Lin / Yan Decoding the Mechanisms of Antikythera Astronomical Device

1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-662-48447-0
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 286 Seiten

This book presents a systematic design methodology for decoding the interior structure of the Antikythera mechanism, an astronomical device from ancient Greece. The historical background, surviving evidence and reconstructions of the mechanism are introduced, and the historical development of astronomical achievements and various astronomical instruments are investigated. Pursuing an approach based on the conceptual design of modern mechanisms and bearing in mind the standards of science and technology at the time, all feasible designs of the six lost/incomplete/unclear subsystems are synthesized as illustrated examples, and 48 feasible designs of the complete interior structure are presented. This approach provides not only a logical tool for applying modern mechanical engineering knowledge to the reconstruction of the Antikythera mechanism, but also an innovative research direction for identifying the original structures of the mechanism in the future. In short, the book offers valuable new insights for all readers who are interested in the Antikythera mechanism.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Lin, Jian-Liang

Yan, Hong-Sen

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;1 A Sketch of Ancient Western Astronomy;11
3.1;1.1 Historical Development of Western Astronomy;11
3.1.1;1.1.1 Egyptian Civilization;12
3.1.2;1.1.2 Mesopotamian Civilization;14
3.1.3;1.1.3 Aegean Civilization;15
3.1.3.1;1.1.3.1 Minoan and Mycenaean Civilization;16
3.1.3.2;1.1.3.2 Dark Age;16
3.1.3.3;1.1.3.3 Classical Age;17
3.1.3.4;1.1.3.4 Ionia School;17
3.1.3.5;1.1.3.5 Pythagoras School;17
3.1.3.6;1.1.3.6 Plato School;19
3.1.3.7;1.1.3.7 Hellenistic Age;20
3.2;1.2 Astronomical Cycles and Calendars;23
3.2.1;1.2.1 Egyptian Calendar;23
3.2.2;1.2.2 Metonic Cycle;24
3.2.3;1.2.3 Callippic Cycle;24
3.2.4;1.2.4 Saros Cycle;25
3.2.5;1.2.5 Exeligmos Cycle;25
3.3;1.3 Ancient Astronomical Theories;26
3.3.1;1.3.1 Solar Theory;26
3.3.2;1.3.2 Lunar Theory;27
3.3.3;1.3.3 Planetary Theory;27
3.4;1.4 Remarks;28
3.5;References;28
4;2 Ancient Astronomical Instruments;31
4.1;2.1 Classifications Based on Functions;31
4.1.1;2.1.1 Observation Application;32
4.1.2;2.1.2 Measuring Position and Distance Application;32
4.1.3;2.1.3 Measuring Time Application;33
4.1.4;2.1.4 Computing Application;34
4.1.5;2.1.5 Demonstration Application;34
4.2;2.2 Jacob’s Staff;35
4.3;2.3 Astrolabe;36
4.4;2.4 Sundial;38
4.5;2.5 Calendrical Device;41
4.5.1;2.5.1 Astrolabe with Calendrical Gearing;41
4.5.2;2.5.2 Sundial with Calendrical Gearing;42
4.6;2.6 Planetarium, Astrarium, and Astronomical Clock;45
4.7;2.7 Orrery;47
4.8;2.8 Comparisons of Astronomical Instruments;48
4.9;2.9 Remarks;51
4.10;References;51
5;3 Amazing Discovery of Archaeology;54
5.1;3.1 Origination and Process of the Discovery;54
5.1.1;3.1.1 Historical Background of Salvage;55
5.1.2;3.1.2 Story of the Antikythera Finding;56
5.2;3.2 Introduction of the Excavations;57
5.3;3.3 Known Antikythera Astronomical Device;59
5.3.1;3.3.1 Front Plate;59
5.3.2;3.3.2 Back Plate;60
5.3.3;3.3.3 Display Pointers;62
5.3.3.1;3.3.3.1 Axial Rotation;62
5.3.3.2;3.3.3.2 Radial Rotation;63
5.3.3.3;3.3.3.3 Axial Rotation and Radial Sliding;64
5.3.4;3.3.4 Interior Structure of Mechanisms;64
