Liney MRI from A to Z

A Definitive Guide for Medical Professionals
2. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-1-84996-135-6
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 385 Seiten

Reihe: Medicine

This second edition of Gary Liney’s MRI from A-Z, much expanded from the first edition, is both a reflection of and an apt companion for the dramatic growth of the field of MRI. The MRI-trainee to the most seasoned practitioner in MRI will find this A-Z of the field, with 1,300 entries and 100 illustrations, an indispensable reference tool.

Providing the reader with concise, clear and eloquent definitions of MRI terminology, this book is both highly practical and a pleasure to read.

Zielgruppe

Professional/practitioner

Autoren/Hrsg.

Liney, Gary

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Acknowledgments;7
3;A;8
3.1;AB systems;8
3.2;References;8
3.3;Absolute peak area quantification;8
3.4;References;9
3.5;Acoustic damping;9
3.6;Acoustic noise;9
3.7;References;10
3.8;Acoustic shielding;10
3.9;Acquisition time;10
3.10;Activation map;11
3.11;Active noise reduction;11
3.12;References;11
3.13;Active shielding;11
3.14;Active shimming;12
3.15;ADC;12
3.16;References;12
3.17;ADC map;13
3.18;Adenosine;13
3.19;Adenosine triphosphate;13
3.20;Adiabatic pulse;13
3.21;Agarose gel;14
3.22;References;15
3.23;AIF;15
3.24;Alanine;15
3.25;Aliasing;15
3.26;Alignment;16
3.27;Alpha;16
3.28;Analogue-to-digital converter;16
3.29;Angiogenesis;16
3.30;AngioMARK;17
3.31;Angular frequency;17
3.32;Anisotropy;17
3.33;Anterior;17
3.34;Antialiasing;17
3.35;Antiperistalsis;18
3.36;Apodization;18
3.37;Apparent diffusion coefficient;19
3.38;ARC;19
3.39;Area under the curve;19
3.40;Array;19
3.41;Arrhythmia rejection;20
3.42;Artifact;20
3.43;Arterial input function;20
3.44;Arterial spin labeling;20
3.45;Artificial neural networks;21
3.46;ASL;21
3.47;ASPIRE;21
3.48;ASSET;21
3.49;Association fibers;22
3.50;AST;22
3.51;Asymmetric echo;22
3.52;Asymmetric sampling;22
3.53;ATP;22
3.54;Attack;22
3.55;AUC;23
3.56;Auto shim;23
3.57;Averaging;23
3.58;AVM;23
3.59;AX systems;24
3.60;Axial;24
4;B;25
4.1;b-Factor;25
4.2;B0;26
4.3;B0 correction;26
4.4;B0 inhomogeneity;26
4.5;B1;26
4.6;B1 inhomogeneity;27
4.7;B1 doming;27
4.8;B1 profile;27
4.9;Balanced echo;28
4.10;Banding artifacts;28
4.11;Bandwidth;28
4.12;Bandwidth per pixel;28
4.13;Baseline;28
4.14;Baseline correction;29
4.15;BASG;29
4.16;BEAT;29
4.17;bFFE;29
4.18;Bind;30
4.19;Binomial pulse;30
4.20;Bioeffects;30
4.21;Biot-Savart law;31
4.22;References;32
4.23;Bipolar;32
4.24;BI-RADS;32
4.25;Birdcage;33
4.26;References;33
4.27;Bit;33
4.28;Black blood;33
4.29;BLADE;33
4.30;Bland-Altman plot;34
4.31;Blipped EPI;34
4.32;BLISS;34
4.33;Bloch equations;34
4.34;References;35
