Lichtfouse Sociology, Organic Farming, Climate Change and Soil Science

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-3333-8
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 3, 478 Seiten

Reihe: Sustainable Agriculture Reviews

Sustainable agriculture is a rapidly growing field aiming at producing food and energy in a sustainable way for humans and their children. Sustainable agriculture is a discipline that addresses current issues such as climate change, increasing food and fuel prices, poor-nation starvation, rich-nation obesity, water pollution, soil erosion, fertility loss, pest control, and biodiversity depletion. Novel, environmentally-friendly solutions are proposed based on integrated knowledge from sciences as diverse as agronomy, soil science, molecular biology, chemistry, toxicology, ecology, economy, and social sciences. Indeed, sustainable agriculture decipher mechanisms of processes that occur from the molecular level to the farming system to the global level at time scales ranging from seconds to centuries. For that, scientists use the system approach that involves studying components and interactions of a whole system to address scientific, economic and social issues. In that respect, sustainable agriculture is not a classical, narrow science. Instead of solving problems using the classical painkiller approach that treats only negative impacts, sustainable agriculture treats problem sources. Because most actual society issues are now intertwined, global, and fast-developing, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world. This book series gathers review articles that analyze current agricultural issues and knowledge, then propose alternative solutions. It will therefore help all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians who wish to build a safe agriculture, energy and food system for future generations.

Dr. ERIC LICHTFOUSE, born April 2, 1960, completed his Ph.D. in organic geochemistry in 1989 at Strasbourg University. After post-doctoral fellowships at Indiana University, USA and the KFA research center in Jülich, Germany, he became engaged as a soil scientist at the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) in 1992. His study on soil organic matter and pollutants led in particular to the first determination of the dynamics of soil organic molecules in long-term maize field experiments using 13C labeling at natural abundance. In 2000 he founded the European Association of Environmental Chemistry (ACE) and in 2003 the Journal Environmental Chemistry Letters. He has co-edited the book Environmental Chemistry (Springer, 2005). He is currently working in Dijon for the INRA Department of Environment and Agronomy as Editor-in-Chief of the journal Agronomy for Sustainable Development. He is growing fruit trees and vegetables in his home backyard and travelling from home to work by bicycle. Eric Lichtfouse is also finisher of 10 ironman competitions, including the World Ironman Championships in Hawaii in 2006.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Lichtfouse, Eric

