Li / Moriarty / Webster Racing for the Surface

Antimicrobial and Interface Tissue Engineering
1. Auflage 2020
ISBN: 978-3-030-34471-9
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 808 Seiten

This book covers the key basics of tissue engineering as well as the latest advances in the integration of both antimicrobial and osteoinductive properties. Topics covered include osteoconductive and osteoinductive biomaterials (calcium phosphate, bone morphogenetic protein, peptides, antibodies, bioactive glasses, nanomaterials, etc.) and scaffolds. Research integrating both antimicrobial/biofilm-inhibiting and osteoinductive/osteoconductive properties and their co-delivery is detailed and their roles in clinical success are discussed. Combined with its companion volume, Racing for the Surface: Antimicrobial and Interface Tissue Engineering, this book bridges the gap between infection and tissue engineering, and is an ideal book for academic researchers, clinicians, industrial engineers and scientists, governmental representatives in national laboratories, and advanced undergraduate students and post-doctoral fellows who are interested in tissue engineering and regeneration, infection, and biomaterials and devices.


Bingyun Li is a full Professor with tenure at School of Medicine, West Virginia University. He is a Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and an Associate Editor of the Frontiers in Microbiology journal. Professor Li is a member of the Society for Biomaterials (SFB), Orthopedic Research Society (ORS), American Society for Microbiology (ASM), Materials Research Society (MRS), American Chemical Society (ACS), International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society (ICMRS), and Chinese Association for Biomaterials (CAB). Professor Li has served as topic chair of Infection and Inflammation of the ORS Program Committee, vice-chair and chair of Orthopedic Biomaterials Special Interest Group of SFB, Chief Editor of ICMRS Newsletter, and inaugural treasurer of CAB. Professor Li's research focuses on advanced materials, nanomedicine, infection, immunology, and drug delivery. He has published two edited books, 102 articles, 133 abstracts, and 14 provisional/full patents. Professor Li has given 56 invited and keynote talks and has received multiple prestigious awards including the Berton Rahn Prize from AO Foundation, the Pfizer Best Scientific Paper Award from Asia Pacific Orthopedic Association, and the Collaborative Exchange Award from Orthopedic Research Society.
Thomas Webster is the Chemical Engineering Department Char and Art Zafiropoulo Endowed Chair at Northeastern University. Prof. Webster has graduated 144 students. His lab group published 9 textbooks, 48 book chapters, 403 articles, and 32 provisional/full patents. Prof. Webster has received numerous honors: 2012, Fellow, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering; 2013, Fellow, Biomedical Engineering Society; 2015, Wenzhou 580 Award; 2015, Zheijang 1000 Talent Program; 2016, IMRC Chinese Academy of Science Lee-Hsun Lecture Award; 2016, Fellow, Biomaterials Science and Engineering; and 2016, Acta Biomaterialia Silver Award. He also frequently appears on the BBC, NBC, ABC, Fox, National Geographic, Discovery Channel and many other news outlets talking about science.

