Lichtfouse Climate Change, Intercropping, Pest Control and Beneficial Microorganisms

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-2716-0
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 2, 514 Seiten

Reihe: Sustainable Agriculture Reviews

Sustainable agriculture is a rapidly growing field aiming at producing food and energy in a sustainable way for humans and their children. Sustainable agriculture is a discipline that addresses current issues such as climate change, increasing food and fuel prices, poor-nation starvation, rich-nation obesity, water pollution, soil erosion, fertility loss, pest control, and biodiversity depletion. Novel, environmentally-friendly solutions are proposed based on integrated knowledge from sciences as diverse as agronomy, soil science, molecular biology, chemistry, toxicology, ecology, economy, and social sciences. Indeed, sustainable agriculture decipher mechanisms of processes that occur from the molecular level to the farming system to the global level at time scales ranging from seconds to centuries. For that, scientists use the system approach that involves studying components and interactions of a whole system to address scientific, economic and social issues. In that respect, sustainable agriculture is not a classical, narrow science. Instead of solving problems using the classical painkiller approach that treats only negative impacts, sustainable agriculture treats problem sources. Because most actual society issues are now intertwined, global, and fast-developing, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world. This book series gathers review articles that analyze current agricultural issues and knowledge, then propose alternative solutions. It will therefore help all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians who wish to build a safe agriculture, energy and food system for future generations.

Dr. ERIC LICHTFOUSE, born April 2, 1960, completed his Ph.D. in organic geochemistry in 1989 at Strasbourg University. After post-doctoral fellowships at Indiana University, USA and the KFA research center in Jülich, Germany, he became engaged as a soil scientist at the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) in 1992. His study on soil organic matter and pollutants led in particular to the first determination of the dynamics of soil organic molecules in long-term maize field experiments using 13C labeling at natural abundance. In 2000 he founded the European Association of Environmental Chemistry (ACE) and in 2003 the Journal Environmental Chemistry Letters. He has co-edited the book Environmental Chemistry (Springer, 2005). He is currently working in Dijon for the INRA Department of Environment and Agronomy as Editor-in-Chief of the journal Agronomy for Sustainable Development. He is growing fruit trees and vegetables in his home backyard and travelling from home to work by bicycle. Eric Lichtfouse is also finisher of 10 ironman competitions, including the World Ironman Championships in Hawaii in 2006.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Lichtfouse, Eric

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;4
2;Contributors;6
3;Climate Change, Society Issues and Sustainable Agriculture;10
3.1;1 A 100 Year-Old Prediction;10
3.2;2 Climate Change in Europe;11
3.2.1;2.1 Impact on Climate and Water;12
3.2.2;2.2 Impact on Terrestrial Ecosystems;13
3.2.3;2.3 Impact on Agriculture;13
3.2.4;2.4 Impact on Economy;13
3.3;3 A Novel Approach to Solve Society Issues;13
3.4;4 Sustainable Agriculture for Solving Society Issues;14
3.5;References;15
4;Tragedy of the Global Commons: Soil, Water and Air;17
