Li / Moriarty / Webster Racing for the Surface

Pathogenesis of Implant Infection and Advanced Antimicrobial Strategies
1. Auflage 2020
ISBN: 978-3-030-34475-7
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 648 Seiten

This book covers the latest research in biofilm, infection, and antimicrobial strategies in reducing and treating musculoskeletal, skin, transfusion, implant-related infections, etc. Topics covered include biofilms, small colony variants, antimicrobial biomaterials (antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, hydrogels, bioinspired interfaces, immunotherapeutic approaches, and more), antimicrobial coatings, engineering and 3D printing, antimicrobial delivery vehicles, and perspectives on clinical impacts. Antibiotic resistance, which shifts the race toward bacteria, and strategies to reduce antibiotic resistance, are also briefly touched on. Combined with its companion volume, Racing for the Surface: Pathogenesis of Implant Infection and Advanced Antimicrobial Strategies, this book bridges the gaps between infection and tissue engineering, and is an ideal book for academic researchers, clinicians, industrial engineers and scientists, governmental representatives in national laboratories, and advanced undergraduate students and post-doctoral fellows who are interested in infection, microbiology, and biomaterials and devices.

Bingyun Li is a full Professor with tenure at School of Medicine, West Virginia University. He is a Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and an Associate Editor of the Frontiers in Microbiology journal. Professor Li is a member of the Society for Biomaterials (SFB), Orthopedic Research Society (ORS), American Society for Microbiology (ASM), Materials Research Society (MRS), American Chemical Society (ACS), International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society (ICMRS), and Chinese Association for Biomaterials (CAB). Professor Li has served as topic chair of Infection and Inflammation of the ORS Program Committee, vice-chair and chair of Orthopedic Biomaterials Special Interest Group of SFB, Chief Editor of ICMRS Newsletter, and inaugural treasurer of CAB. Professor Li's research focuses on advanced materials, nanomedicine, infection, immunology, and drug delivery. He has published two edited books, 102 articles, 133 abstracts, and 14 provisional/full patents. Professor Li has given 56 invited and keynote talks and has received multiple prestigious awards including the Berton Rahn Prize from AO Foundation, the Pfizer Best Scientific Paper Award from Asia Pacific Orthopedic Association, and the Collaborative Exchange Award from Orthopedic Research Society.
Thomas Webster is the Chemical Engineering Department Char and Art Zafiropoulo Endowed Chair at Northeastern University. Prof. Webster has graduated 144 students. His lab group published 9 textbooks, 48 book chapters, 403 articles, and 32 provisional/full patents. Prof. Webster has received numerous honors: 2012, Fellow, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering; 2013, Fellow, Biomedical Engineering Society; 2015, Wenzhou 580 Award; 2015, Zheijang 1000 Talent Program; 2016, IMRC Chinese Academy of Science Lee-Hsun Lecture Award; 2016, Fellow, Biomaterials Science and Engineering; and 2016, Acta Biomaterialia Silver Award. He also frequently appears on the BBC, NBC, ABC, Fox, National Geographic, Discovery Channel and many other news outlets talking about science.