4.35;Bloembergen, Purcell, and Pound equation;35
4.36;Blood pool agent;36
4.37;References;36
4.38;Blood suppressed preparation;37
4.39;Blooming ball artifact;37
4.40;References;37
4.41;Blurring;37
4.42;Body coil;37
4.43;BodySURF;38
4.44;Body vision;38
4.45;Boil-off;38
4.46;BOLD;38
4.47;References;39
4.48;Boltzmann constant;39
4.49;Boltzmann distribution;39
4.50;Bolus;40
4.51;Bolus timing;40
4.52;BolusTrak;40
4.53;Bolus tracking;40
4.54;Bone imaging;41
4.55;Bonferroni correction;41
4.56;References;42
4.57;Bore;42
4.58;Bore liner;43
4.59;Bounce-point artifact;43
4.60;Bound protons;43
4.61;Box car;43
4.62;BPH;44
4.63;BPP equation;44
4.64;BRACE;44
4.65;Brachytherapy;44
4.66;BRAVO;45
4.67;BREASE;45
4.68;Breast coil;45
4.69;Breast imaging;45
4.70;Breath hold;45
4.71;Bright blood;46
4.72;Bright fat;46
4.73;Broca’s area;46
4.74;Brodmann areas;46
4.75;Bruker;46
4.76;BSP;47
4.77;“Burnt-in” pixels;47
4.78;Burst imaging;47
4.79;References;48
4.80;Buscopan;48
4.81;Byte;48
5;C;49
5.1;Cable loss;49
5.2;Cadstream;49
5.3;CAL;49
5.4;Carbogen;49
5.5;Carbon;49
5.6;Cardiac MRI;50
5.7;Cardiac gating;50
5.8;CARE bolus;51
5.9;Carr-Purcell;51
5.10;References;51
5.11;Cartesian;51
5.12;Cartigram;51
5.13;CASL;51
5.14;CC;52
5.15;CD;52
5.16;CENTRA;52
5.17;References;52
5.18;Central k-space;52
5.19;Central point artifact;53
5.20;Center frequency;53
5.21;Centric k-space filling;53
5.22;Cerebral blood flow (volume);53
5.23;References;54
5.24;Cerebrospinal fluid;54
5.25;CHARM;54
5.26;Chemical shift;54
5.27;Chemical shift artifact;55
5.28;Chemical shift imaging;55
5.29;Chemical shift (“of the second kind”);56
5.30;CHESS;57
5.31;Chess (or checker) board;57
5.32;Chiller;57
5.33;Choline;58
5.34;Chunk;59
5.35;CIA;59
5.36;Cine;59
5.37;Circularity;59
5.38;Circularly polarized;60
5.39;CISS;60
5.40;Citrate;60
5.41;References;60
5.42;Claustrophobia;61
5.43;CLEAR;61
5.44;Cliavist;61
5.45;Closed scanner;61
5.46;CNR;61
5.47;Coil;61
5.48;Coil uniformity correction;62
5.49;References;62
5.50;Cold head;62
5.51;Colored orientation map;63
5.52;Combidex;64
5.53;Commissural fibers;64
5.54;Complexity;64
5.55;Composite pulses;64
5.56;Conjugate symmetry;64
5.57;Constant EPI;65
5.58;Contiguous;65
5.59;Continuous wave NMR;65
5.60;Contraindications;65
5.61;Contrast;65
5.62;Contrast agents;66
5.63;Contrast enhanced;66
5.64;Contrast-enhanced MRA;67
5.65;References;68
5.66;Contrast phantom;68
5.67;Contrast-to-noise ratio;69
5.68;Contrast factor;69
5.69;Control room;69
5.70;Controlled mode;69
5.71;Convexity;69
5.72;Copper;70
5.73;Copper sulfate;70
5.74;Coronal;70
5.75;Corduroy artifact;70
5.76;Correlation coefficient;70
5.77;Correlation time;71
5.78;COSMIC;72
5.79;COSY;72
5.80;References;72
5.81;Cortical flattening;72
5.82;Cortical inflation;73
5.83;CPMG;73
5.84;References;74
5.85;Craniocaudal;74