5;The Rediscovery of Intercropping in China: A Traditional Cropping System for Future Chinese Agriculture A Review;20
5.1;1 Introduction;20
5.2;2 General Questions About Competition and Facilitation;26
5.3;3 A Traditional Cropping System as a Contribution to Sustainable Agriculture in China;28
5.4;4 The Nature and Extent of Chinese Intercropping;31
5.5;5 Intercropping Types and Regions;33
5.5.1;5.1 Type I: Single Cropping with Great Intercropping Potential;34
5.5.1.1;5.1.1 Intercropping Maize with Peanut;39
5.5.2;5.2 Type II: Single Cropping for Cold Climate and Semi-Arid Crops to Double Cropping for Irrigation Farming;40
5.5.2.1;5.2.1 Intercropping Wheat or Maize with Legumes;41
5.5.3;5.3 Type III: Double Cropping with Potential for Relay Intercropping;44
5.5.3.1;5.3.1 Intercropping Wheat with Maize;45
5.5.4;5.4 Type IV: Three Cropping Seasons per Year with Rotations Replacing Intercropping;46
5.6;6 Conclusion;46
5.7;References;48
6;Effect of Genetically Modified Bacteria on Ecosystems and Their Potential Benefits for Bioremediation and Biocontrol of Plant Diseases A Review;52
6.1;1 Introduction;53
6.2;2 Genetically Modified Bacteria for Agricultural Purposes;53
6.2.1;2.1 Survival of Genetically Modified Bacteria in Soil;54
6.2.2;2.2 Ecosystem Effects of Genetically Modified Microorganisms;58
6.2.3;2.3 Fate and Effect of Biofertilizer Strains;59
6.2.4;2.4 Fate and Ecosystem Effects of Modified Biocontrol Bacteria;61
6.3;3 Genetically Modified Microorganisms as Biosensors and for Bioremediation;64
6.3.1;3.1 Genetically Modified Biosensors;65
6.3.2;3.2 Genetically Modified Microorganisms for Bioremediation;65
6.4;4 Conclusion;67
6.5;References;68
7;Climate Change and Plant Water Balance: The Role of Aquaporins A Review;77
7.1;1 Introduction;77
7.1.1;1.1 A Global Change Scenario;77
7.1.2;1.2 Plant Water Relations;78
7.2;2 Plant Water Relations at Elevated CO 2 ;81
7.2.1;2.1 Effect of CO 2 on Root Proliferation;81
7.2.2;2.2 Water-Use Efficiency at High CO 2 Concentration;82
7.2.3;2.3 Reduction in Stomatal Conductance Under Elevated CO 2 ;82
7.3;3 Plant Water Relations and Increase in Temperature;83
7.3.1;3.1 Leaf and Root Responses to Increasing Temperature;84
7.3.2;3.2 The Role of Aquaporins in Plant Water Status Under High Temperature;85
7.4;4 Plant Water Relations and Solar Radiation;86
7.4.1;4.1 Light Intensity and UV Radiation Effects on Plant Water Status;87
7.4.2;4.2 Leaf and Root Responses to Light Availability: Involvement of Aquaporins;88
7.5;5 Conclusion;88
7.6;References;89
8;Responses of Cereal Plants to Environmental and Climate Changes A Review;96
8.1;1 Introduction;97
8.2;2 Responses of Cereals to Elevated CO 2 Concentration in Air;98
8.3;3 Responses of Cereals to Drought and Salinisation;101
8.3.1;3.1 Limitation by Water Supply;101
8.3.2;3.2 Limitation by Salinisation;104
8.3.3;3.3 Osmotic Adjustment;105
8.3.4;3.4 Effect of Phytohormones;106
8.4;4 Ensuring Yield of Cereals under Environmental Stress Factors;110
8.5;5 Conclusion;116
8.6;References;117
9;Induction of Plant Tolerance to Semi-arid Environments by Beneficial Soil Microorganisms A Review;125
9.1;1 Introduction;126
9.2;2 Rhizobial Symbiosis;127
9.2.1;2.1 Background;128
9.2.2;2.2 Rhizobia-Induced Plant Drought Tolerance;128
9.2.3;2.3 Perspectives;130
9.3;3 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR);130
9.3.1;3.1 Background;130
9.3.2;3.2 PGPR-Induced Plant Drought Tolerance;130
9.4;4 Mycorrhizal Fungi;131
9.4.1;4.1 Background;132
9.4.2;4.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis-Induced Plant Drought Tolerance;132
9.4.3;4.3 Interaction Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Other Beneficial Soil Microorganisms;134
9.5;5 Conclusion;135
9.6;References;136