5.4;3.4 Relative Historical Background and Records;66
5.5;3.5 Remarks;68
5.6;References;68
6;4 Modern Reconstruction Research;71
6.1;4.1 Early Mentions;71
6.2;4.2 Reconstruction Work by Price;72
6.3;4.3 Reconstruction Work by Edmund and Morgan;75
6.4;4.4 Reconstruction Work by Wright;77
6.5;4.5 Reconstruction Work by Freeth et al.;83
6.6;4.6 Others’ Research After AD 2000;86
6.7;References;91
7;5 Reconstruction Design Methodology;93
7.1;5.1 Reconstruction Research;93
7.2;5.2 Reconstruction Design Methodology;95
7.2.1;5.2.1 Design Specifications;97
7.2.2;5.2.2 Generalized Chains;97
7.2.3;5.2.3 Specialized Chains;99
7.2.4;5.2.4 Reconstruction Designs;99
7.3;5.3 Historical Archives of Antikythera Device;100
7.3.1;5.3.1 Detected Evidence;101
7.3.2;5.3.2 Decoded Information;101
7.3.3;5.3.3 Ancient Astronomy;102
7.3.4;5.3.4 Ancient Astronomical Instruments;102
7.3.5;5.3.5 Modern Kinematic and Mechanism Analyses;102
7.4;5.4 Reconstruction Research by Yan and Lin;103
7.4.1;5.4.1 Concepts of Mechanical Designs;104
7.4.1.1;5.4.1.1 Mechanical Members;104
7.4.1.1.1;Link or Kinematic Link (KL);105
7.4.1.1.2;Gear (KG);105
7.4.1.2;5.4.1.2 Joints;105
7.4.1.2.1;Revolute Joint (JR);106
7.4.1.2.2;Pin-in-Slot Joint (JA);106
7.4.1.2.3;Gear Joint ();106
7.4.1.3;5.4.1.3 Degrees of Freedom;106
7.4.1.4;5.4.1.4 Topological Structure;107
7.4.2;5.4.2 Date Subsystem;108
7.4.3;5.4.3 Eclipse Prediction Subsystem;109
7.4.4;5.4.4 Calendrical Subsystem;110
7.4.5;5.4.5 Lunar Subsystem;111
7.4.6;5.4.6 Solar Subsystem;114
7.4.7;5.4.7 Planetary Subsystem;114
7.4.8;5.4.8 Summary;117
7.5;5.5 Comparisons Among Different Reconstruction Researches;117
7.5.1;5.5.1 Comparison with Price’s Design;118
7.5.2;5.5.2 Comparison with Edmund and Morgan’s Design;118
7.5.3;5.5.3 Comparison with Wright’s Design;119
7.5.4;5.5.4 Comparison with the Design of Freeth et al.;120
7.6;5.6 Remarks;121
7.7;References;121
8;6 Reconstruction Designs of the Calendrical Subsystem;122
8.1;6.1 Historical Archives of the Calendrical Subsystem;122
8.2;6.2 Design Process of the Calendrical Subsystem;125
8.2.1;6.2.1 Design Specifications;125
8.2.2;6.2.2 Generalized Chains;126
8.2.3;6.2.3 Specialized Chains;127
8.2.3.1;6.2.3.1 Ground Link (Member 1);129
8.2.3.2;6.2.3.2 Callippic Cycle Link (Member 5);130
8.2.3.3;6.2.3.3 Olympiad Cycle Link (Member 4);130
8.2.3.4;6.2.3.4 Input Link (Member 2);132
8.2.3.5;6.2.3.5 Metonic Cycle Link (Member 3);133
8.2.3.6;6.2.3.6 Transmission Link (Link 6);134
8.2.4;6.2.4 Reconstruction Designs;135
8.2.4.1;6.2.4.1 Tooth Calculation of the Feasible Designs;135
8.2.4.1.1;Feasible Reconstruction Design of Fig. a;136
8.2.4.1.2;Feasible Reconstruction Design of Fig. b;137
8.3;6.3 Remarks;138
8.4;References;138
9;7 Reconstruction Designs of the Lunar Subsystem;139
9.1;7.1 Historical Archives of the Lunar Subsystem;139
9.1.1;7.1.1 Kinematic Analysis of the Lunar Theory;140
9.1.2;7.1.2 Kinematic Analysis of Epicyclic Gear Trains;142
9.2;7.2 Design Process of the Lunar Subsystem;146
9.2.1;7.2.1 Design Specifications;146
9.2.2;7.2.2 Generalized Chains;146
9.2.3;7.2.3 Specialized Chains;148
9.2.3.1;7.2.3.1 Pin-in-Slot Device (Members 3, 5, and 6, and Joint JA);150
9.2.3.2;7.2.3.2 Anomalistic Link (Member 4);151
9.2.3.3;7.2.3.3 Ground Link (Member 1);153
9.2.3.4;7.2.3.4 Sidereal Link and Output Link (Members 2 and 7);154
9.2.3.5;7.2.3.5 Revolute Joints (Joints JR);155
9.2.3.6;7.2.3.6 Gear Joints (JG);155