Malcolm Xing is a professor of University of Manitoba. His research focuses on smart biomaterials for tissue engineering, nanomedicine, wearable biosensor, implantable bio-robot and 3D/4D bioprinting. He has obtained awards such as National Science & Engineering Research Council Discovery Accelerator Supplement Award, Canada Foundation for Innovation - Innovation Fund, CBA-BA Young Investigator Award in ACS 2017 and Dr. J.A. Moorhouse Fellowship of the Diabetes Foundation of Manitoba.  Dr. Xing was the invited speaker of 2019 Society for Biomaterials Annual Conference and Keynote speaker of 2019 Canada Biomaterials Society (CBS) Conference, and the conference chair of CBS2017. His research has been covered in media including Time, Fortune, Discovery, Science, ACS headline news, RSC, CTV, CBC, etc.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Li, Bingyun

Moriarty, Thomas Fintan

Webster, Thomas

Xing, Malcolm

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Preface;7
2.1;Medical Device Infections: Is Anyone Paying Attention?;7
3;Contents;9
4;Part I: Clinical Significance of Infection;12
4.1;When the Race Is Lost: The Clinical Impact of Prosthetic Joint Infections;13
4.1.1;Epidemiology/Incidence;13
4.1.2;Overview of Challenges;14
4.1.3;Host Risk Factors;17
4.1.3.1;Body Mass Index (BMI);18
4.1.3.2;Diabetes;18
4.1.3.3;Lifestyle Factors;18
4.1.3.4;Modifiable Medical Risk Factors;18
4.1.3.5;Nonmodifiable Risk Factors;19
4.1.4;Diagnosis;19
4.1.4.1;Clinical Presentation;19
4.1.4.2;Imaging;23
4.1.4.3;Criteria;24
4.1.4.4;Joint Aspiration;25
4.1.4.5;Culture;25
4.1.5;Treatment;26
4.1.5.1;Suppressive Antibiotic Therapy (SAT);27
4.1.5.2;Surgery;27
4.1.5.3;Debridement and Irrigation with Implant Retention (DAIR);27
4.1.5.4;Exchange Arthroplasty;28
4.1.5.5;Single-Stage Exchange;28
4.1.5.6;Two-Stage Exchange;28
4.1.5.7;Resection Arthroplasty;29
4.1.5.8;Knee Arthrodesis and Above the Knee Amputation;31
4.1.5.9;Girdlestone and Hip Disarticulation;31
4.1.5.10;Adjunctive Antibiotic Therapy;31
4.1.5.11;Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT);34
4.1.6;Call to Action;34
4.1.7;References;35
4.2;Complications in Orthopedic Trauma Surgery: Fracture-Related Infection;42
4.2.1;Fracture-Related Infection;43
4.2.1.1;Definition;43
4.2.1.2;Etiology;45
4.2.1.2.1;Biofilm Formation;46
4.2.1.3;Incidence and Prevention;46
4.2.1.3.1;The Role of Local Antibiotic Administration in the Prevention of FRI;48
4.2.1.4;Diagnosis;49
4.2.1.4.1;Clinical Signs;49
4.2.1.4.2;Radiological Signs;50
4.2.1.4.3;Laboratory Findings;51
4.2.1.4.4;Microbiological Findings;52
4.2.1.5;Treatment;52
4.2.1.5.1;Dead Space Management;54
4.2.1.6;Emerging Strategies Against FRI;58
4.2.1.6.1;Prevention;58
4.2.1.6.2;Diagnosis;59
4.2.1.6.3;Treatment;59
4.2.2;Conclusion;60
4.2.3;References;60
4.3;Periprosthetic Joint Infection;66
4.3.1;Introduction;67
4.3.2;Pathophysiology of PJI;67
4.3.3;Classification and Clinical Presentation of Infection;69
4.3.4;Etiology of Periprosthetic Joint Infection;70
4.3.5;Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection;71
4.3.6;Prevention of Periprosthetic Joint Infection;72
4.3.7;General Concepts in the Treatment of Periprosthetic Joint Infection;73
4.3.8;Acute Infection;73
4.3.9;Chronic Infection;74
4.3.10;Emerging Strategies to Prevent and Treat PJI;78
4.3.11;Conclusion;79