5.86;Creatine;74
5.87;Critical temperature;74
5.88;Cross-excitation;74
5.89;Cross peak;75
5.90;Cross talk;75
5.91;Crusher gradients;75
5.92;Cryogens;75
5.93;Cryogen free;75
5.94;Cryoshielding;76
5.95;Cryostat;76
5.96;Cryotherapy;76
5.97;C-SCAN;76
5.98;CSF;76
5.99;CSI;77
5.100;CSPAMM;77
5.101;CT;77
5.102;CTL coil;77
5.103;CUBE;77
6;D;78
6.1;DAC;78
6.2;Daily QA;78
6.3;DANTE;78
6.4;DAT;78
6.5;Data clipping;78
6.6;Daum needles;79
6.7;db/dt;79
6.8;DCE;79
6.9;DCIS;79
6.10;DDA;79
6.11;Dead time;79
6.12;Decay;80
6.13;Decimation;80
6.14;DEFAISE;80
6.15;Deflection angle test;80
6.16;DEFT;80
6.17;Delayed contrast enhancement;81
6.18;Delay time;81
6.19;Delta;81
6.20;Demodulation;81
6.21;Dephasing;81
6.22;Dephasing lobe;82
6.23;DESS;82
6.24;Deuterium;82
6.25;Dewar;82
6.26;DEXA;83
6.27;Dextran;83
6.28;Diamagnetic;83
6.29;DICOM;83
6.30;Dielectric constant;84
6.31;Dielectric effect;84
6.32;References;85
6.33;Dielectric pad;85
6.34;DIET;86
6.35;Diffusion;86
6.36;Diffusion ellipsoid;86
6.37;Diffusion tensor;86
6.38;Diffusion tensor spectroscopy;87
6.39;Diffusion time;87
6.40;Diffusion-weighted imaging;87
6.41;Dimeglumine gadopentatate;87
6.42;Dipole;87
6.43;Dipole–dipole interactions;87
6.44;Dirac’s constant;88
6.45;Direction map;88
6.46;Discarded data;88
6.47;Dispersion;88
6.48;Distance factor;89
6.49;Distortion;89
6.50;Distortion correction;89
6.51;References;89
6.52;Dixon;89
6.53;DIXW (DIXF);90
6.54;DNP;90
6.55;Dobutamine;90
6.56;Doping;90
6.57;Dotarem;91
6.58;Double balanced mixer;91
6.59;Double donut;91
6.60;Double inversion recovery;91
6.61;Double oblique;91
6.62;Double-tuned;91
6.63;Doublet;92
6.64;Draining vein;92
6.65;References;92
6.66;DRESS;92
6.67;DRIVE;92
6.68;Driven equilibrium;92
6.69;DSA;93
6.70;DSC;93
6.71;DSI;93
6.72;DSV;93
6.73;DTI;94
6.74;References;94
6.75;Dual echo;95
6.76;Dual slice;95
6.77;Dual tune;95
6.78;DUFIS;95
6.79;Dummy;95
6.80;Duty cycle;96
6.81;DVT imaging;96
6.82;Dwell time;96
6.83;DWI;96
6.84;References;96
6.85;DWIBS;97
6.86;Dynamic;97
6.87;Dynamic contrast enhancement;97
6.88;Dynamic nuclear polarization;99
6.89;Dynamic susceptibility contrast;100
7;E;101
7.1;eADC;101
7.2;Earth’s magnetic field;101
7.3;Earth’s field MRI;101
7.4;ECG;101
7.5;ECG gating;102
7.6;Echo modulation;102
7.7;Echo planar imaging;102
7.8;Echo spacing;102
7.9;Echo time;102
7.10;Echo train;103
7.11;Echo train length;103
7.12;ED;103
7.13;Eddy currents;103
7.14;Edge enhancement;103
7.15;EDR;104
7.16;EEG;104
7.17;Effective TE;104
7.18;Efficiency;104
7.19;Eigenvalues;105
7.20;Einthoven’s triangle;105
7.21;Ejection fraction;105
7.22;Elastogram;105
7.23;Elastography;105
7.24;Electron;106
7.25;Electron shielding;106
7.26;Electron spin resonance;106
7.27;Elliptic centric k-space filling;106
7.28;Elongatedness;106
7.29;Endogenous contrast;107