Malcolm Xing is a professor of University of Manitoba. His research focuses on smart biomaterials for tissue engineering, nanomedicine, wearable biosensor, implantable bio-robot and 3D/4D bioprinting. He has obtained awards such as National Science & Engineering Research Council Discovery Accelerator Supplement Award, Canada Foundation for Innovation - Innovation Fund, CBA-BA Young Investigator Award in ACS 2017 and Dr. J.A. Moorhouse Fellowship of the Diabetes Foundation of Manitoba.  Dr. Xing was the invited speaker of 2019 Society for Biomaterials Annual Conference and Keynote speaker of 2019 Canada Biomaterials Society (CBS) Conference, and the conference chair of CBS2017. His research has been covered in media including Time, Fortune, Discovery, Science, ACS headline news, RSC, CTV, CBC, etc.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Li, Bingyun

Moriarty, Thomas Fintan

Webster, Thomas

Xing, Malcolm

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Preface;7
2.1;Half a Century and Billions of Dollars Later, Is the Charnley Hip Implant Still the Best We Have?;7
3;Contents;9
4;Part I: Innovative Antimicrobial and Osteoinductive Therapeutics;12
5;Advances in Antimicrobial and Osteoinductive Biomaterials;13
5.1;Introduction;14
5.2;Current Challenges;15
5.3;The Fundamental Basics of Antimicrobial and Osteoinductive Properties;21
5.4;Antimicrobial Biomaterials;22
5.4.1;Elements;24
5.4.2;Polymers and Miscellaneous;26
5.5;Osteoinductive Biomaterials;28
5.6;Dual Functional Biomaterials;30
5.7;Future Perspective and Remarks;32
5.8;References;34
6;Recent Advances in Controlled Release Technologies for the Co-delivery of Antimicrobial and Osteoconductive Therapeutics;45
6.1;Introduction;47
6.2;Nanoparticles, Microparticles, and Powders as a Means of Osteoconductive and Antimicrobial Therapy;50
6.2.1;Bone Healing Particles That Treat or Prevent Infections Based on Silver;51
6.2.2;Bone Healing Particles That Treat or Prevent Infections Based on Antibiotics;53
6.3;Modifying Medical Implants to Have Combinatorial Osteoconductive and Antimicrobial Properties;55
6.3.1;Implant Coatings Using Metallic Antimicrobial Strategies;56
6.3.1.1;Coatings Without Growth Factors;56
6.3.1.2;Coatings with Growth Factors;64
6.3.2;Implant Coatings Containing Antibiotics;65
6.3.2.1;Direct Surface Modification with Antibiotics;65
6.3.2.2;Multi-layer Implant Coatings;66
6.4;Tissue Engineering Scaffolds;69
6.5;Bone Cements;75
6.6;Conclusion;77
6.7;References;77
7;Biofilm-inhibiting and Osseointegration-promoting Orthopedic Implants with Novel Nanocoatings;83
7.1;Introduction;84
7.1.1;Existing Problems with Metal-Based Orthopedic Implants;84
7.1.2;Existing Strategies Modifying Implants to Prevent Biofilm Formation and Promote Osteoconductivity;85
7.1.3;Nanocoating with Tailored Functional Groups for Biomedical Applications;86
7.2;Experimental Setup and Methods;88
7.2.1;Fabrication of Nanocoatings with Tailored Coating Chemistry and Surface Properties;88
7.2.2;Characterization of Coatings and Surfaces;89
7.2.3;Evaluation of Durability of Bioactivity and Nanocoating Integrity;89
7.2.4;Assessment of Nanocoatings with In Vitro and In Vivo Models;90
7.2.5;Study of Fibrinogen and Fibronectin’s Roles in Mediating Anti-biofilm Activity of Nanocoatings;90
7.3;Results and Discussion;91
7.4;Conclusions;96
7.5;References;97
8;Three-Dimensional (3D) and Drug-Eluting Nanofiber Coating for Prosthetic Implants;100
8.1;Background;101
8.1.1;Introduction;101
8.1.2;Complications of Total Joint Arthroplasty: Osseointegration Insufficiency and Infection;102
8.1.3;Recent Implant Coating Developments: Advantages and Disadvantages;103
8.1.3.1;Hydroxyapatite (HA) Coating;104
8.1.3.2;Hydrogel Coating;105
8.1.3.3;Layer-by-Layer (LBL) Coatings;106
8.1.3.4;Immobilization of Drugs on the Implant Surface;107
8.1.3.5;Other Coatings;108
8.1.3.6;Future Direction;108
8.2;Electrospun Nanofibers (NFs) Coating to Enhance Osseointegration;108
8.2.1;Characters and Current Researches in Electrospinning;108
8.2.2;Limitations (Dense and Compact Structure);109