4.3.12;References;79
4.4;Perspectives on Biomaterial-Associated Infection: Pathogenesis and Current Clinical Demands;84
4.4.1;Introduction;84
4.4.2;Pathogenesis of Biomaterial-Associated Infection;87
4.4.3;Diagnosis and Treatment of Biomaterial-Associated Infections;89
4.4.4;Causative Pathogens of Biomaterial-Associated Infections;91
4.4.5;Biomaterial-Associated Infection-Related Drug Resistance;91
4.4.6;Clinical Demands: Desirable Properties of Infection-Reducing Biomaterials;92
4.4.7;Summary and Outlook;99
4.4.8;References;100
4.5;Perspectives on and Need to Develop New Infection Control Strategies;103
4.5.1;Introduction: Historical Perspective and Outlook;104
4.5.2;New Strategies for Infection Control: A Likelihood Perspective;106
4.5.2.1;Antibiotics;106
4.5.2.2;Probiotics;108
4.5.2.3;Phage Therapy;109
4.5.2.4;Antimicrobial Peptides;109
4.5.2.5;Nanotechnology-Based Strategies;110
4.5.3;Conclusion;110
4.5.4;References;111
5;Part II: Pathogenesis of Infection;114
5.1;Pathogenesis of Biomaterial-Associated Infection;115
5.1.1;Introduction;115
5.1.1.1;Etiology;116
5.1.2;Pathogenesis;116
5.1.2.1;Routes of Infection;117
5.1.2.2;Biofilms;118
5.1.2.2.1;Biofilm Development;120
5.1.2.2.1.1;Bacterial Motion;121
5.1.2.2.1.2;Adhesion;124
5.1.2.2.1.2.1;Surface Sensing and Strengthening the Initial Attachment;125
5.1.2.2.1.2.2;Reversible and Irreversible Attachment;128
5.1.2.2.1.2.3;Race to the Surface;129
5.1.2.2.1.3;Biofilm Formation;129
5.1.2.2.1.4;The Biofilm Matrix;130
5.1.2.2.1.5;Maturation;133
5.1.2.2.1.6;Quorum Sensing;133
5.1.2.2.1.7;Dispersal;134
5.1.2.2.1.8;Tolerance Mechanisms;137
5.1.2.2.1.8.1;Impaired Penetration;137
5.1.2.2.1.8.2;Altered Microenvironment;139
5.1.2.2.1.8.3;Stress Response;141
5.1.2.2.1.8.4;Persister Formation;142
5.1.2.3;Immune Evasion;143
5.1.2.3.1;Innate Immunity;143
5.1.2.3.2;Adaptive Immunity;145
5.1.2.4;Host Cell Invasion;145
5.1.3;Conclusion;147
5.1.4;References;149
5.2;Device-Related Infections;176
5.2.1;Introduction;176
5.2.2;Implant Surface Conditioning;178
5.2.3;Bacterial Adhesion to Surfaces;178
5.2.4;Biofilm Formation;179
5.2.5;Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Regulation;180
5.2.6;The EPS Matrix;181
5.2.7;Biofilm Resistance;182
5.2.8;Diagnosis of Biofilm Infections on Medical Devices;183
5.2.9;Treatment of Biofilm Infections on Medical Devices;186
5.2.10;Conclusion and Summary;188
5.2.11;References;188
5.3;Insights into the Emergence, Clinical Prevalence, and Significance of Staphylococcus aureus Small Colony Variants;194
5.3.1;Introduction;194
5.3.2;What Are S. aureus SCVs and Their Characteristics?;195
5.3.3;Screening and Identification of S. aureus SCVs from Clinical Patient Samples;198
5.3.4;Emergence and Prevalence of Clinical Cases of  S. aureus SCVs;199
5.3.4.1;Osteomyelitis;202
5.3.4.2;Implant/Device-Related Infection;204
5.3.4.3;Cystic Fibrosis (CF);204
5.3.4.4;Abscess;205
5.3.4.5;Skin Infection;208
5.3.5;Clinical Significance of S. aureus SCVs;208
5.3.6;Summary and Perspectives;210
5.3.7;References;213
5.4;The Impact of Bacterial Biofilms in Transfusion Medicine;217
5.4.1;Introduction;218
5.4.2;Bacterial Biofilm Formation During Storage of Platelet Concentrates;220
5.4.2.1;Bacterial Adhesion to PC Storage Containers;221
5.4.2.2;Bacteria–Platelet Interaction During PC Storage;221