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Lichtfouse_Frontmatter.pdf;1
2;Lichtfouse_Ch01.pdf;6
2.1;Chapter 1;6
2.1.1;Society Issues, Painkiller Solutions, Dependence and Sustainable Agriculture;6
2.1.1.1;1.1 Financial Crisis, Climate Change and the Painkiller Solution;7
2.1.1.2;1.2 Enhancing Politician and Scientist Collaboration;7
2.1.1.3;1.3 Rethinking Society Dependence;8
2.1.2;References;16
3;Lichtfouse_Ch02.pdf;23
3.1;Chapter 2;23
3.1.1;Sociology of Sustainable Agriculture;23
3.1.1.1;2.1 Introduction;24
3.1.1.2;2.2 Definition of Agriculture;25
3.1.1.3;2.3 The Human Dimension of Agricultural Sustainability;26
3.1.1.4;2.4 Achieving Sustainable Agriculture: Role of Sociology;27
3.1.1.4.1;2.4.1 Sustainable Agricultural Paradigms;28
3.1.1.4.2;2.4.2 Attitudes, Behaviors, and Sustainable Agriculture;30
3.1.1.4.3;2.4.3 Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices;33
3.1.1.4.4;2.4.4 Gender and Sustainable Agriculture;36
3.1.1.4.5;2.4.5 Social Impact Assessment and Sustainable Agriculture;38
3.1.1.5;2.5 Conclusion;40
3.1.2;References;41
4;Lichtfouse_Ch03.pdf;45
4.1;Chapter 3;45
4.1.1;Sustainable Versus Organic Agriculture;45
4.1.1.1;3.1 Introduction;46
4.1.1.1.1;3.1.1 The Problem;46
4.1.1.1.2;3.1.2 The Required System Approach;48
4.1.1.1.3;3.1.3 The Need for Indicators;49
4.1.1.1.4;3.1.4 Indicators for Energy Balance;50
4.1.1.2;3.2 Striving for a Sustainable Agriculture;51
4.1.1.2.1;3.2.1 Cultivation;53
4.1.1.2.2;3.2.2 Fertilization;57
4.1.1.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 Nitrogen;58
4.1.1.2.2.1.1;Impacts;59
4.1.1.2.2.2;3.2.2.2 Phosphorus;60
4.1.1.2.2.2.1;Impacts;61
4.1.1.2.3;3.2.3 Irrigation;62
4.1.1.2.3.1;3.2.3.1 Impacts;64
4.1.1.2.4;3.2.4 Pest Control;65
4.1.1.2.4.1;3.2.4.1 Impacts;68
4.1.1.3;3.3 Discussion and Conclusions;70
4.1.2;References;74
5;Lichtfouse_Ch04.pdf;81
5.1;Chapter 4;81
5.1.1;Organic Agriculture and Food Production: Ecological, Environmental, Food Safety and Nutritional Quality Issues;81
5.1.1.1;4.1 Introduction;82
5.1.1.2;4.2 Definition and Global Situation of ‘Organic Agriculture’;83
5.1.1.3;4.3 Ecological and Environmental Issues;85
5.1.1.3.1;4.3.1 Self-regulating Ability and System Stability;86
5.1.1.3.2;4.3.2 Biodiversity;86
5.1.1.3.3;4.3.3 Global Warming and Climate Changes;88
5.1.1.3.3.1;4.3.3.1 Carbon Dioxide;90
5.1.1.3.3.2;4.3.3.2 Nitrous Oxide;91
5.1.1.3.3.3;4.3.3.3 Methane;92
5.1.1.3.4;4.3.4 Soil Nutrient Balance;93
5.1.1.3.5;4.3.5 Soil Microbial Biomass;94
5.1.1.3.6;4.3.6 Soil Structure, Compaction and Erosion;94
5.1.1.3.7;4.3.7 Crop Protection;95
5.1.1.4;4.4 Food Quality, Safety and Environmental Impacts;99
5.1.1.4.1;4.4.1 Food and Agrochemicals;100
5.1.1.4.2;4.4.2 Nutritional Quality;100
5.1.1.5;4.5 Conclusion;102
5.1.2;References;103
6;Lichtfouse_Ch05.pdf;112
6.1;Chapter 5;112
6.1.1;Sustainability of Energy Crop Cultivation in Central Europe;112
6.1.1.1;5.1 Introduction;114
6.1.1.2;5.2 Energy Crops;115
6.1.1.3;5.3 Sustainability;117
6.1.1.4;5.4 Biomass Yield;119
6.1.1.5;5.5 Need for Savings in Environmentally Relevant Resources;121