8.2.3;Current 3D NFs Fabrication Techniques;109
8.2.4;The Technique of 3D NFs Collector (Mechanism, Device, Physiochemical Properties of NFs, and Cellular Behavior);111
8.3;Nanofibers Coating as Drug-Eluting Device to Enhance Osteointegration and Treat Periprosthetic Infection (PJI);114
8.3.1;Coaxial Nanofibrous Coating as a Controlled Drug-Eluting Device (Current Technology Development Status);114
8.3.2;Sustained Strontium Release from Coaxial NFs to Enhance Osseointegration;115
8.3.3;Sustained Release of Doxycycline from Coaxial NFs to Prevent and Treat PJI (In Vitro and In Vivo Study);116
8.4;Summary and Conclusions;117
8.5;References;117
9;Cationic Antimicrobial Coatings with Osteoinductive Properties;124
9.1;Introduction;125
9.2;Antimicrobial and Osteoinductive Mechanisms of Cationic Coatings;126
9.2.1;Antibacterial Mechanisms of Positively Charged Coatings;126
9.2.1.1;Polycations;126
9.2.1.2;Metal Cations;126
9.2.2;Osteoinduction and Signaling Pathways;127
9.2.3;Angiogenesis and Osteogenesis;130
9.3;Positively Charged Polymer Coatings with Antimicrobial and Osteoinductive Properties;131
9.4;Cationic Copper with Antimicrobial and Osteoinductive Activities;133
9.5;Final Comment and Future Directions;135
9.6;References;135
10;Peptide-functionalized Biomaterials with Osteoinductive or Anti-biofilm Activity;138
10.1;Introduction;138
10.2;Peptide Design;140
10.2.1;Peptides Derived from Proteins;140
10.2.2;Library Screening Approaches;143
10.3;Chemical Methods;145
10.3.1;Peptide Synthesis;145
10.3.2;Peptide Functionalization;148
10.4;Osteoinductive Peptides;149
10.4.1;OGP Peptides;150
10.4.2;Peptides Derived from BMP-2;152
10.4.3;Peptides Derived from BMP-7;153
10.4.4;Peptides Derived from BMP-4 and BMP-9;154
10.4.5;Peptides Derived from Parathyroid Hormone;155
10.4.6;Other Peptides;155
10.4.7;Use of Osteoinductive Peptides Clinically;156
10.5;Anti-biofilm Peptides;157
10.5.1;LL-37, P10, AS10, and hep20 Peptides (Naturally Derived);160
10.5.2;IDR-1018 and 3002 Peptides (from Peptide Library Screenings);161
10.5.3;DJK-5, DJK-6, and D-RR4 Peptides (d-Enantiomeric Peptides);161
10.5.4;BMAP28, Tachyplesin III, WRL3, and DRGN-1 Peptides (Evaluation In Vivo);163
10.5.5;Immobilization of Antimicrobial Peptides;163
10.5.6;Use of Anti-biofilm and Antimicrobial Peptides Clinically;165
10.6;Conclusion/Summary and Future Perspectives;165
10.7;References;167
11;Construction of Bio-functionalized ZnO Coatings on Titanium Implants with Both Self-Antibacterial and Osteoinductive Properties;178
11.1;Introduction;178
11.2;Fabrication and Characteristics of ZnO-Decorated Coatings on Ti Implants;179
11.3;Antibacterial Behavior Investigation;183
11.4;Osteoinductive Behavior Investigation;186
11.5;Conclusion;189
11.6;Future Directions;190
11.7;References;191
12;Gasotransmitters: Antimicrobial Properties and Impact on Cell Growth for Tissue Engineering;192
12.1;Introduction;192
12.2;Need for Antimicrobial Engineered Grafts;193
12.3;Gasotransmitters in Mammalian Cells;194
12.3.1;Nitric Oxide;194
12.3.2;Hydrogen Sulfide;195
12.3.3;Carbon Monoxide;195
12.4;Gasotransmitters in Bacterial Cells;196
12.4.1;Role in Protecting Bacteria;196
12.5;Gasotransmitter Dose;198
12.6;Gasotransmitter Selectivity;199
12.7;Gasotransmitter Inclusion into Scaffolds;202
12.8;Gasotransmitters for Bone Applications;204
12.8.1;Gasotransmitters for Tissue Vascularization;207
12.9;Conclusions and Future Challenges;208
12.10;References;209
13;Carbon Nanotubes: Their Antimicrobial Properties and Applications in Bone Tissue Regeneration;215
13.1;Introduction;216
13.2;Brief History of Antimicrobial Studies of CNTs;218
13.3;Antimicrobial Properties of SWCNTs;218