5.4.2.3;Biofilm Resistance to Immune Clearance During PC Storage;222
5.4.2.4;Safety Implications for Transfusion Patients;223
5.4.3;Future Approaches;223
5.4.4;Concluding Remarks;224
5.4.5;References;224
6;Part III: Advanced Antimicrobial Strategies to Treat Infection;227
6.1;Antimicrobial Materials in Arthroplasty;228
6.1.1;Introduction;229
6.1.2;Current Methods of PJI Prevention;229
6.1.2.1;Biofilm and Limitations of Systemic Preventative Strategies;230
6.1.2.2;Focus on Local Control;230
6.1.2.2.1;Antibiotic Bone Cement;231
6.1.2.2.2;Antibiotic Powder;232
6.1.2.2.3;Antiseptic Irrigation;233
6.1.2.2.4;Modified Implants;234
6.1.2.2.5;Antimicrobial Implant Surfaces;234
6.1.2.2.6;Hydrogels;235
6.1.2.2.7;Chitosan;236
6.1.2.2.8;Metal Ion Coating;237
6.1.2.2.9;Silver Clinical Use-Case Series;238
6.1.2.2.10;Non-metal Element Coating;239
6.1.2.2.11;Synthetic Peptide Coatings;240
6.1.3;Barriers to Development/Implementation;240
6.1.4;Conclusion/Summary;241
6.1.5;References;242
6.2;Antimicrobial Endodontic Materials;249
6.2.1;Introduction;250
6.2.2;Antimicrobial Irrigants and Irrigation Techniques;251
6.2.2.1;Antimicrobial Irrigants;251
6.2.2.2;Irrigation Techniques;254
6.2.3;Antimicrobial Drugs for Root Canal Medication;256
6.2.4;Antimicrobial Endodontic Sealers;257
6.2.5;Conclusions;260
6.2.6;References;260
6.3;Advances in Polysaccharide-Based Antimicrobial Delivery Vehicles;269
6.3.1;Introduction;269
6.3.2;Overview of Polysaccharides as Biological Macromolecules;271
6.3.3;Polysaccharides as Drug Delivery Vehicles;273
6.3.4;Polysaccharides as Antimicrobial Agents;274
6.3.5;Polysaccharide-Based Antimicrobial Delivery Vehicles;275
6.3.5.1;Chitosan;277
6.3.5.1.1;Chitosan Nanoparticles;277
6.3.5.1.2;Chitosan Microparticles;278
6.3.5.1.3;Chitosan Coatings;278
6.3.5.1.4;Chitosan Films;279
6.3.5.1.5;Chitosan Sponges;279
6.3.5.1.6;Chitosan Hydrogels;280
6.3.5.2;Alginate;280
6.3.5.2.1;Alginate Sponges/Hydrogels;281
6.3.5.2.2;Alginate Nanofibers;281
6.3.5.2.3;Alginate Micro/Nanoparticles;282
6.3.5.2.4;Alginate Beads;283
6.3.5.2.5;Alginate Composite Gel System;283
6.3.5.3;Carrageenan;284
6.3.5.4;Pectin;284
6.3.5.5;Dextran;285
6.3.5.6;Guar gum;287
6.3.5.7;Hyaluronic Acid (HA);287
6.3.5.8;Cellulose;288
6.3.6;Conclusion;289
6.3.7;References;289
6.4;Mechanisms of Action and Chemical Origins of Biologically Active Antimicrobial Polymers;298
6.4.1;Introduction;299
6.4.2;Overview of Different Types of Antimicrobial Polymers;300
6.4.3;Chitosan-Based Polymers;301
6.4.4;Polymers Containing Quaternized Ammonium;303
6.4.5;Synthetic Protein Mimics;305
6.4.6;Polyethylenimines;306
6.4.7;Halamines;307
6.4.8;Cytotoxicity of Polymers;308
6.4.9;Future Directions;309
6.4.10;Conclusion;311
6.4.11;References;311
6.5;Engineering Approaches to Create Antibacterial Surfaces on Biomedical Implants and Devices;314
6.5.1;Introduction;315
6.5.2;Engineering Strategies to Create Antibacterial Surfaces on Biomedical Implants and Devices;316
6.5.2.1;Surface Coatings Using Functionalized Polymers;317
6.5.2.1.1;Antifouling Polymer Coatings to Prevent Bacterial Adhesion;317
6.5.2.1.2;Bactericidal Activity of Functionalized Polymer Coatings;319
6.5.2.2;Surface Modification with Antimicrobial Nanoparticles and/or Inorganic–Organic Hybrids;320
6.5.2.2.1;Antibacterial Nanoparticles;320
6.5.2.2.2;Inorganic–Organic Hybrids;321