7.30;Endorectal coil;107
7.31;Endorem;108
7.32;Enhancement;108
7.33;Enhancement rate;108
7.34;Enteral agents;108
7.35;Entry-slice phenomenon;108
7.36;EPI;109
7.37;References;109
7.38;EPISTAR;109
7.39;EPI factor;110
7.40;EPIC;110
7.41;EPR;110
7.42;Ernst angle;111
7.43;ETL;111
7.44;Eurospin test objects;111
7.45;References;112
7.46;Even echo rephasing;112
7.47;Event related;112
7.48;Excitation pulse;112
7.49;Exogenous contrast;113
7.50;Exponential;113
7.51;Exponential ADC;113
7.52;Exposure limits;113
7.53;EXPRESS;113
7.54;Extended dynamic range;114
7.55;External interference shield;114
7.56;Extracellular agents;114
8;F;115
8.1;FA;115
8.2;FACT;115
8.3;FADE;115
8.4;FAIR;115
8.5;FAISE;115
8.6;Fall time;116
8.7;FAME;116
8.8;Faraday cage;116
8.9;Faraday’s law;116
8.10;FASE;117
8.11;FAST;117
8.12;FASTCARD;117
8.13;Fast Fourier transform;117
8.14;References;117
8.15;Fast gradient echo;118
8.16;Fast IR;118
8.17;Fast recovery FSE;118
8.18;Fast spin echo;118
8.19;Fat;118
8.20;Fat fraction;118
8.21;Fat only image;119
8.22;Fat saturation;120
8.23;Fat suppression;120
8.24;Fat-water in-phase;120
8.25;FATE;121
8.26;FatSep;122
8.27;FBI;122
8.28;FC;122
8.29;FE;122
8.30;FEDIF;122
8.31;Feet first entry;122
8.32;Fermi filter;123
8.33;Ferridex;123
8.34;Ferrogaurd;123
8.35;Ferromagnetic;123
8.36;Ferucarbotran;123
8.37;Ferumoxtran;124
8.38;FESUM;124
8.39;FFT;124
8.40;FFT scale;124
8.41;FGRET;124
8.42;Fiber tracking;124
8.43;FID;125
8.44;FID artifact;125
8.45;Field decay;125
8.46;Field-of-view;125
8.47;Field stability;126
8.48;FIESTA;126
8.49;Filling factor;126
8.50;Filter;126
8.51;Filtered back projection;127
8.52;Finger tapping;127
8.53;FIR;127
8.54;First pass;127
8.55;FISP;128
8.56;Five gauss line;128
8.57;FLAG;128
8.58;FLAIR;128
8.59;FLARE;128
8.60;FLASE;128
8.61;FLASH;129
8.62;Flashing artifact;129
8.63;Flip angle;129
8.64;Floodfill phantom;129
8.65;Flow artifacts;130
8.66;Flow compensation;130
8.67;Flow phenomena;130
8.68;Flow-related enhancement;130
8.69;Flow void;131
8.70;Fluorine;131
8.71;Fluoroptic thermometer;131
8.72;Fluorotrigger;131
8.73;FLUTE;131
8.74;Flux;132
8.75;fMRI;132
8.76;References;132
8.77;Foldover;132
8.78;Foldover suppression;132
8.79;Fonar;133
8.80;Footprint;133
8.81;Foreign bodies;134
8.82;Fourier transformation;134
8.83;Fractional anisotropy;134
8.84;Fractional echo;135
8.85;Fractional NEX;135
8.86;Frame of reference;135
8.87;Free induction decay;136
8.88;Free protons;136
8.89;Freeze frame;137
8.90;Frequency;137
8.91;Frequency encoding;137
8.92;Frequency wrap;137
8.93;Fresh spins;137
8.94;FRFSE;138
8.95;Fringe field;138
8.96;FSE;139
8.97;References;140
8.98;FSPGR;140
8.99;FT;141
8.100;Functional MRI;141
8.101;Functool;141
8.102;Fusion;141
8.103;FUTE;141
8.104;FWHM;142
9;G;143
9.1;G/cm;143
9.2;GABA;143
