Liberman Introduction to Physics and Chemistry of Combustion

Explosion, Flame, Detonation
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-540-78759-4
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 349 Seiten

Most of the material covered in this book deals with the fundamentals of chemistry and physics of key processes and fundamental mechanisms for various combustion and combustion related phenomena in gaseous combustible mixture. It provides the reader with basic knowledge of burning processes and mechanisms of reaction wave propagation. The combustion of a gas mixture (flame, explosion, detonation) is necessarily accompanied by motion of the gas. The process of combustion is therefore not only a chemical phenomenon but also one of gas dynamics. The material selection focuses on the gas phase and with premixed gas combustion. Premixed gas combustion is of practical importance in engines, modern gas turbine and explosions, where the fuel and air are essentially premixed, and combustion occurs by the propagation of a front separating unburned mixture from fully burned mixture. Since premixed combustion is the most fundamental and potential for practical applications, the emphasis in the present work is be placed on regimes of premixed combustion. This text is intended for graduate students of different specialties, including physics, chemistry, mechanical engineering, computer science, mathematics and astrophysics.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Liberman, Michael A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;5
2;Preface;9
3;Sources and Use of Energy;12
4;Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics;15
4.1;1.1 The Entropy;15
4.2;1.2 Work and Quantity of Heat: First Law of Thermodynamics;18
4.3;1.3 Temperature;21
4.4;1.4 Pressure;23
4.5;1.5 The Free Energy and the Thermodynamic Potentials;26
4.6;1.6 The Enthalpy;27
4.7;1.7 The Nernst’s Theorem;28
4.8;1.8 Carnot’s Cycle and Carnot’s Theorem;30
4.9;1.9 Le Chatelier Principle;32
4.10;1.10 Dependence of the Thermodynamic Quantities on the Number of Particles;32
4.11;1.11 Ideal Gases;35
4.12;1.12 Ideal Gases with Constant Specific Heat: Equation of Poisson Adiabatic;36
4.13;Problems;39
5;Chemical Thermodynamics;41
5.1;2.1 Introduction and Definitions;41
5.2;2.2 Properties of Substances;44
5.3;2.3 Heats of Reactions and Formation;46
5.4;2.4 Origin of the Combustion Heat; Molecular Bonds;51
5.5;2.5 Adiabatic Flame Temperature;54
5.6;2.6 The Equilibrium Constant;57
5.7;2.7 Chemical Equilibrium and Adiabatic Flame Temperature;60
5.8;Problems;64
6;Combustion Chemistry;66
6.1;3.1 Chemical Reactions;66
6.2;3.2 Non-branching Chain Reaction: The Hydrogen Chlorine;72
6.3;3.3 Oxidation of Nitrogen in Combustion;76
6.4;3.4 Chain-Branching Reactions: Explosions;78
6.5;3.5 Hydrogen-Oxygen Reactions: Explosion Limits;79
6.6;Problems;84
7;Self-Accelerating Reactions, Explosions;86
7.1;4.1 Self-Accelerating Reactions;86
7.2;4.2 Thermal Self-Ignition;89
7.3;4.3 The Frank-Kamenetskii Transformation;92
7.4;4.4 Semenov’s Theory of Thermal Explosions;94
7.5;4.5 Critical Conditions for a Thermal Explosion;97
7.6;4.6 Spark Ignition and Minimum Ignition Energy;98
7.7;Problems;100
8;Velocity and Temperature of Laminar Flames;101
8.1;5.1 Reaction Waves Propagation Through a Combustible Mixture;101
8.2;5.2 Velocity and Thickness of Laminar Flames;103
8.3;5.3 Temperature and Concentration Distributions in Flames;109
8.4;5.4 Normal Velocity of Flame Propagation. Zel’dovich - Frank-Kamentskii Theory;113
8.5;5.5 Consequences of the Formula for Normal Flame Velocity;118
8.6;Problems;119
9;Introduction to Hydrodynamics of Ideal Fluids;120
9.1;6.1 The Fluid Dynamics;120
9.2;6.2 The Equation of Continuity;122
9.3;6.3 The Euler Equation;124
9.4;6.4 Conservation of Energy;127
9.5;6.5 The Equation of State;131
9.6;6.6 Hydrostatics;134
9.7;6.7 A Stationary Flow. The Bernoulli Equation;137
9.8;6.8 The Conservation of Velocity Circulation;140