6.5.2.3;Biomimicry Toward Advanced Antimicrobial Surfaces;323
6.5.2.3.1;Natural, Antifouling Surfaces with Reduced Bacterial Adhesion;323
6.5.2.3.2;Natural, Bactericidal Surfaces to Induce Membrane Rupture of Bacterial Cell;325
6.5.2.4;Nature-Inspired, Nanostructured Surface Development for Antibacterial Properties;327
6.5.2.4.1;Engineered Surfaces with Surface Roughness or Pattern at the Nano and Micro Scale;327
6.5.2.4.2;Biomimetic Surfaces with Nanoprotrusion;328
6.5.2.4.3;Antifouling Nanoporous Surface Formation;331
6.5.3;Prospective Approaches;331
6.5.4;Summary;333
6.5.5;References;334
6.6;Antibacterial Coatings on Medical Implants;342
6.6.1;Introduction;342
6.6.2;Biofilm Formation on Implants;343
6.6.3;Antibacterial Mechanism;344
6.6.4;Coating Methods;345
6.6.4.1;Spray Coating;345
6.6.4.1.1;Ultrasonic Spray Nozzle;345
6.6.4.1.2;Aerosol;346
6.6.4.1.3;Thermal Spray;346
6.6.4.1.4;High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel Coatings;346
6.6.4.2;Pulsed Laser Deposition;347
6.6.4.3;Chemical Vapor Deposition;347
6.6.4.4;Sputter Coating;348
6.6.4.5;Inkjet Printing;348
6.6.4.6;Layer-by-Layer Coating;349
6.6.5;Metallic Nano-Coatings;349
6.6.6;Ceramic Coatings;350
6.6.6.1;Hydroxyapatite Coatings;350
6.6.6.2;Zinc Oxide Coating;350
6.6.7;Polymer Coatings;351
6.6.7.1;Collagen Coatings;353
6.6.7.2;PLA-Based Coatings;354
6.6.7.3;Heparin Coatings;354
6.6.8;Conclusion and Perspectives;354
6.6.9;References;355
6.7;Metal- and Polymer-Based Nanoparticles for Advanced Therapeutic and Diagnostic System Applications;358
6.7.1;Introduction to Nanotechnology;359
6.7.1.1;Types of Nanomaterials;359
6.7.1.2;Applying Nanotechnology to Resist Infectious Diseases;360
6.7.2;Noble Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles as Antibacterial Agents;361
6.7.2.1;Metal Nanoparticle-Induced Pathogenic Toxicity: Mechanisms and Actions;361
6.7.3;Strategies for Modifying and Encapsulating Nanoparticles for Disease Applications;365
6.7.3.1;Doping, Capping, and Halogenating;365
6.7.3.2;Polymeric Nanomaterials and their Usefulness as Drug or Particle Carriers;369
6.7.4;Disease Detection Through the Application of Imaging Methods and Nanoparticles;373
6.7.5;Future Perspectives in Nanoparticle Research;377
6.7.6;Conclusions;378
6.7.7;References;379
6.8;Battling Bacteria with Free and Surface-Immobilized Polymeric Nanostructures;386
6.8.1;Introduction;387
6.8.1.1;Amphiphilic Block Copolymers: The Essential Building Blocks;388
6.8.1.2;Self-Assembly of Polymeric Nano-Architectures;391
6.8.2;Polymersomes as Nanocarriers for Antimicrobial Applications;393
6.8.2.1;Polymersomes with Intrinsic Antimicrobial Features;393
6.8.2.2;Polymersomes as Nanocompartments for Antimicrobial Drugs and Their Production;394
6.8.2.3;Polymersomes Loaded with NPs;398
6.8.2.4;Polymersomes for Sensing Pathogenic Bacteria;399
6.8.3;Immobilized Nanocompartments;400
6.8.3.1;Immobilization Techniques;400
6.8.3.2;Active Surfaces;401
6.8.4;Conclusion and Perspectives;404
6.8.5;References;405
6.9;Polymeric Nanoparticulate Delivery Vehicles of Antimicrobials for Biofilm Eradication;410
6.9.1;Introduction;410
6.9.2;Polymer-Based Antimicrobial Delivery for Biofilm Elimination;412
6.9.2.1;NPs Consist of Polymers Exhibiting Antimicrobial Activities;412
6.9.2.2;Nanosized Polymeric Carriers for Antimicrobial Delivery;414