13.4;Antimicrobial Properties of MWCNTs;221
13.5;Toxicity of SWCNTs and MWCNTs Against Eukaryotic Cells;222
13.6;Antimicrobial Mechanisms of CNTs;223
13.7;Perspectives and Summary;225
13.8;References;226
14;Part II: Interface Tissue Engineering and Advanced Material for Scaffolds;231
15;Fracture Healing and Progress Towards Successful Repair;232
15.1;Introduction;232
15.2;Origin of Bone;233
15.3;Bone Healing: An Interplay Between Immunological and Mechanical Factors;235
15.3.1;Primary Fracture Healing;236
15.3.2;Secondary Fracture Healing;237
15.4;Current Barriers to Successful Bone Healing;240
15.4.1;Patient-Related Risk Factors;240
15.4.2;Fracture-Related Risk Factors;242
15.4.3;Trauma-Related Risk Factors;243
15.5;Conclusion;244
15.6;References;245
16;Animal Models for Bone Tissue Engineering and Osteoinductive Biomaterial Research;251
16.1;Introduction;252
16.2;Animal Bone Defect Models;252
16.2.1;Calvarial Bone Defect Models;253
16.2.1.1;CSD in Calvarial Bone Defect Models;253
16.2.1.2;Comments on the Models;257
16.2.2;Segmental Defect Models of Weight-Bearing Long Bone;257
16.2.2.1;Fixation Used in the Segmental Defect Model;258
16.2.2.2;CSD in the Segmental Defect Models of Weight-Bearing Long Bone;258
16.2.2.3;Comments on the Models;263
16.2.3;Segmental Defect Models of Non-weight Bearing Long Bone;263
16.2.3.1;CSD in Segmental Defect Models of Non-weight Bearing Long Bone;263
16.2.3.2;Comments on the Models;264
16.2.4;Metaphyseal Defect Model;265
16.2.4.1;CSD in Metaphyseal Defect Models;265
16.2.4.2;Comment on the Models;265
16.2.5;Vertebral Body Defect Models;270
16.2.5.1;Small Animal Vertebral Body Defect Models;273
16.2.5.2;Large Animal Vertebral Body Defect Models;273
16.2.6;Other Bone Defect Models;276
16.2.6.1;Femoral Wedge Bone Defect Model;276
16.2.6.2;Multiple-Defect Model in Canine Femur and Tibia;276
16.2.6.3;Nonunion Models;276
16.3;Selection of Bone Defect Model;279
16.3.1;Age and Sex of Animal;279
16.3.2;Comparison between Different Animal Species;279
16.3.2.1;Rodents;280
16.3.2.2;Rabbit;280
16.3.2.3;Canine;281
16.3.2.4;Goat and Sheep;281
16.3.2.5;Swine;282
16.3.3;Research Related Criteria;283
16.4;Bone Defect Models Simulating Clinical Scenarios;283
16.4.1;Actual Situation of Bone Defect in Clinical Settings;283
16.4.2;Fracture Model and Nonunion Model;284
16.4.3;Fracture-Bone Defect Models;284
16.4.4;Challenges and Future Prospects;285
16.5;Summary;285
16.6;References;286
17;Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering;295
17.1;Introduction;295
17.2;Biofabrication Strategies;296
17.2.1;Inkjet Bioprinting;296
17.2.2;Laser-assisted Bioprinting;297
17.2.3;Extrusion Bioprinting;298
17.2.4;Melt Electrowriting (MEW);299
17.3;Criteria for Biomaterial Design and Selection;300
17.3.1;Biocompatibility;300
17.3.2;Material Properties;301
17.3.3;Structural Properties;301
17.3.4;Degradation;302
17.3.5;Printability;303
17.4;Commonly Used Biofabrication Materials;303
17.4.1;Naturally Derived Biomaterials;304
17.4.2;Synthetic Biomaterials;305
17.5;Future Perspectives;306
17.5.1;Multi-scale Biofabrication;306
17.5.2;Vascularization;310
17.5.3;Biomaterial Development;310
17.6;References;312
18;Additive Manufacturing of Bioscaffolds for Bone Regeneration;319
18.1;Introduction;319
18.1.1;Bone Structure and Properties;320
18.1.2;Bone Modeling and Remodeling;321
18.1.3;Additive Manufacturing (AM) in Bone Regeneration;322
18.2;Materials;325
18.2.1;Bio-ceramics;325
18.2.1.1;Calcium Phosphate;325
18.2.1.2;Bioglasses;326
18.2.2;Metals;327
18.2.2.1;Traditional Metals;327
18.2.2.2;Biodegradable Metals;327
18.2.3;Polymers;329
18.2.4;Composites;329
18.3;Fabrication Methods in Additive Manufacturing;330
18.3.1;Stereolithography (SLA);330