10;Essential Oil Crops for Sustainable Agriculture A Review;140
10.1;1 Introduction;141
10.1.1;1.1 Producing Essential Oils;142
10.2;2 Essential Oil Crops and Development Strategies for Marginal Mediterranean Lands;144
10.3;3 Essential Oil Production in Plants;153
10.4;4 Cultivation of Essential Oil Crops: Goals and Constraints;155
10.5;5 Factors Affecting Essential Oils Yield and Composition;156
10.5.1;5.1 Endogenous Factors: The ''Inner'' Sources of Variability;157
10.5.2;5.2 Exogenous Factors: Variability Due to the Environment;159
10.6;6 Breeding Activity;161
10.6.1;6.1 Breeding for Biomass Yield;162
10.6.2;6.2 Breeding for Qualitative Traits;164
10.7;7 Cropping Technique and Quality Traits;164
10.7.1;7.1 Propagation and Planting Management;165
10.7.2;7.2 Weed Management;167
10.7.3;7.3 Soil Nutrients and Fertilization;169
10.7.4;7.4 Irrigation;170
10.7.5;7.5 Mechanization and Harvest;172
10.7.6;7.6 Diseases and Pest Control;174
10.7.7;7.7 Postharvest Treatments;176
10.8;8 Conclusion;178
10.9;References;180
11;Sugarcane and Precision Agriculture: Quantifying Variability Is Only Half the Story A Review;191
11.1;1 Introduction;191
11.2;2 Principles and Concepts of Precision Agriculture;192
11.2.1;2.1 Sustainability and Precision Agriculture;194
11.3;3 Sugarcane Production;195
11.4;4 Technology and Precision Agriculture;197
11.4.1;4.1 The Global Positioning System;197
11.4.2;4.2 Geographic Information Systems;199
11.4.3;4.3 Proximal Sensing;200
11.4.4;4.4 Remote Sensing;202
11.4.5;4.5 Variable Rate Technology;204
11.5;5 Knowledge Extraction;205
11.5.1;5.1 Statistical Analysis;205
11.5.2;5.2 Data Mining;206
11.5.3;5.3 Crop Models;207
11.5.4;5.4 Decision Support Systems;208
11.6;6 Adoption;209
11.6.1;6.1 Adoption of Innovations;211
11.6.2;6.2 Adoption Pathways;212
11.7;7 Conclusion;213
11.8;References;215
12;Fungal Disease Management in Environmentally Friendly Apple Production A Review;221
12.1;1 Introduction;223
12.2;2 Non-chemical Control Approaches Against Fungal Diseases of Apple;225
12.2.1;2.1 Orchard Management Practices;225
12.2.1.1;2.1.1 Cropping System and Cover Crop;228
12.2.1.2;2.1.2 Plant Material and Planting;229
12.2.1.3;2.1.3 Pruning and Canopy Management;229
12.2.1.4;2.1.4 Orchard Floor Management;230
12.2.1.5;2.1.5 Nutrient Supply and Harvest;230
12.2.2;2.2 Mechanical and Physical Control;231
12.2.2.1;2.2.1 Pruning;231
12.2.2.2;2.2.2 Removal of Inoculum Sources;235
12.2.2.3;2.2.3 Shredding of Leaf Litter;236
12.2.2.4;2.2.4 Burying of Inoculum Sources;236
12.2.2.5;2.2.5 Flaming of Leaf Litter;237
12.2.3;2.3 Biological Control;237
12.2.3.1;2.3.1 Antagonists;238
12.2.3.2;2.3.2 Extracts/Oils of Plants and Composts;241
12.2.4;2.4 Host Resistance;244
12.3;3 Features of Chemical Control for Individual Diseases in Integrated and Organic Apple Production;251
12.3.1;3.1 General Features and Chemical Control of Apple Scab;251
12.3.1.1;3.1.1 Integrated Apple Orchards;251
12.3.1.2;3.1.2 Organic Apple Orchards;255
12.3.2;3.2 Apple Powdery Mildew;263
12.3.2.1;3.2.1 Integrated Apple Orchards;263
12.3.2.2;3.2.2 Organic Apple Orchards;265
12.3.3;3.3 European Canker;265
12.3.4;3.4 Monilinia Fruit Rot;267
12.3.5;3.5 Flyspeck and Sooty Blotch;267
12.3.5.1;3.5.1 Integrated Apple Orchards;268
12.3.5.2;3.5.2 Organic Apple Orchards;269
12.4;4 Integration of Multiple Management Tactics Across All Important Fungal Diseases in Integrated and Organic Apple Production;270
12.4.1;4.1 Integrated Apple Orchards;270
12.4.2;4.2 Organic Apple Orchards;273
12.5;5 Future Trends;275
12.6;6 Conclusion;276
12.7;References;278
13;Mitigation of Agricultural Nonpoint-Source Pesticide Pollution in Artificial Wetland Ecosystems A Review;295
13.1;1 Introduction;296