6.1.1.5.1;5.5.1 Fertilisers;121
6.1.1.5.2;5.5.2 Pesticides;124
6.1.1.5.3;5.5.3 Water;126
6.1.1.5.4;5.5.4 Fossil Energy Sources;127
6.1.1.5.5;5.5.5 Soil Carbon;128
6.1.1.6;5.6 Content and Transfer of Environmentally Relevant Substances;129
6.1.1.6.1;5.6.1 Nutrients;129
6.1.1.6.2;5.6.2 Heavy Metals;133
6.1.1.7;5.7 Emission of Nitrous Oxide;135
6.1.1.8;5.8 Energy Yield;137
6.1.1.9;5.9 Greenhouse Gas Balance;139
6.1.1.10;5.10 Conclusion;140
6.1.2;References;141
7;Lichtfouse_Ch06.pdf;149
7.1;Chapter 6;149
7.1.1;Phosphorus, Plant Biodiversity and Climate Change;149
7.1.1.1;6.1 Introduction;150
7.1.1.2;6.2 Interactions of P Concentrations and Plants;151
7.1.1.2.1;6.2.1 Influence of Soil P Concentration on Plants;151
7.1.1.2.2;6.2.2 Influence of Plants on Soil P Concentration;155
7.1.1.3;6.3 P and Phytodiversity;157
7.1.1.4;6.4 Implications of Climate Change for Future Developments of Phytodiversity;162
7.1.1.5;6.5 Conclusion;164
7.1.2;References;165
8;Lichtfouse_Ch07.pdf;172
8.1;Chapter 7;172
8.1.1;Co-evolution and Migration of Bean and Rhizobia in Europe;172
8.1.1.1;7.1 Introduction;173
8.1.1.2;7.2 Migration of Common Bean and Their Rhizobia Strains;175
8.1.1.2.1;7.2.1 Origin, Domestication and Dispersal Routes of Common Bean;175
8.1.1.2.2;7.2.2 Phaseolin, a Major Evolutionary Marker;179
8.1.1.2.3;7.2.3 Diversity of Rhizobia;181
8.1.1.2.4;7.3 Major Advances;183
8.1.1.3;7.4 Conclusion;184
8.1.2;References;184
9;Lichtfouse_Ch08.pdf;190
9.1;Chapter 8;190
9.1.1;Non-isotopic and 13C Isotopic Approaches to Calculate Soil Organic Carbon Maintenance Requirement;190
9.1.1.1;8.1 Soil Organic Carbon Maintenance;191
9.1.1.2;8.2 Carbon Budget;192
9.1.1.2.1;8.2.1 Maintenance Requirements from Incomplete Budgets;192
9.1.1.2.2;8.2.2 Mineralization Kinetics;194
9.1.1.2.3;8.2.3 Non-isotope Approaches for Measuring SOC Maintenance;195
9.1.1.2.4;8.2.4 Sensitivity Analysis of the Non-isotopic Approach, Root to Shoot Ratio;198
9.1.1.2.5;8.2.5 Impact of Initial SOC;200
9.1.1.2.6;8.2.6 Tracer Experimental Approaches;203
9.1.1.2.6.1;8.2.6.1 Root and Soil Respiration;204
9.1.1.2.7;8.2.7 13C Isotopic Natural Abundance Techniques, Plant Carbon in Soil;205
9.1.1.2.8;8.2.8 Combining Traditional and Isotopic Measure to Develop C Budgets;210
9.1.1.3;8.3 Summary;211
9.1.1.3.1;8.3.1 Recommendations for Estimating Soil Organic Matter Turnover;211
9.1.2;References;212
10;Lichtfouse_Ch09.pdf;217
10.1;Chapter 9;217
10.1.1;Soil Solarization and Sustainable Agriculture;217
10.1.1.1;9.1 Introduction;218
10.1.1.2;9.2 Mechanisms of Solarization;220
10.1.1.2.1;9.2.1 Thermal Mechanism;220
10.1.1.2.2;9.2.2 Chemical Mechanism;223
10.1.1.2.3;9.2.3 Biological Mechanism;223
10.1.1.3;9.3 Factors Affecting Solarization;224
10.1.1.3.1;9.3.1 Soil Temperature;224
10.1.1.3.2;9.3.2 Soil Moisture;225
10.1.1.3.3;9.3.3 Climate and Weather;225
10.1.1.3.4;9.3.4 Plastic Film;225
10.1.1.4;9.4 The Effects of Soil Solarization;229
10.1.1.4.1;9.4.1 Effects on Soil Chemical and Physical Properties;229
10.1.1.4.2;9.4.2 Effects on Nonpathogenic Soil Microflora;230
10.1.1.4.3;9.4.3 Effect on Fungal Pathogens;232
