Li / Shao / Zhu Fundamentals of Optical Computing Technology

Forward the Next Generation Supercomputer
1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-981-10-3849-5
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 303 Seiten

This book presents the principles, experimental technologies, up-to-date research findings and applications of various optical-computing technologies and devices. It also discusses semiconductor multiple quantum well (MQW) photoelectronic devices, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), lasers, micro optical elements and diffractive optical elements, optical storage, optical parallel interconnections, and optical-buffer technology as the main technologies for optical computing. Furthermore, it explores the potential of optical-computing technology. It offers those involved in optical design, photonics, and photoelectronic research and related industries insights into the fundamentals and theories of optical computing, enabling them and to extend and develop the functions of fundamental elements to meet the requirement of optical-computing systems.  

Prof. Xiujian Li is a professor at College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China. He receives his Bachlor, Master and PhD degree from National University of Defense Technology in 1997, 2002 and 2007, respectively. He has been teaching in National University of Defense Technology for 13 years. He has been director of Modern Ultra-fast Optics Lab in NUDT since 2009, and co-director of Center of Materials Science in NUDT since 2011. In 2011-2012, he visited Columbia University, USA as an visiting professor. He has published more than 50 peer-reviewed journal and transaction full papers in English (including papers in press). His research focuses on Optical information processing, Silicon photonics, Ultra-fast optics and Optical computing technology.
The co-authors, Dr. Zhengzheng Shao, Mr.Mengjun Zhu and Prof. Junbo Yang are all from the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, China.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Li, Xiujian