13.2;2 State of the Art: Artificial Wetlands as Nonpoint-Source Pollution Mitigation Systems;298
13.2.1;2.1 Defining a Artificial Wetland in Historical and Scientific Context;298
13.2.2;2.2 Nonpoint-Source Pollution Profile of Pesticides and Pesticide Pathway;300
13.2.3;2.3 Typology and Implementation;302
13.2.4;2.4 Artificial Wetland Effectiveness;302
13.2.4.1;2.4.1 Vegetated Ditches;303
13.2.4.2;2.4.2 Forested Plots;305
13.2.4.3;2.4.3 Detention Ponds and Storm Basins;305
13.2.4.4;2.4.4 Biomassbed;306
13.2.4.5;2.4.5 Constructed Wetlands;307
13.2.5;2.5 Main Treatment Objective and Research Needs;308
13.3;3 Theoretical Framework: Pesticide Removal Mechanism in Artificial Wetlands;309
13.3.1;3.1 Physical and Chemical Pesticide Removal Processes;309
13.3.2;3.2 Biological Removal Processes;311
13.3.2.1;3.2.1 Indirect and Direct Effects of Macrophytes;311
13.3.2.2;3.2.2 Microorganisms as Pillars of Biological Treatments;313
13.3.2.3;3.2.3 Opening the Black Box to Optimize the Treatments;313
13.3.3;3.3 Water Management;315
13.3.4;3.4 Sediment Management;316
13.4;4 The EU LIFE Project ArtWET;317
13.4.1;4.1 An Interdisciplinary Approach in the ArtWET Project;317
13.4.2;4.2 Experimental and Demonstration Sites in the ArtWET Project;319
13.4.2.1;4.2.1 General Presentation of the Demonstration Sites;319
13.4.2.2;4.2.2 Selection of Common Studied Pesticides;319
13.4.2.3;4.2.3 Experimental Vegetated Ditches Under Natural Conditions;320
13.4.2.4;4.2.4 Experimental Vegetated Ditches Under Laboratory Conditions;321
13.4.2.5;4.2.5 Wetland Mesocosm, Pilot Plant Device;321
13.4.2.6;4.2.6 Biomassbed;321
13.4.3;4.3 Relevant Methodologies in ArtWET LIFE Project;322
13.4.3.1;4.3.1 Relevant Biological Endpoints;322
13.4.3.2;4.3.2 Accuracy and Efficiency of Pesticide Sampling;323
13.4.3.3;4.3.3 Development and Implementation of an Innovative Process to Herbicide and Copper Mitigation;324
13.4.3.4;4.3.4 Constructed Wetland Modelling;325
13.5;5 Conclusion;329
13.6;References;331
14;Sustainable Management of Natural Resources for Food Security and Environmental Quality: Case Studies from India -- A Review;341
14.1;1 Introduction;342
14.2;2 Project Implementation;343
14.3;3 Alfisols in Semi-Arid Regions of South India;343
14.3.1;3.1 Water Management;346
14.3.2;3.2 Climate and Crop Calendar;346
14.3.3;3.3 Intercropping with Pigeon Pea;347
14.3.4;3.4 Double Cropping;348
14.3.5;3.5 Summer Ploughing;349
14.3.6;3.6 Composting;349
14.3.7;3.7 Ridge-Furrow System and Tied Ridging;349
14.3.8;3.8 Productivity;350
14.3.9;3.9 Low-Cost Gravitational Drip Irrigation System;353
14.3.10;3.10 Arid Horticulture;353
14.3.11;3.11 Soil Health Card;354
14.3.12;3.12 Social Mobilization and Income-Generating Activities;354
14.4;4 Semi-Arid Black Soils (Vertisols) of Central India;354
14.4.1;4.1 Ecoregional Characteristics of the Sites;355
14.4.2;4.2 Land Forming For Soil and Water Conservation;356
14.4.3;4.3 Integrated Plant Nutrient Management Practices (INMP);356
14.4.4;4.4 Hoshangabad Site;357
14.4.5;4.5 Intercropping of Soybean;357
14.4.6;4.6 Water Management in Rice;357
14.4.7;4.7 Aqua-Agriculture;357
14.4.8;4.8 Optimizing Nutrient and Water Management in Soybean--Wheat System;358
14.4.9;4.9 The ''Seed Village'' Model;359
14.5;5 Alluvial Soils of the Indo-Gangetic Plains;359
14.5.1;5.1 Ecoregional Characteristics of the Demonstration Sites;360
14.5.2;5.2 Alternatives to Rice-Wheat Cropping System;361
14.5.3;5.3 Residue Management in Rice--Wheat Cropping System;362
14.5.4;5.4 Residue Management and Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration;365
14.5.5;5.5 More Income Per Drop of Water;365
14.5.6;5.6 Agricultural Diversification;366
14.5.6.1;5.6.1 Agroforestry;366
14.5.6.2;5.6.2 Aquaculture;368