18.3.2;Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and Selective Laser Melting (SLM);332
18.3.3;3D Printing;333
18.3.4;Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM);334
18.4;Conclusion and Prospective;334
18.5;References;335
19;Anti-biofouling and Antimicrobial Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering;339
19.1;Introduction and Principles of Anti-biofouling and Antimicrobial Biomaterials;340
19.1.1;Biofilm Formation and Associated Infections;340
19.1.2;Anti-biofouling Biomaterials;340
19.1.2.1;PEG-Based Biomaterials;341
19.1.2.2;Poly Zwitterionic-Based Biomaterials;342
19.2;Antimicrobial Biomaterials;344
19.2.1;Releasing-Based Antimicrobial Biomaterials;344
19.2.1.1;Biomaterials Loaded with Antibiotics;344
19.2.1.2;Biomaterials Loaded with Silver Nanoparticles (NPs);345
19.2.1.3;Biomaterials Loaded with Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs);346
19.2.1.4;Biomaterials Loaded with Nitric Oxide (NO);347
19.2.2;Contact-Active Antibacterial Biomaterials;347
19.3;Applications in Tissue Engineering;349
19.3.1;Wound Dressings;349
19.3.2;Orthopedic Implants;352
19.3.3;Catheters;353
19.4;Conclusion;354
19.5;References;355
20;Osteoinductive and Osteoconductive Biomaterials;361
20.1;Introduction;361
20.2;Mechanism of Osteoinduction by Biomaterials;362
20.3;Identification of Osteoinductive Materials [6];365
20.4;Classes of Orthopedic Biomaterials;365
20.4.1;Metals;365
20.4.1.1;Magnesium (Mg);366
20.4.1.2;Steel;368
20.4.1.3;Titanium;369
20.4.1.4;Tantalum;371
20.4.2;Ceramics;372
20.4.2.1;Hydroxyapatite;373
20.4.2.2;Tricalcium Phosphate;374
20.4.2.3;Whitlockite;375
20.4.2.4;Bioactive Glasses;377
20.4.2.5;Natural Ceramic (Nacre);379
20.4.3;Polymers;381
20.4.4;Composites;385
20.5;Role of Topography in Orthopedic Biomaterials;388
20.5.1;Bone as a Nanocomposite;388
20.5.2;Nanomaterials for Bone Regeneration and Repair;388
20.6;Conclusion;390
20.7;References;391
21;Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: A Review;402
21.1;Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications;403
21.1.1;Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine: The Born of a New Era;403
21.1.2;The Use of Metallic Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine;403
21.1.2.1;Magnetic Nanoparticles;403
21.1.2.2;Pure Metallic Nanoparticles Without Magnetic Behavior;404
21.1.2.3;Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Without Magnetic Behavior;404
21.1.2.4;Bimetallic Nanoparticles;405
21.2;Bimetallic Nanoparticles (BMNPs): A Step Further;405
21.2.1;Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanoparticles;406
21.2.1.1;Physicochemical Approaches;406
21.2.1.2;Green Approaches;410
21.2.1.2.1;Bacteria-Mediated Synthesis;412
21.2.1.2.2;Fungi-Mediated Synthesis;412
21.2.1.2.3;Plant-Mediated Synthesis;413
21.2.1.2.4;Biomolecule-Mediated Synthesis;414
21.2.1.2.5;Waste Material-Mediated Synthesis;415
21.2.2;Bimetallic Nanoparticles as Biomedical Tools;416
21.2.2.1;Antimicrobial Applications;416
21.2.2.2;Anticancer Applications;419
21.2.2.3;Imaging Applications;422
21.2.2.4;Drug Delivery Applications;424
21.2.2.5;Photothermal Therapy Applications;425
21.2.2.6;Biosensing Applications;426
21.3;The Future of Bimetallic Nanoparticles;427
21.4;Conclusion;428
21.5;References;429
22;Peptide-mediated Bone Tissue Engineering;440
22.1;Introduction;441
22.1.1;General View of Tissue Engineering;441
22.2;Bone Tissue Engineering;441
22.2.1;Bone Structure and Properties;442
22.2.2;Bone Healing;443
22.2.3;The Role of Biomaterials in Bone Tissue Engineering;445
22.2.3.1;Osteoconductive Materials;445
22.2.3.2;Osteoinductive Materials;445
22.2.3.3;Vascular Materials;446
