basin by foreign explorationists (Hu et al., 1986). In the 1960s and 1970s, with the eastward shift of China's exploration focus, China found many lithological and stratigraphic oil and gas fields such as Renqiu, Gaosheng, and Huanxiling in Bohai Bay Basin, while a number of large-scale structural reservoirs were found in Songliao Basin and Bohai Bay Basin (Zhai et al., 1996; Qiu et al., 1999). In the 1980s, with wide applications of multifold methods, China found some glutenite lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs with obvious foreset structural features and stratigraphic screened reservoirs with regional unconformity, using seismic facies, reservoir prediction, depositional systems, and accumulation conditions parameters (Zhang, 1988). In the 1990s, the introduction of three-dimensional (3D) seismic acquisition and sequence stratigraphy has greatly improved the recognition accuracy of oil-bearing stratigraphic traps and reservoir prediction. Twelve 100-million-ton lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs, such as Chaoyanggou, Yushulin, Zhaozhou, Ansai, Jing'an, and Hudson, were discovered in Songliao, Ordos, Junggar, and Tarim basins. In recent years, the proven reserves in lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs accounted for 50% of China's total reserves (Figure 1.1), and the possible reserves were more than 60% in 2007.

FIGURE 1.1Histogram of proven reserves of PetroChina from 2000 to 2007.

According to China's continental oil and gas exploration requirement, Jia Cengzao, the chief geologist of PetroChina Company Limited, emphasized the great potential for exploration of lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs, stating: “For many years into the future, lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs will be the most realistic and promising fields for oil and gas exploration in China's mainland” (Jia, 2003). He guided researchers to strive for technological breakthroughs in order to promote exploration and research on lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs. In June 2002, Jia inspected the exploration progress of lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs in Erlian Basin. In the Chinese Exploration Technology Forum, which was held in March 2003, he clearly stated: “Lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs in hydrocarbon-rich depressions have great potential and they will be the focus for incremental reserves increases”. In June 2003, he set up the scientific and technological project named “The Formation Theory and Exploration Practice of Lithological and Stratigraphic Reservoirs” and organized its theoretical and technical exploration research. In the exploration technology exchange meeting, which was held in Hangzhou in September 2003, Jia emphasized that it was necessary for PetroChina Company Limited to accelerate the exploration of lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs in order to maintain our steady reserves growth and also expounded on the “four basic ideas” and “six specialized technologies” of lithological and stratigraphic reservoir exploration. Under his guidance and deployment, the relevant departments of PetroChina Company Limited actively pursued new exploration ideas for lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs, advanced their progress, and strengthened the basic theoretical studies. But some difficulties still remain; for example, we still did not recognize the control factors on sand-body distribution and hydrocarbon enrichment. Sand-body description, reservoir prediction, and highly productive fracturing techniques for low-permeability reservoirs have not been integrated into a cohesive system for exploration and production. The guidelines for structural exploration have been adequate, but there are still no guidelines for the exploration of lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs, especially for ascertaining and mapping a secondary exploration region. Therefore, it is vital to research this topic.

It is important to emphasize research on formation conditions, distribution rules, and the methods and techniques of exploration and production of lithological and stratigraphic reservoirs. Establishing a series of comprehensive exploration theories, methods, and technologies will promote our nation's stratigraphic reservoir exploration. Domestic and international studies have shown that it is vital to integrate sequence stratigraphy with seismic interpretation techniques, especially with seismic reservoir inversion.

This book presents in simple terms the geophysical exploration technologies of...