Shao, Zhengzheng

Zhu, Mengjun

Yang, Junbo

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
1.1;Structure of the Book;7
2;Contents;9
3;1 Summary of Optical Computing Technology;13
3.1;1.1 Phylogeny and Trend of Computing;13
3.1.1;1.1.1 Primal Computing Age;13
3.1.2;1.1.2 Handwrought Computing Age;13
3.1.3;1.1.3 Mechanical and Electromechanical Computing Age;15
3.1.4;1.1.4 Electronic Computing Age;18
3.1.5;1.1.5 Status and Trend of Super Parallel Computer;21
3.1.6;1.1.6 Prospect of Future Computer;23
3.2;1.2 Concept of Optical Computing;25
3.2.1;1.2.1 Basic Operation of Optics for Computing;27
3.2.2;1.2.2 Basic Models for Optical Computer Framework;28
3.3;1.3 Background in Optical Operation;30
3.3.1;1.3.1 Holographic Grating;30
3.3.2;1.3.2 Optical Fourier Transform;33
3.3.3;1.3.3 Abbe Imaging Principle and Spatial Filtering;35
3.3.4;1.3.4 Optical Correlator;37
3.3.5;1.3.5 Optical Numerical Processing;39
3.4;References;45
4;2 Semiconductor MQWs Photo-Electronic Logic Devices;46
4.1;2.1 Basic Principle of Semiconductor MQWs;46
4.1.1;2.1.1 Micro- and Nano-Materials and Quantum-Limited Effect;46
4.1.2;2.1.2 Semiconductor MQWs and Self-electro-Optical Effect;48
4.2;2.2 Principle and Properties of SEEDs;54
4.2.1;2.2.1 How to Achieve Self-electro-Optic Effect;54
4.2.2;2.2.2 Diode-Biased SEEDs to Achieve Bistability;56
4.2.3;2.2.3 Symmetry SEEDs;57
4.2.4;2.2.4 Symmetry SEEDs to Achieve Boolean Operation;59
4.3;2.3 Optimization and Characteristics of MQW’s Modulator;62
4.3.1;2.3.1 Reflective SEEDs Modulator;62
4.3.2;2.3.2 Asymmetry Reflective F-P SEEDs Modulator;62
4.3.3;2.3.3 Performance of MQW’s SEEDs Modulator;66
4.4;2.4 Flat Integration of SEEDs;70
4.4.1;2.4.1 Multi-Quantum Wells Modulator and Electronic Circuit Integration—Smart Pixels;70
4.4.2;2.4.2 MQW’s Spatial Light Modulator;72
4.5;2.5 Summary and Prospect;75
4.6;References;78
5;3 Minitype Light Source for Optical Computing;80
5.1;3.1 Introduction;80
5.2;3.2 Wedge-Emitting Photoelectric Elements;82
5.2.1;3.2.1 LED and LD;82
5.2.2;3.2.2 Functional Optical Interconnect and Semiconductor Light Source;90
5.3;3.3 Structure and Principle of LED and LD Mode Vertical-to-Surface Transmission Light Source;94
5.3.1;3.3.1 LED Mode Vertical-to-Surface Transmission Light Source;94
5.3.2;3.3.2 LD Mode Vertical-to-Surface Transmission Light Source;96
5.3.3;3.3.3 Integration of Vertical-to-Surface Transmission Light Source;98
5.4;3.4 VCSELs;99
5.4.1;3.4.1 Structure of VCSELs;99
5.4.2;3.4.2 Characteristics of VCSELs;106
5.4.3;3.4.3 Optimum Design of VCSELs;111
5.4.4;3.4.4 Current State and Development Trend of VCSELs;112
5.5;3.5 Applications of Minitype-Laser;115
5.5.1;3.5.1 Optical Logic Elements;115
5.5.2;3.5.2 Serial–Parallel Data Transform;117
5.5.3;3.5.3 Parallel Optical Data Link;118
5.6;3.6 Summary and Prospect;119
5.7;References;122
6;4 Micro- and Diffractive Optical Elements;123
6.1;4.1 Introduction;123
6.2;4.2 Design of Micro-Optical Elements;126
6.2.1;4.2.1 Geometric Optical Design;126
6.2.2;4.2.2 Scalar Analysis for Design;132
6.2.3;4.2.3 Vector Analysis for Design;133
6.3;4.3 Fabrication Technology for Micro-Optical Elements;134
6.3.1;4.3.1 Ion Exchange;134
6.3.2;4.3.2 Analog Light Etching with Phase Mark;137
6.3.3;4.3.3 Electron Beam Nanofabrication;139
6.4;4.4 Planar Micro-lens Array;140
6.4.1;4.4.1 Swelled Planar Micro-lens;140
6.4.2;4.4.2 Application of Planar Micro-lens Array;141
6.5;4.5 Theory Foundation of Diffractive Optical Elements;143
6.5.1;4.5.1 Linear Blazed Grating;143
6.5.2;4.5.2 Diffractive Lens;145
6.5.3;4.5.3 Diffractive Efficiency;149
6.6;4.6 Binary Optical Elements;150
6.6.1;4.6.1 Design of Binary Optical Elements;150
6.6.2;4.6.2 Fabrication of Binary Optical Elements;151
6.6.3;4.6.3 Application of Binary Optical Elements;153
6.7;4.7 Summary and Prospect;156
6.8;References;158
7;5 Optical Storage;160
7.1;5.1 Introduction;160
7.2;5.2 Principle and Application of Two-Photon Interaction [4];161
7.2.1;5.2.1 Two-Photon Interaction;161
7.2.2;5.2.2 Two-Photon Interaction to Achieve 3D Storage;164
7.3;5.3 Photorefractive Effect and Spatial Light Modulator;171
7.3.1;5.3.1 Photorefractive Effect and Crystals;171
7.3.2;5.3.2 Optically Addressed Photorefractive SLM;175