22.2.4;Role of Biological Molecules in Bone Tissue Engineering;447
22.2.4.1;Proteoglycans;447
22.2.4.2;Proteins;448
22.2.4.3;Peptides;449
22.3;Role of Peptides for Bone Tissue Engineering;450
22.3.1;Peptides Involved in Cell Adhesion;450
22.3.1.1;RGD Peptides;451
22.3.1.2;Type-I Collagen-Derived Peptides;451
22.3.1.3;PHSRN;452
22.3.1.4;FGF-2-Derived Peptides;452
22.3.1.5;Laminin-Derived Peptides;452
22.3.1.6;Osteopontin-Derived Peptide;453
22.3.1.7;Heparin-Binding Peptides;453
22.3.1.8;MEPE Peptide or AC-100;454
22.3.1.9;RRETAWA;454
22.3.2;Peptides Involved in Angiogenesis;454
22.3.2.1;Osteopontin-Derived Peptide (OPD);454
22.3.2.2;Osteonectin-Derived Peptides;455
22.3.2.3;Exendin-4;455
22.3.2.4;TP508;455
22.3.2.5;QK Peptide;455
22.3.2.6;RoY Peptide;455
22.3.2.7;PBA2-1c;456
22.3.3;Peptides Involved in Osteoinduction;456
22.3.3.1;BMP-Derived Peptides;456
22.3.3.2;PTH1–34 or Teriparatide;457
22.3.3.3;Osteogenic Growth Peptide (OGP);457
22.3.3.4;Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP);457
22.3.3.5;Collagen-Binding (CB) Peptide;458
22.3.3.6;Collagen-Binding Motif (CBM) Peptide;458
22.3.3.7;Substance P;458
22.3.3.8;Endothelin-1;458
22.3.3.9;BCSP™-1;458
22.3.3.10;CTC Peptide;459
22.3.4;Cathelicidins;459
22.4;Advantages of Peptides;459
22.4.1;Defined Chemical Properties of Peptides;460
22.4.2;Incorporation of Non-native Chemistries and Functions into Peptides;460
22.4.3;Diverse Functions of Peptides;460
22.4.4;Conjugation Capability of Peptides onto Biomaterials;461
22.5;Enhancing Biofuntionality of Biomaterials Through Peptides;461
22.5.1;Peptides as Coating Materials;461
22.5.1.1;Biomaterial Functionalization Strategies;462
22.5.1.1.1;Physical Immobilization;463
22.5.1.1.2;Covalent Immobilization for Surface Functionalization;463
22.5.1.1.3;Material-Binding Peptides for Surface Functionalization;466
22.5.2;Peptides as Scaffold Materials;468
22.5.2.1;Self-Assembled Peptides;468
22.5.2.2;Peptide-Based Biomaterial Scaffolds;470
22.6;Conclusion;473
22.7;References;473
23;Antibody Mediated Osseous Regeneration: A New Strategy for Bioengineering;482
23.1;Biology and Metabolism of Bone Tissue;482
23.2;Bone Regeneration;485
23.3;Clinical Approaches to Enhance Bone Regeneration;485
23.4;Synthetic Tissue Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration;486
23.5;AMOR: Antibody Mediated Osseous Regeneration;487
23.5.1;Investigation of the AMOR Approach in Animal Models;490
23.6;Conclusion;491
23.7;References;492
24;Extracellular Matrix-based Materials for Bone Regeneration;494
24.1;Introduction;495
24.2;Characteristics of ECM from Bone Tissue and Changes During Osteogenesis;496
24.3;Decellularization;497
24.3.1;Physical Methods;497
24.3.2;Chemical Methods;498
24.3.3;Enzymatic Methods;499
24.3.4;Biological Methods;499
24.4;Application of Extracellular Matrix in Bone Tissue Engineering;500
24.4.1;Tissue-Derived ECM;500
24.4.1.1;Decellularized Bone ECM;506
24.4.1.2;DBM;506
24.4.1.3;Decellularized Cartilage ECM;506
24.4.1.4;SIS-ECM;507
24.4.1.5;Decellularized Other Tissue-Derived ECM;507
24.4.2;Cell-Derived ECM;508
24.4.2.1;ECM Hybrid Scaffolds;509
24.4.2.2;Transferable Cell-Derived ECM;517
24.4.2.3;Clumps of Cells/ECM;518
24.4.2.4;Extracellular Matrix Sheet;518
24.5;Engineering of ECM-Based Materials;519
24.5.1;Electrospinning;519
24.5.2;3D Printing;525
24.5.3;Hydrogels;525
24.6;Conclusion and Perspective;527
24.7;References;528
25;Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering: Properties and Relevance in Bone Repair;539
25.1;Introduction;539
25.2;Bone and Its Properties;541
25.2.1;Hierarchical Design of Bone;541
25.2.2;Composition of Bone Materials;542
25.2.3;Bone Cells;543
25.2.4;Structure of Bone Grafts;543
25.2.5;Bone Porosity;544