9.9;6.9 Potential Flow;142
9.10;6.10 Linear Waves and Instabilities;145
9.11;6.11 The Gravity Waves;148
9.12;6.12 The Rayleigh-Taylor Instability;152
9.13;6.13 Sound Waves;154
9.14;6.14 One-Dimensional Traveling Waves;159
9.15;6.15 Flow in a Pipe Ahead of the Moving Piston;163
9.16;Problems;165
10;Energy Dissipation in Gases and Liquids;167
10.1;7.1 Viscous Fluids;167
10.2;7.2 Energy Dissipation in Viscous Fluids;169
10.3;7.3 Thermal Conduction;171
10.3.1;7.3.1 The Equation of Thermal Conduction;171
10.3.2;7.3.2 Thermal Conduction in an Incompressible Fluid;173
10.3.3;7.3.3 Heat Propagation;175
10.4;7.4 Stationary Flow of Incompressible Viscous Fluid;178
10.4.1;7.4.1 Flow of Viscous Incompressible Fluid in a Duct;178
10.4.2;7.4.2 The Poiseuille Flow;180
10.4.3;7.4.3 A Stationary Viscous Flow in a Cylindrical Tube;183
10.5;7.5 Dimensional Analysis: The Law of Similarity;185
10.6;7.6 Flow with Small Reynolds Numbers;188
10.7;7.7 Turbulence: Stability of Steady Viscous Flow;189
10.7.1;7.7.1 Instability of Steady Flow at Large Reynolds Numbers;191
10.7.2;7.7.2 Fully Developed Turbulence: Kolmogorov Theory;194
10.7.3;7.7.3 The Velocity Correlation Function;197
10.8;7.8 Boundary Layer;200
10.9;Problems;206
11;Detonation and Shock Waves;207
11.1;8.1 Surfaces of Discontinuity;207
11.2;8.2 The Shock Adiabatic;209
11.3;8.3 Detonation Adiabatic;212
11.4;8.4 Velocity of Detonation Wave;216
11.5;8.5 The Chapman-Jouguet Detonation;217
11.6;8.6 The Propagation of a Detonation Wave;219
11.7;8.7 Strong Explosion in Homogenous Atmosphere;220
11.8;Problems;223
12;Hydrodynamics of Propagating Flame;225
12.1;9.1 Complete System of Equations for Propagating Flame;225
12.2;9.2 Isobaric Approximation;226
12.3;9.3 Theory of Planar Flames;229
12.4;9.4 The Model of a Discontinuous Flame Front;232
12.5;9.5 The Darrieus-Landau Instability of a Thin Flame Front;234
12.6;9.6 The Linear Theory of Instability of the Thin Flame Front;238
12.7;9.7 Thermal Stabilization of the DL Instability;241
12.8;9.8 Flame Instability in a Gravitational Field;247
12.9;9.9 Thermal-Diffusive Instability;251
12.10;9.10 Nonlinear Stabilization of the Flame Instability;253
12.11;9.11 Curved Stationary Flames in Tube;254
12.12;9.12 Nonlinear Equation for Stationary Flames;255
12.13;9.13 Stability Limits of a Curved Stationary Flame in Tubes;260
12.14;9.14 Spherically Expanding Flames;264
12.15;9.15 Flame in a Gravitational Field: Theory of Rising Bubbles;268
12.16;9.16 Flame in Horizontal and Vertical Tubes;271
12.17;9.17 Flame in a Closed Burning Chamber;275
12.18;9.18 Flame Quenching and Flammability Limits;277
12.19;Problems;279
13;Regimes of Premixed Flames;281
13.1;10.1 Combustion Waves in Laminar Flow;281
13.2;10.2 Regimes of Premixed Turbulent Combustion;285
13.3;10.3 Velocity of Turbulent Flame;289
13.4;10.4 Spontaneous Reaction in Nonuniform Combustible Mixture;291
13.5;10.5 The Deflagration to Detonation Transition;293
13.6;10.6 Mechanism of Deflagration to Detonation Transition;303
13.7;10.7 Formation a Preheat Zone and Deflagration to Detonation Transition;312
13.8;10.8 Thermonuclear Burning of the Stars: White Dwarfs;319
13.9;10.9 Burning Ignition and Transition to Detonation in White Dwarfs;322
13.10;Problems;327
14;Internal Combustion Engines;329
14.1;11.1 Spark Ignition Engine (Otto-Engine);330
14.2;11.2 Engine Operating Cycles;333
14.3;11.3 Diesel Cycle;337
14.4;11.4 Knock in SI-Engines;340
15;Combustion and Environmental Concerns;345
15.1;12.1 Formation of Hydrocarbons and Soot;345
15.2;12.2 Processes of Particulate and Soot Formation;347
15.3;12.3 NOx Formation and Reduction;349
16;Conversion Formulas and Constants;352
16.1;Fundamental Constants;352
16.2;Density, Thermal Conductivity, Viscosity;353
17;Useful Formulas of Vector Analysis;354
17.1;Cylindrical Coordinates;355
17.2;Spherical Coordinates;355
18;Equations of Fluid Mechanics in Curvilinear Coordinate Systems;357
18.1;Cylindrical Coordinates;357
18.2;Spherical Coordinates;358
19;Index;359