10.1.1.4.4;9.4.4 Effect on Bacteria and Viruses;236
10.1.1.4.5;9.4.5 Effect on Phytoparasitic Nematodes;237
10.1.1.4.6;9.4.6 Effects on Weeds;240
10.1.1.4.7;9.4.7 Effect on Plant Growth and Crop Yield;245
10.1.1.5;9.5 Soil Solarization and Integrated Pest Management;246
10.1.1.6;9.6 Conclusion;251
10.1.2;References;252
11;Lichtfouse_Ch10.pdf;275
11.1;Chapter 10;275
11.1.1;Soil Functions and Diversity in Organic and Conventional Farming;275
11.1.1.1;10.1 Introduction;276
11.1.1.2;10.2 Ecosystem Functions and Soil;277
11.1.1.3;10.3 Diversity of Microbes;279
11.1.1.4;10.4 Soil Functions;282
11.1.1.5;10.5 Measurement of Microbial Diversity;289
11.1.1.6;10.6 Changes During Conversion;292
11.1.1.7;10.7 Conclusion;293
11.1.2;References;294
12;Lichtfouse_Ch11.pdf;302
12.1;Chapter 11;302
12.1.1;Indigenous Soil Knowledge for Sustainable Agriculture;302
12.1.1.1;11.1 Introduction;303
12.1.1.2;11.2 Indigenous Soil Knowledge and Sustainable Agriculture;305
12.1.1.2.1;11.2.1 What Is Indigenous Soil Knowledge?;305
12.1.1.2.2;11.2.2 Importance of Indigenous Soil Knowledge in Developing Sustainable Agriculture;307
12.1.1.3;11.3 Discussion;313
12.1.1.4;11.4 Conclusion;314
12.1.2;References;314
13;Lichtfouse_Ch12.pdf;317
13.1;Chapter 12;317
13.1.1;Composting to Recycle Biowaste;317
13.1.1.1;12.1 Introduction;318
13.1.1.2;12.2 Composting Materials;320
13.1.1.3;12.3 Composting Process;322
13.1.1.3.1;12.3.1 Generalized Composting Process;322
13.1.1.3.2;12.3.2 Composting Methods;324
13.1.1.3.3;12.3.3 Biochemical Aspects of Composting;326
13.1.1.3.4;12.3.4 Microbiological Aspects of Composting;326
13.1.1.4;12.4 Composting Products and Maturity;328
13.1.1.4.1;12.4.1 Agronomic Value of Composting Products;328
13.1.1.4.2;12.4.2 Maturity of Composting Products;330
13.1.1.5;12.5 Quality Control;333
13.1.1.6;12.6 Biowaste in the European Union;336
13.1.1.7;12.7 Anaerobic Digestion, as an Alternative Way of Recycling Biowaste;337
13.1.1.8;12.8 Conclusion;339
13.1.2;References;340
14;Lichtfouse_Ch13.pdf;345
14.1;Chapter 13;345
14.1.1;Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents;345
14.1.1.1;13.1 Introduction;345
14.1.1.2;13.2 Historical Background;346
14.1.1.3;13.3 Steinernematids and Heterorhabditids;347
14.1.1.3.1;13.3.1 Ecology and Distribution;347
14.1.1.3.2;13.3.2 Life Cycle;349
14.1.1.3.3;13.3.3 Nematode–Bacteria Symbiosis;350
14.1.1.3.4;13.3.4 Host Range and Effects;351
14.1.1.3.5;13.3.5 Mass Production;354
14.1.1.3.5.1;13.3.5.1 In Vivo Production;354
14.1.1.3.5.2;13.3.5.2 In Vitro Production;355
14.1.1.3.5.2.1;Preparation of Rearing Flasks/Bags;356
14.1.1.3.5.2.2;Inoculation with Bacteria;356
14.1.1.3.5.2.3;Inoculation with Nematodes;356
14.1.1.3.5.2.4;Harvesting;356
14.1.1.3.6;13.3.6 Formulation, Storage and Quality;358
14.1.1.3.7;13.3.7 Application Technology;360
14.1.1.3.8;13.3.8 Compatibility with Pesticides;362
14.1.1.4;13.4 Phasmarhabditis Hermaphrodita;363
14.1.1.4.1;13.4.1 Life Cycle;363
14.1.1.4.2;13.4.2 Nematode–Bacteria Association;364
14.1.1.4.3;13.4.3 Host Range and Effects;365
14.1.1.4.4;13.4.4 Production and Formulation;365