9.3;Godobenate dimeglumine;143
9.4;Gadobutrol;143
9.5;Gadodiamide;144
9.6;Gadofosveset trisodium;144
9.7;Gadolite;144
9.8;Gadolinium;144
9.9;Gadomer-17;144
9.10;Gadoteridol;144
9.11;Gadoversetamide;144
9.12;Gadovist;145
9.13;Gamma;145
9.14;GastroMARK;145
9.15;Gating;145
9.16;Gauss;145
9.17;Gaussian;146
9.18;Gd-BOPTA;146
9.19;Gd-DTPA;146
9.20;References;147
9.21;Gd-DOTA;147
9.22;GE (HealthCare);147
9.23;Gel dosimetry;147
9.24;Gel phantoms;147
9.25;Gelatin;148
9.26;GEM;148
9.27;Geometric distortion;148
9.28;References;149
9.29;Ghosting;149
9.30;Gibb’s artifact;151
9.31;Gibb’s overshoot;151
9.32;GKM;152
9.33;Glx;152
9.34;Glutamate, glutamine;152
9.35;Goggles;152
9.36;Golay coils;153
9.37;Gradient;154
9.38;References;154
9.39;Gradient area;154
9.40;Gradient coil;154
9.41;Gradient echo;154
9.42;Gradient moment nulling;155
9.43;Graphic prescription;155
9.44;GRAPPA;155
9.45;References;156
9.46;GRASE;157
9.47;GRASS;157
9.48;GRACE;157
9.49;Grayscale;157
9.50;Gyromagnetic ratio;157
9.51;Gz (Gx, Gy);158
10;H;159
10.1;h;159
10.2;Hemodynamic lag;159
10.3;Hemodynamic response function;159
10.4;Hahn echo;160
10.5;References;160
10.6;Half echo;160
10.7;Half scan;160
10.8;Halo artifact;160
10.9;Hanning filter;160
10.10;HARP;161
10.11;HASTE;162
10.12;Head coil;162
10.13;Head first entry;163
10.14;Header;163
10.15;Heat exchanger;163
10.16;Helium;163
10.17;Helmholtz pair;164
10.18;Hepatobiliary agents;164
10.19;Hermitian symmetry;164
10.20;Herringbone artifact;164
10.21;Hertz;164
10.22;Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy;165
10.23;HIFUS;165
10.24;High field;165
10.25;High order phase;166
10.26;High pass filtering;166
10.27;High velocity signal loss;167
10.28;Higher order shimming;167
10.29;Hitachi (Medical Systems);167
10.30;HOAST;167
10.31;Homogeneity;167
10.32;Horizontal bore;168
10.33;HRF;168
10.34;Hybrid systems;168
10.35;Hydrogen;168
10.36;Hyperechoes;169
10.37;References;169
10.38;Hyperintense;169
10.39;Hyperpolarization;169
10.40;Hyperpolarized gas imaging;169
10.41;References;170
10.42;Hypointense;170
10.43;Hypoxia;170
11;I;171
11.1;I;171
11.2;IAM;171
11.3;IAPS;171
11.4;ICD;171
11.5;IDEAL;171
11.6;References;172
11.7;Image registration;172
11.8;Imaginary;172
11.9;Imaging, 2D;172
11.10;Imaging, 3D;173
11.11;Impedance matching;173
11.12;Implants;173
11.13;iMRI;173
11.14;Infarct penumbra;174
11.15;Inferior;174
11.16;In-flow enhancement;174
11.17;Infusion pump;175
11.18;InHance;175
11.19;Inorganic phosphate;175
11.20;In-phase image;175
11.21;Integrated body coil;175
11.22;Intensity correction;175
11.23;Interleaved;176
11.24;Interpolation;176
11.25;Interventional device;176
11.26;References;177
11.27;Inverse lateralization;177
11.28;Inversion pulse;177
11.29;Inversion recovery;177
11.30;Inversion time;178
11.31;Inverse image;178