25.2.6;Bone Strength;544
25.3;Types of CaP Derivatives Present in the Body;545
25.4;Categories of CaPs;545
25.4.1;Hydroxyapatite (HA);546
25.4.2;Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP);547
25.4.3;Biphasic CaP (BCP);547
25.5;Solubility of CaP;548
25.6;Bioactivity and Resorbability of CaP Materials;548
25.6.1;Cell Signalling in CaP Mediated Osteoinductivity;549
25.6.2;Osteoconductibility of CaP Materials;549
25.6.3;Biodegradability of CaP Materials;551
25.7;Characteristics of Osteoinductive Materials;553
25.7.1;Effect of Crystallinity;553
25.7.2;Effect of Solubility;554
25.7.3;Effect of Surface Roughness;554
25.7.4;Effect of Surface Charge;554
25.8;Expert Opinion and Five-Year View;555
25.9;Current Challenges and Future Directions;555
25.10;References;556
26;Bioactive Glasses in Orthopedic Applications;560
26.1;Introduction;561
26.2;Current Orthopedic Application of Metallic Implants;561
26.3;Bioactive Glass: Background and Future Perspective;564
26.4;Bioactive Glass Composition and Formation;565
26.5;Bioactive Glasses Reaction Mechanism and Integration Inside the Body;566
26.6;Types of Bioactive Glasses;568
26.7;Bioactive Glass Integration with Metal Implants;570
26.8;Advantages of Bioactive Glass;571
26.9;Future Advancements in Bioactive Glass;572
26.10;Conclusion;576
26.11;References;577
27;Advances in Tissue Engineering and Regeneration;579
27.1;Introduction;579
27.2;Tissue Engineering for Different Tissue Regeneration;582
27.2.1;Bone Tissue Engineering;582
27.2.1.1;Different Types of Biomaterials for Bone TE Applications;583
27.2.1.2;Current Scenario and Clinical Trials in the Field of Bone Tissue Engineering;587
27.2.2;Cartilage Tissue Engineering;596
27.2.2.1;Hydrogels;598
27.2.2.2;Sponges;600
27.2.2.3;Meshes;600
27.2.3;Neural Tissue Engineering;601
27.2.4;Skin Tissue Engineering;603
27.2.5;Cardiac Tissue Engineering;609
27.2.5.1;Biomaterials in Cardiac Tissue Engineering;611
27.2.5.2;Natural Biopolymers Used in Cardiac Tissue Engineering;611
27.2.5.3;Synthetic Biopolymers in Cardiac Tissue Engineering;611
27.2.5.4;Injectable Biomaterials in Cardiac Tissue Engineering;611
27.2.5.5;Hydrogels for Endogenous Repair and Cell Transplantation;618
27.2.5.6;Bulk Material;619
27.2.6;Vascular Tissue Engineering;620
27.2.7;Liver Tissue Engineering;622
27.2.8;Interfacial Tissue Engineering;623
27.3;Scaffold Fabrication Techniques for Tissue Engineering Applications;626
27.3.1;Freeze-Drying;626
27.3.2;Solvent Casting/Particle Leaching;627
27.3.3;Phase Separation;627
27.3.4;Electrospinning;627
27.3.5;Gas Foaming;628
27.4;Future Perspectives and Conclusion;629
27.5;References;629
28;Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: A State-of-the-Art Review Concerning Types, Properties, Materials, Processing, and Characterization;649
28.1;Introduction;650
28.2;Methods;651
28.2.1;Database and Search Strategy;651
28.2.2;Bibliometric Mapping;651
28.3;Results;652
28.4;Discussion and Literature Review;654
28.4.1;Types of Scaffolds;654
28.4.1.1;Solid Scaffolds;655
28.4.1.2;Fluid Scaffolds;655
28.4.2;Required Scaffold Properties;656
28.4.3;Materials;656
28.4.4;Fabrication Techniques;660
28.4.4.1;Solvent Casting/Particulate Leaching;662
28.4.4.2;Gas Foaming;662
28.4.4.3;Freeze-Drying;662
28.4.4.4;Thermally Induced Phase Separation;663
28.4.4.5;Electrospinning;663
28.4.4.6;Rotary Jet Spinning;663
28.4.4.7;Additive Manufacturing;663
28.4.4.8;Bioreactors;664
28.4.5;Applications;665
28.4.6;Methods for Scaffold Characterization;667
28.5;Conclusions and Future Perspectives;669
28.6;Appendix;670
28.7;References;671
29;Recent Developments of Zn-based Medical Implants;679
29.1;Introduction;679
29.2;Biological Significance;681