6.9.2.3;Polymer–Lipid Hybrid Micellar Nanocarriers for Antibiotic Delivery to Bacterial Biofilms;417
6.9.2.4;Polymeric Nanogel/Hydrogel for Antimicrobial Delivery to Biofilms;421
6.9.2.5;Polymersome/Liposome Nanocarriers for Antimicrobial Delivery to Biofilm;422
6.9.2.6;Electrospun Nanofiber to Deliver Antimicrobials;424
6.9.3;Conclusions and Future Perspective;426
6.9.4;References;427
6.10;Chiral Stereochemical Strategy for Antimicrobial Adhesion;431
6.10.1;Introduction;431
6.10.2;Chiral Stereochemical Strategy;432
6.10.2.1;Chiral Effect on Cells;433
6.10.2.2;Chiral Effect on Biomacromolecules;437
6.10.3;Antimicrobial Adhesion;439
6.10.3.1;Synthetic Polymers;439
6.10.3.2;Natural Polymers;444
6.10.3.3;Inorganic Carbon Materials;449
6.10.4;Conclusions and Perspectives;449
6.10.5;References;451
6.11;Bioinspired Interfaces for the Management of Skin Infections;457
6.11.1;Introduction;458
6.11.2;Skin Lesions Associated with Biomaterials in Contact with the Skin;461
6.11.2.1;Medical Adhesives and Surgical Sutures;461
6.11.2.2;Wound Dressing Materials;463
6.11.3;Bioinspired Physical Barriers;464
6.11.3.1;High Aspect Ratio Bactericidal Nanostructures;464
6.11.3.2;Biofilm Control via Surface Micro- and Nanotexture;470
6.11.4;Future Perspectives;472
6.11.5;References;473
6.12;Local Delivery of Anti-biofilm Therapeutics;477
6.12.1;Introduction;477
6.12.2;Peptides and Amino Acids;478
6.12.3;Fatty Acids and Lipids;481
6.12.4;Enzymes;483
6.12.4.1;Glycoside Hydrolases;484
6.12.4.2;Protease;485
6.12.4.3;Nucleases;486
6.12.4.4;Dispersin B;486
6.12.4.5;Lysostaphin;487
6.12.5;Nitric Oxide;489
6.12.6;Metabolites;490
6.12.7;Nanoparticles;493
6.12.8;Delivery of Living Cells;495
6.12.9;Conclusions;498
6.12.10;References;500
6.13;Antimicrobial Hydrogels: Key Considerations and Engineering Strategies for Biomedical Applications;511
6.13.1;Introduction;512
6.13.2;Overview of Hydrogels;513
6.13.3;Engineering Antimicrobial Hydrogels;515
6.13.3.1;Inherently Antimicrobial Hydrogels;515
6.13.3.1.1;Natural Polymers;515
6.13.3.1.2;Synthetic Polymers;516
6.13.3.1.3;Peptide-Based Hydrogels;516
6.13.3.1.4;Amphoteric Ion Hydrogels;518
6.13.3.2;Composite Antimicrobial Hydrogels;518
6.13.3.2.1;Hydrogels Containing Immobilized Antimicrobial Agents;518
6.13.3.2.2;Incorporation of Antimicrobial Polysaccharides to Existing Hydrogels;519
6.13.3.2.3;Peptide-Hybridized Hydrogels;519
6.13.3.2.4;Incorporation of Antifouling Agents;520
6.13.3.3;Hydrogels as a Delivery Vehicle for the Controlled Release of Antimicrobial Agents;520
6.13.3.3.1;Nanoparticle-Mediated Antimicrobial Release;521
6.13.3.3.2;Enzyme/Nanozyme-Mediated Antimicrobial Release;521
6.13.3.3.3;Modifying Hydrogel Properties to Control Antimicrobial Release;522
6.13.3.3.4;Bacteria-Responsive Antimicrobial Release;523
6.13.4;Potential Biomedical Applications of Antimicrobial Hydrogels;524
6.13.4.1;Antimicrobial Hydrogels for Biomedical Devices;525
6.13.4.1.1;Implants;526
6.13.4.1.2;Catheters;527
6.13.4.1.3;Contact Lenses;528
6.13.4.2;Antimicrobial Hydrogels for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration;529
6.13.4.2.1;Wound Healing;529
6.13.4.2.1.1;Antibiotic-Loaded Antimicrobial Hydrogels;529
6.13.4.2.1.2;Hydrogels Containing Metal-Based NPs;530
6.13.4.2.1.3;Hydrogels Made of Natural Antimicrobial Polymers;531
6.13.4.2.2;Bone and Cartilage Tissue Regeneration;532