11.32;IPA;178
11.33;iPAT;178
11.34;IR;179
11.35;IRM;179
11.36;Ischemia;179
11.37;ISIS;179
11.38;Isocenter;179
11.39;Isochromat;180
11.40;Isointense;180
11.41;Isotope;180
11.42;Isotropic;180
12;J;181
12.1;J-coupling;181
12.2;J-modulation;181
12.3;JET;181
12.4;Joule;181
13;K;182
13.1;Kaplan–Meier plot;182
13.2;References;182
13.3;Key-hole imaging;182
13.4;References;182
13.5;Kinematic imaging;182
13.6;k-Space;183
13.7;References;183
13.8;k-Space ordering;183
13.9;k-Space path;184
13.10;k-Space shutter;184
13.11;k-Space trajectory;184
13.12;k-t BLAST;185
13.13;References;185
13.14;KTRANS;185
13.15;References;185
14;L;186
14.1;Laboratory frame;186
14.2;Lactate;186
14.3;Large field-of-view filter;186
14.4;Larmor equation;186
14.5;Larmor frequency;187
14.6;Landmark;187
14.7;Laser;187
14.8;Laser ablation;187
14.9;LAVA;188
14.10;Leksell-frame;188
14.11;Lenz’s law;188
14.12;Level;188
14.13;LC model;188
14.14;References;189
14.15;Liquid helium;189
14.16;Linac;189
14.17;Line broadening;189
14.18;Linearity;189
14.19;Linear regression;189
14.20;Linearly polarized;190
14.21;Linewidth;190
14.22;Linguine sign;190
14.23;Lipid;190
14.24;References;190
14.25;Liposomes;191
14.26;Liver-specific contrast agents;191
14.27;Loading;192
14.28;Localizer;192
14.29;Logistic regression;192
14.30;Long bore;192
14.31;Long tau inversion recovery;193
14.32;Longitudinal magnetization;193
14.33;Longitudinal plane;193
14.34;Look-Locker;193
14.35;References;193
14.36;Lorentz force;193
14.37;Lorentzian shape;194
14.38;Low field;194
14.39;Low gamma (g) imaging;194
14.40;Low order phase;194
14.41;Low pass filtering;195
14.42;Lumirem;195
14.43;Lung MRI;195
14.44;References;195
15;M;196
15.1;Magic angle effect;196
15.2;Magic angle spinning;196
15.3;Magnet stability;196
15.4;Magnetic moment;196
15.5;Magnetic susceptibility;196
15.6;Magnetization;197
15.7;Magnetization transfer;197
15.8;Magnetization transfer ratio;197
15.9;Magnetization vector;197
15.10;Magnetite;197
15.11;Magnetogyric ratio;198
15.12;Magnetohemodynamic effect;198
15.13;Magnetophosphenes;198
15.14;References;198
15.15;Magnevist;198
15.16;Mangafodipir trisodium;198
15.17;Manganese;199
15.18;Manual shim;199
15.19;MAS;199
15.20;MAST;199
15.21;Matched bandwidth;199
15.22;Matrix;200
15.23;Maximum intensity projection;200
15.24;Maxwell pair;200
15.25;MDE;200
15.26;Mean diffusivity;200
15.27;MEDAL;201
15.28;MEDIC;201
15.29;MEG;201
15.30;MEMP;201
15.31;MERGE;201
15.32;MESS;202
15.33;Metabolite map;202
15.34;References;202
15.35;Metallic taste;202
15.36;Microscopy;202
15.37;Minimum intensity projection;203
15.38;MIP;204
15.39;MITR;204
15.40;Mixing time;204
15.41;MNS;204
15.42;MobiTrak;204
15.43;MOD;205
15.44;Moire fringes;205
15.45;Molecular imaging;205
15.46;Molecular tumbling rate;206