29.3;The Design Criteria of Biodegradable Implants;682
29.3.1;Biocompatibility;683
29.3.2;Corrosion Properties;684
29.3.3;Mechanical Properties;686
29.4;Animal Testing of Zn and Zn-Based Biodegradable Metal Implants;687
29.4.1;Cardiovascular Implantation;687
29.4.2;Orthopedic Implantation;687
29.5;Summary and Future Challenges;689
29.6;References;689
30;Recent Physical Interaction-based Bioadhesives;694
30.1;Introduction;694
30.2;Non-covalent Interaction Derived Bioadhesives;696
30.2.1;Electrostatic Interaction;696
30.2.2;Hydrogen Bonding;699
30.2.3;van der Waals Force;702
30.2.4;Hydrophobic Interactions;703
30.2.5;Other Non-covalent Interactions;704
30.3;Mechanical Structure Based Bioadhesives;706
30.4;Adhesives Strength and Applications;708
30.4.1;Adhesion Strength of Electrostatic Interaction-Based Adhesives;708
30.4.2;Adhesion Strength of Hydrogen Bonding Based Adhesives;711
30.4.3;Adhesion Strength of van der Waals Force Derived Adhesives;712
30.4.4;Adhesion Strength of Hydrophobic Interaction-Based Adhesives;713
30.4.5;Adhesion Strength of Mechanical Structure Based Adhesives;714
30.5;Conclusion;716
30.6;Future Work;716
30.7;References;717
31;Tellurium, the Forgotten Element: A Review of the Properties, Processes, and Biomedical Applications of the Bulk and Nanoscale Metalloid;723
31.1;Tellurium, the Last Member of the Chalcogen Family;724
31.2;Discovery: A Difficult Task;725
31.3;Presence in the Universe and on the Earth: Occurrence and Sources;727
31.4;Physicochemical Properties of Tellurium;731
31.4.1;Physical Properties;731
31.4.2;Chemical Properties;733
31.5;Isotopes of Tellurium;737
31.6;Bulk Tellurium: Applications;738
31.6.1;Tellurium in Metallurgy;738
31.6.2;Tellurium in Catalysis;739
31.6.3;Tellurium in Chalcogenide Glasses;740
31.6.4;Tellurium in Electronic Applications;740
31.6.5;Tellurium in Biological Applications;742
31.6.6;Tellurium in Other Applications;742
31.7;Synthesis of Tellurium Nanostructures;743
31.7.1;Traditional Synthesis of Nanomaterials;743
31.7.1.1;Zero-Dimensional (O-D) Tellurium Nanostructures;743
31.7.1.2;One-Dimensional (1D) Tellurium Nanostructures: Nanowires, Nanotubes, Nanorods, and Nanobelts;744
31.7.1.2.1;Tellurium Nanowires;745
31.7.1.2.2;Tellurium Nanorods;745
31.7.1.2.3;Tellurium Nanotubes;746
31.7.1.2.4;Tellurium Nanobelts;746
31.7.1.3;Two-Dimensional Te Nanostructures: Tellurene;747
31.7.1.4;Complex Tellurium Nanostructures;748
31.7.1.5;Chiral Tellurium Nanostructures;748
31.7.1.6;Tellurium-Based Alloys and Hetero-Nanostructures;748
31.7.1.7;Large-Scale Production of Tellurium Nanostructures;749
31.7.2;Green Synthesis of Tellurium Nanomaterials;750
31.8;Nanoscale Tellurium: Applications Beyond Biomedicine;751
31.8.1;Tellurium Nanostructures as a Photoconductive Conversion Material;752
31.8.2;Nanoscale Tellurium as a Catalyst;753
31.8.3;Nanoscale Tellurium as a Chemical Transformation Template and Building Blocks;753
31.8.4;Nanoscale Tellurium as a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester;754
31.8.5;Nanoscale Tellurium in Ion Detection and Removal;755
31.8.6;Nanoscale Tellurium in Batteries;755
31.8.7;Nanoscale Tellurium for Gas Sensing;756
31.8.8;Nanoscale Tellurium as a Doping Agent;756
31.9;The Biological Role of Tellurium;757
31.9.1;Tellurium in Bacteria;757
31.9.2;Tellurium in Fungi;759
31.9.3;Tellurium in Plants;760
31.9.4;Tellurium in Human Biology;760
31.10;Tellurium Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications;763
31.10.1;Nanoscale Tellurium as an Antimicrobial Agent;763
31.10.2;Nanoscale Tellurium as an Anticancer Agent;764
31.10.3;Nanoscale Tellurium as an Imaging Agent and a Biological Marker;767
31.11;Conclusions;768
31.12;References;769
32;Index;784