7.3.3;5.3.3 Photorefractive SLM to Perform Optical Storage;183
7.4;5.4 Optical Holographic Storage;188
7.4.1;5.4.1 Introduction;188
7.4.2;5.4.2 Optical Volume Holographic Storage;189
7.5;5.5 Near-Field Optical Storage;194
7.5.1;5.5.1 Introduction to Super-Resolution Near-Field Structure Optical Storage;194
7.5.2;5.5.2 Principle of Super-Resolution Near-Field Structure Optical Storage;198
7.5.3;5.5.3 Near-Field Optical Characteristics of Super-Resolution Thin Film;202
7.6;5.6 Summary and Prospect;205
7.7;References;206
8;6 Parallel Optical Interconnections;208
8.1;6.1 Introduction;208
8.2;6.2 Optical Switch and Interconnection;209
8.2.1;6.2.1 Brief of Optical Switch Technology;209
8.2.1.1;6.2.1.1 Performance Parameters of Optical Switching;209
8.2.1.2;6.2.1.2 Types of Optical Switches;211
8.2.2;6.2.2 Brief of Optical Interconnection;215
8.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 Principles and Advantages of Optical Interconnection Networks;215
8.2.2.2;6.2.2.2 Realization Mode of Optical Interconnect Technology;216
8.3;6.3 Fundamental of Perfect Shuffle Switch Network;217
8.3.1;6.3.1 Basic Theory for Perfect Shuffle Switch;217
8.3.1.1;6.3.1.1 Mathematical Definition of PS Switch;218
8.3.1.2;6.3.1.2 Matrix Description of PS Switches;220
8.3.1.3;6.3.1.3 PS Transformation Characteristics;225
8.3.2;6.3.2 Two-Dimensional Perfect Shuffle Switch Theory;228
8.3.2.1;6.3.2.1 2D-PS Transformation;228
8.3.2.2;6.3.2.2 The Relationship Between 2D-FPS and 2D-Separable Shuffle;229
8.3.3;6.3.3 Implement Method for PS and FPS Switch;232
8.3.3.1;6.3.3.1 FPS Transformation;232
8.3.3.2;6.3.3.2 PS and FPS Implementation Method;232
8.3.3.3;6.3.3.3 Comparison of Various PS Implementations;239
8.4;6.4 Implement Perfect Shuffle Switch with Micro-Optics Elements;239
8.4.1;6.4.1 Micro-blazed Grating Array to Achieve Left Shuffle Switch;240
8.4.1.1;6.4.1.1 Micro-blazed Grating Transmittance Function;240
8.4.1.2;6.4.1.2 Fresnel Diffraction Analysis;241
8.4.1.3;6.4.1.3 LPS Based on Micro-blazed Grating Array;242
8.4.1.4;6.4.1.4 Micro-blazed Grating Array to Achieve RPS and IPS Switch;246
8.4.2;6.4.2 Micro-blazed Grating Array to Achieve 2D Perfect Shuffle Switch;251
8.4.2.1;6.4.2.1 2d FPS;251
8.4.2.2;6.4.2.2 Micro-blazed Grating Array to Achieve 2D FPS;252
8.5;6.5 Optical Interconnections Based on Micro-Optical Elements;257
8.5.1;6.5.1 Omega Optical Interconnection with Micro-Optical Elements;258
8.5.1.1;6.5.1.1 All FPS Non-blocking Omega Optical Interconnection;258
8.5.1.2;6.5.1.2 Switch State Selection of Multi-stage FPS;259
8.5.1.3;6.5.1.3 Implement Node Switch and Interconnect Stage of Omega Switching Network;261
8.5.1.4;6.5.1.4 Optical Switching Module Design for All FPS Non-blocking Omega Network;262
8.5.2;6.5.2 Crossover Optical Interconnection with Micro-Optical Elements;264
8.5.2.1;6.5.2.1 Full-crossover network;265
8.5.2.2;6.5.2.2 Characteristics of 3D Full-crossover network;266
8.5.2.3;6.5.2.3 Full-Cross Connection Based on Micro-Blazed Grating Array;267
8.5.2.4;6.5.2.4 Design of 3D Full-Crossover Network Optical Module;269
8.5.2.5;6.5.2.5 Discussion and Analysis;269
8.5.3;6.5.3 Banyan Optical Interconnection with Micro-Optical Elements;270
8.5.3.1;6.5.3.1 Characteristics of Banyan Tree Network;271
8.5.3.2;6.5.3.2 Crossover Interconnection in Free Space with Micro-Optical Elements;272
8.5.3.3;6.5.3.3 Experimental Module Design of 2D Banyan Network;273
8.5.3.4;6.5.3.4 Interconnection Function Analysis of 2D Banyan Network;275
8.5.4;6.5.4 Demultiplexer and Beam Splitter Based on Micro-Blazed Grating;279
8.5.4.1;6.5.4.1 Diffraction Characteristics of Multi-step Micro-Blazed Gratings;280
8.5.4.2;6.5.4.2 Example;284
8.6;6.6 Summary and Prospect;286
8.7;References;289
9;7 Optical Buffer and Full-Optical Synchronization;291
9.1;7.1 Introduction;291
9.2;7.2 Optical Buffer and Full-Optically Synchronization Based on Slow Light;293
9.2.1;7.2.1 Principle of Slow Light;293
9.2.2;7.2.2 Introduction to Slow Light;296
9.3;7.3 EIT and Atomic Vapor Systems;297
9.4;7.4 Scattering and Fiber Systems;298
9.5;7.5 Coherent Population Oscillations and Semiconductor Materials;300
9.6;7.6 Silicon-Based Waveguide Slow Light Device [12];300
9.7;7.7 Summary and Prospect;302
9.8;References;303