14.1.1.4.5;13.4.5 Application Technology;366
14.1.1.4.6;13.4.6 Effects on Other Organisms;366
14.1.1.5;13.5 Constraints;367
14.1.1.6;13.6 Conclusions;367
14.1.2;References;368
15;Lichtfouse_Ch14.pdf;377
15.1;Chapter 14;377
15.1.1;Allelopathy and Organic Farming;377
15.1.1.1;14.1 Introduction;378
15.1.1.2;14.2 Allelopathy;379
15.1.1.3;14.3 Crop Rotation with Allelopathic Crops to Control Weeds;382
15.1.1.4;14.4 Cover Crops with Allelopathic Potential;385
15.1.1.5;14.5 Mulching;390
15.1.1.6;14.6 Green Manure;391
15.1.1.7;14.7 Intercropping;392
15.1.1.8;14.8 Allelopathy in Parasite Weed Management;396
15.1.1.9;14.9 Varieties with Strong Allelopathic Potential;398
15.1.1.10;14.10 Other Possible Application of Allelopathy in Weed Management;401
15.1.1.11;14.11 Pollen Allelopathy;403
15.1.1.12;14.12 Use of Allelopathic Crops in Biological Control;404
15.1.1.13;14.13 Conclusion;405
15.1.2;References;406
16;Lichtfouse_Ch15.pdf;417
16.1;Chapter 15;417
16.1.1;Occurrence and Physiology of Zearalenone as a New Plant Hormone;417
16.1.1.1;15.1 Introduction;418
16.1.1.2;15.2 Chemical Structure of Zearalenone;418
16.1.1.3;15.3 Chemical and Physical Properties;419
16.1.1.4;15.4 Analytical Methods;421
16.1.1.5;15.5 Occurrence of Zearalenone in Plants;421
16.1.1.6;15.6 Influence of Exogenous Zearalenone on Plant Generative Development;422
16.1.1.7;15.7 The Effect of Zearalenone in Culture In Vitro;426
16.1.1.8;15.8 Modifying Plant Growth and Yield Using Zearalenone;427
16.1.1.9;15.9 Conclusion;429
16.1.2;References;430
17;Lichtfouse_Ch16.pdf;434
17.1;Chapter 16;434
17.1.1;Homestead Agroforestry: a Potential Resource in Bangladesh;434
17.1.1.1;16.1 Introduction;435
17.1.1.2;16.2 Homestead in Bangladesh;436
17.1.1.2.1;16.2.1 Homestead Configuration and Utilization;438
17.1.1.2.1.1;16.2.1.1 Approach Road;438
17.1.1.2.1.2;16.2.1.2 Front Yard;438
17.1.1.2.1.3;16.2.1.3 Home Yard;440
17.1.1.2.1.4;16.2.1.4 Backyard;440
17.1.1.2.1.5;16.2.1.5 Boundary;440
17.1.1.2.2;16.2.2 Spatial Arrangement of Vegetation;441
17.1.1.2.3;16.2.3 Species Diversity/Richness;443
17.1.1.2.4;16.2.4 Change of Tree Plantation Pattern over Time;444
17.1.1.2.5;16.2.5 Mode of Plantation;445
17.1.1.3;16.3 Functions of the Homestead Agroforestry;445
17.1.1.3.1;16.3.1 Homestead Agroforestry – A System for Multiple Products;445
17.1.1.3.1.1;16.3.1.1 Fruit;446
17.1.1.3.1.2;16.3.1.2 Vegetable;446
17.1.1.3.1.3;16.3.1.3 Spices;449
17.1.1.3.1.4;16.3.1.4 Fuel Wood and Timber;449
17.1.1.4;16.4 Homstead Agroforestry– A Source for Nutrition, Employment, and Biodiversity Conservation;451
17.1.1.4.1;16.4.1 Homestead Agroforestry – An Excellent Source of Nutrition;451
17.1.1.4.2;16.4.2 Homestead Agroforestry – A Platform for Employment and Economic Security;453
17.1.1.4.3;16.4.3 Homestead Agroforestry and Management – A Key Employment Opportunity for the Women;454
17.1.1.4.4;16.4.4 Homestead Agroforestry – A Pathway for Plant Biodiversity Conservation;455
17.1.1.5;16.5 Major Issues for Sustainable Production System;456
17.1.1.6;16.6 Conclusion;456
17.1.2;References;457
18;Lichtfouse_Backmatter.pdf;461