9.2.4;7.2.4 Reconstruction Designs;155
9.3;7.3 Remarks;157
9.4;References;157
10;8 Reconstruction Designs of the Solar Subsystem;159
10.1;8.1 Historical Archives of the Solar Subsystem;159
10.1.1;8.1.1 Possible Arrangements of the Driving Power;160
10.1.2;8.1.2 Kinematic Analysis of the Solar Theory;161
10.1.3;8.1.3 Eccentric System of the Solar Motion;162
10.1.4;8.1.4 Epicyclic System of the Solar Motion;163
10.1.4.1;8.1.4.1 Four-Bar Mechanism with 5 Joints;164
10.1.4.2;8.1.4.2 Five-Bar Mechanism with 7 Joints;166
10.2;8.2 Design Process of the Solar Subsystem;167
10.2.1;8.2.1 Type 1 Design of the Solar Subsystem;168
10.2.2;8.2.2 Type 2 Design of the Solar Subsystem;173
10.2.3;8.2.3 Type 3 Design of the Solar Subsystem;177
10.2.3.1;8.2.3.1 Ground Link (Member 1);179
10.2.3.2;8.2.3.2 Input Link (Member 2);181
10.2.3.3;8.2.3.3 Output Link (Member 3);181
10.2.3.4;8.2.3.4 Transmission Links (Members 4 and 5);181
10.2.3.5;8.2.3.5 Pin-in-Slot Joint (Joint JA);182
10.2.3.6;8.2.3.6 Revolute Joints (Joint JR);182
10.2.3.7;8.2.3.7 Gear Joints (Joint JG);182
10.3;8.3 Remarks;184
10.4;References;184
11;9 Reconstruction Designs of the Planetary Subsystem;186
11.1;9.1 Historical Archives of the Planetary Subsystem;186
11.1.1;9.1.1 Type 1 Design: Mechanism with One Gear Joint;187
11.1.2;9.1.2 Type 2 Design: Mechanism with Two Gear Joints;188
11.1.2.1;9.1.2.1 All Planet Gears Are Adjacent to Each Other by a Gear Joint;188
11.1.2.2;9.1.2.2 Two Planet Gears Are Adjacent to Each Other by a Pin-in-Slot Joint;188
11.2;9.2 Design Process of the Planetary Subsystem;189
11.2.1;9.2.1 Type 1 Design of the Planetary Subsystem;189
11.2.2;9.2.2 Type 2 Design of the Planetary Subsystem;195
11.2.2.1;9.2.2.1 Ground Link (Member 1);197
11.2.2.2;9.2.2.2 Output Link (Member 3);199
11.2.2.3;9.2.2.3 Input Link (Member 2);199
11.2.2.4;9.2.2.4 Transmission Links (Members 4 and 5);199
11.2.2.5;9.2.2.5 Pin-in-Slot Joint (Joint JA);199
11.2.2.6;9.2.2.6 Gear Joints (Joint JG);200
11.2.2.7;9.2.2.7 Revolute Joints (Joint JR);200
11.3;9.3 Remarks;203
11.4;References;205
12;10 Reconstruction Designs of the Moon Phase Display Device;206
12.1;10.1 Historical Archives of the Moon Phase Display Device;206
12.1.1;10.1.1 Related Evidence and Available Designs;207
12.1.2;10.1.2 Possible Driving Power Arrangements;209
12.1.3;10.1.3 Possible Design Types;209
12.2;10.2 Design Process of the Moon Phase Display Device;210
12.2.1;10.2.1 Example 1: Ordinary Gear Trains;211
12.2.2;10.2.2 Example 2: Epicyclic Gear Trains with 1-DOF;212
12.2.3;10.2.3 Example 3: Epicyclic Gear Trains with 2-DOF;214
12.3;References;216
13;11 Assembly Work and Models;218
13.1;11.1 Complete Interior Mechanisms;218
13.1.1;11.1.1 Assembly Constraints of the Lost Mechanisms;219
13.1.1.1;11.1.1.1 Driving Power of Lost Mechanisms;219
13.1.1.2;11.1.1.2 Gear Sizes;219
13.1.1.3;11.1.1.3 Types of Planets;220
13.1.1.4;11.1.1.4 Epicyclic System of Superior Planets;221
13.1.2;11.1.2 Assembly Work;222
13.2;11.2 3D Reconstruction Model;223
13.2.1;11.2.1 Tooth Calculation;224
13.2.1.1;11.2.1.1 Calendrical Subsystem;225
13.2.1.2;11.2.1.2 Solar Subsystem;226
13.2.1.3;11.2.1.3 Planetary Subsystem;227
13.2.2;11.2.2 Detail Designs of Gears;228
13.2.3;11.2.3 Space Arrangement;230
13.2.4;11.2.4 Simulation Model;232
13.3;References;232
14;Appendix A All 48 Feasible Designs of CompleteInterior Mechanisms;234
15;Appendix B Detailed Design of Model 9;282
16;Index;284