14.5.6.3;5.6.3 Sustainable Management of Vertisols;369
14.6;6 Conclusions;372
14.7;References;373
15;Decision Support Systems: Concepts, Progress and Issues A Review;375
15.1;1 Introduction;376
15.2;2 What Are Decision Support Systems?;378
15.2.1;2.1 Classification of Decision Support Systems;380
15.2.2;2.2 Components of Decision Support Systems;382
15.3;3 Overview of Decision Support Systems;384
15.4;4 Decision Support Systems in an Agricultural Perspective;385
15.4.1;4.1 Nutrient Management;385
15.4.2;4.2 Insect and Pest Management;386
15.4.3;4.3 Agricultural Land Use and Planning;387
15.4.4;4.4 Global Environment Change and Forecasting;388
15.4.5;4.5 Water and Drought Management;389
15.4.6;4.6 Other Applications;389
15.5;5 Issues and Concerns;390
15.6;6 Future Trends;393
15.7;7 Conclusion;394
15.8;References;395
16;Olive and Grapevine Biodiversity in Greece and Cyprus A Review;402
16.1;1 Introduction;403
16.2;2 Domestication and Distribution;405
16.2.1;2.1 Olive;406
16.2.2;2.2 Grapevine;407
16.3;3 Genetic Diversity in Greece and Cyprus;409
16.3.1;3.1 Organization of Olive Diversity;409
16.3.2;3.2 Grapevine Diversity;416
16.4;4 Conclusion;423
16.5;References;424
17;Ethyl Carbamate in Foods and Beverages A Review;430
17.1;1 Introduction;431
17.2;2 Ethyl Carbamate in Foods and Beverages: Formation and Mechanisms;433
17.2.1;2.1 Naturally Occurring Ethyl Carbamate;433
17.2.2;2.2 Ethyl Carbamate from Additives;435
17.2.3;2.3 Ethyl Carbamate Formation During Food Processing;436
17.2.4;2.4 Production of Ethyl Carbamate in Aqueous and Aqueous-Alcoholic Solutions;436
17.2.5;2.5 Production of Ethyl Carbamate in Gas Phase;438
17.2.6;2.6 Post-distillation and Photochemical Ethyl Carbamate Production;439
17.3;3 Determination of Ethyl Carbamate in Foods and Beverages;440
17.4;4 Preventing Actions and Related Environmental Issues;444
17.4.1;4.1 Chemical Elimination of Cyanide Before the Distillation;446
17.4.2;4.2 Changes in the Distillation Process;446
17.4.3;4.3 Post-distillation Treatment;447
17.4.4;4.4 Related Environmental Problems;447
17.4.5;References;448
18;Evaluation of Soil Fertility Using Infrared Spectroscopy A Review;454
18.1;1 Introduction;455
18.1.1;1.1 Definition of Soil Fertility;455
18.1.2;1.2 Soil Fertility and Sustainable Agriculture;457
18.1.3;1.3 Conventional Evaluation of Soil Fertility;457
18.1.4;1.4 The Application Potential of Infrared Spectroscopy in Soil Science;458
18.2;2 Techniques of Infrared Spectroscopy;459
18.2.1;2.1 Absorption of Infrared Spectroscopy;459
18.2.2;2.2 Methods of Infrared Spectroscopy;459
18.2.2.1;2.2.1 Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy;459
18.2.2.2;2.2.2 Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy;461
18.2.2.3;2.2.3 Infrared ATR Spectroscopy;462
18.2.2.4;2.2.4 Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy;462
18.3;3 Evaluation of Soil Fertility Using Infrared Spectroscopy;463
18.3.1;3.1 Infrared Spectra Based Soil Qualitative Analysis;463
18.3.1.1;3.1.1 Characterization of Soil Components;463
18.3.1.2;3.1.2 Soil Identification;465
18.3.2;3.2 Infrared Spectra Based Soil Quantitative Analysis;467
18.3.2.1;3.2.1 Soil Nutrients;467
18.3.2.2;3.2.2 Soil Clays;469
18.3.2.3;3.2.3 Soil Water;470
18.3.2.4;3.2.4 Soil Microbes;472
18.3.3;3.3 Mathematical Tools in the Treatment of Spectral Data;472
18.3.3.1;3.3.1 Data Preprocessing;472
18.3.3.2;3.3.2 Model Construction;473
18.3.3.3;3.3.3 Model Verification;476
18.4;4 Research Hightlights in Future;477
18.4.1;4.1 Construction of Soil Infrared Spectra Library;477
18.4.2;4.2 Description of Soil Fertility Using Extracted Information from Soil Photoacoustic Spectra;478
18.5;5 Conclusion;478
18.6;References;479
19;Index;485