6.13.5;Conclusion and Perspectives;532
6.13.6;References;533
6.14;Antibacterial Polymeric and Peptide Gels/Hydrogels to Prevent Biomaterial-Related Infections;543
6.14.1;Introduction;545
6.14.1.1;Biomaterial-Related Infections;546
6.14.1.2;Challenges in Treating Infection;546
6.14.2;Current Antibacterial Approaches;547
6.14.2.1;Antibiotics;548
6.14.2.2;Antiseptics;548
6.14.2.3;Antiadhesives;549
6.14.2.4;Metal Ions and Nanoparticles;550
6.14.2.5;Carbon Nanotubes;552
6.14.2.6;Graphene and Graphene Oxide;554
6.14.2.7;Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs);554
6.14.2.7.1;Physical Immobilization of AMPs;556
6.14.2.7.2;Chemical Immobilization of AMPs;556
6.14.2.8;Antimicrobial Polymers;557
6.14.3;Gels and Hydrogels for Biomaterial-Related Infections;558
6.14.3.1;Polymeric Hydrogels;559
6.14.3.1.1;Polymeric Hydrogels Containing Antibiotics;559
6.14.3.1.2;Polymeric Hydrogels Containing Metal Nanoparticles;561
6.14.3.1.3;Polymeric Hydrogels Containing Antimicrobials;564
6.14.3.1.4;Natural Antibacterial Polymeric Hydrogels;565
6.14.3.1.5;Synthetic Antibacterial Polymeric Hydrogels;567
6.14.3.2;Self-Assembled Peptide Gels/Hydrogels;568
6.14.4;Conclusions;574
6.14.5;References;574
6.15;Antibacterial Hydroxyapatite: An Effective Approach to Cure Infections in Orthopedics;582
6.15.1;Introduction;583
6.15.2;Transition Metals as Antibacterial Agents;584
6.15.2.1;Metal Doping in HA;585
6.15.2.2;Transition Metal-Doped Antibacterial HA;587
6.15.2.3;Processing Techniques for Developing Metal-Doped HA;591
6.15.3;Transition Metal-Doped Antibacterial HA Coatings;593
6.15.3.1;High Temperature Coating Processes (Plasma and Thermal Spraying);594
6.15.3.2;Cold Spraying Process;596
6.15.3.3;Sol–Gel Coating Process;596
6.15.3.4;Sputtering Coating Process;597
6.15.3.5;Electrochemical Coating Processes;598
6.15.3.6;Microwave Irradiation Coating Process;601
6.15.4;Recent Progresses in Metal-Doped Antibacterial HA;602
6.15.5;References;605
6.16;3D Printed Ceramic-Polymer Composites for Treating Bone Infection;612
6.16.1;The Need for Customized and Personalized Treatments;613
6.16.2;An Overview of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing;613
6.16.3;Antimicrobial Materials;614
6.16.3.1;Clay Nanoparticles;614
6.16.3.2;Nanoclays;615
6.16.3.2.1;Halloysite;615
6.16.3.2.2;Laponite;616
6.16.3.2.3;Montmorillonite;616
6.16.3.3;Metal Nanoparticles;616
6.16.4;Applications in Dental and Orthopedic Surgery;618
6.16.4.1;Antimicrobial Coatings;618
6.16.4.1.1;Antimicrobial Coatings that Prevent Microbial Adhesion;619
6.16.4.2;Antimicrobial Coatings That Kill Bacteria;619
6.16.4.2.1;Antimicrobial Coatings That Promote Bone Healing;620
6.16.4.2.2;Antimicrobial Coatings with Multiple Roles;622
6.16.4.3;Osteoconductive and Osteoinductive Biomaterials;622
6.16.4.3.1;Therapeutic Strategies and Delivery Vehicles for Osteoconductive and Osteoinductive Agents;623
6.16.4.3.1.1;Bioactive Glass;623
6.16.4.3.1.2;Metal Nanoparticles;624
6.16.5;3D Printed Antimicrobial Medical Devices;624
6.16.5.1;3D Printed Antimicrobial Medical Devices Using Bioplastics;624
6.16.5.2;3D Printed Antimicrobial Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds;625
6.16.6;Adding Antimicrobial Functionalities to 3D Printed Medical Devices;626
6.16.7;What Does the Future Hold?;627
6.16.8;References;628
7;Index;635