15.47;Moment;206
15.48;Morphological descriptors;206
15.49;References;206
15.50;Moses effect;207
15.51;MOTSA;207
15.52;Motion artifact;208
15.53;Motion correction;208
15.54;Moving saturation pulse;208
15.55;Moving table;208
15.56;MPR;208
15.57;MP-RAGE;208
15.58;MR compatible;209
15.59;References;209
15.60;MR cisternography;209
15.61;MR dosimetry;209
15.62;References;210
15.63;MR echo;210
15.64;MR-GILD;210
15.65;MR guided;211
15.66;MR mammography;211
15.67;References;211
15.68;MR myleography;212
15.69;MR simulator;212
15.70;MR thermometry;212
15.71;References;212
15.72;MR thermotherapy;212
15.73;MR oximetry;213
15.74;MR visible;213
15.75;MRA;213
15.76;MRE;213
15.77;MRCP;214
15.78;MRS;214
15.79;References;215
15.80;MRSI;215
15.81;MS-325;215
15.82;MSE;216
15.83;MSK imaging;216
15.84;mSENSE;216
15.85;mT/m;216
15.86;MT;217
15.87;MTF;217
15.88;References;217
15.89;MTT;217
15.90;MU;217
15.91;Multi-echo;217
15.92;Multi-nuclear spectroscopy;218
15.93;Multi-planar;218
15.94;Multi-slab;218
15.95;Multi-slice;218
15.96;Multi-voxel;218
15.97;MultiHance;219
15.98;Multi-channel;219
15.99;Multiple spin-echo;219
15.100;Multi-phase;219
15.101;Multi-shot;219
15.102;MULTIVANE;220
15.103;Musculoskeletal imaging;220
15.104;Mx, My, Mz;221
15.105;Myocardial tagging;221
15.106;Myo-inositol;221
16;N;222
16.1;NAA;222
16.2;NAAG;222
16.3;Nanoparticles;222
16.4;NATIVE;223
16.5;NAV;223
16.6;Navigator echo;223
16.7;NbTi;223
16.8;Needle artifacts;224
16.9;References;224
16.10;NEMA;224
16.11;Net magnetization;224
16.12;Neutron;225
16.13;NEX;225
16.14;Nickel;225
16.15;Niobium-titanium;225
16.16;Nitrogen;225
16.17;NMR;226
16.18;NOE;227
16.19;NOESY;227
16.20;No phase wrap;227
16.21;Noise;227
16.22;Normal mode;228
16.23;Normalization filter;228
16.24;NP;228
16.25;NSA;228
16.26;Nu;228
16.27;Nuclear overhauser effect;228
16.28;Nucleon;229
16.29;Null point;229
16.30;Nutation;229
16.31;Nyquist frequency;229
16.32;Nyquist ghosting;230
17;O;231
17.1;Occupational exposure;231
17.2;Oblique;231
17.3;OD;231
17.4;Off-center FOV;231
17.5;Off-resonance;232
17.6;Omega;232
17.7;Omniscan;232
17.8;OOPS;232
17.9;Open scanner;232
17.10;Optical pumping;233
17.11;Optical RF;233
17.12;OptiMARK;233
17.13;Optimized bandwidth;234
17.14;Oral contrast agent;234
17.15;Orbit X-ray;234
17.16;Orientation;235
17.17;Out-of-phase image;235
17.18;Outer k-space;235
17.19;Outer volume fat suppression;236
17.20;Overlay;236
17.21;Over-ranging;236
17.22;Oversampling;236
17.23;Oxford instruments;237
17.24;Oxygen;237
18;P;238
18.1;PACE;238
18.2;Pacemakers;238
18.3;PACS;238
18.4;Palatal stimulation;239
18.5;Paradigm;239
18.6;Paradoxical enhancement;239
18.7;Parahydrogen;239
18.8;Parahydrogen-induced polarization;239
18.9;References;240
18.10;Parallel imaging;240
18.11;References;241
18.12;Paramagnetic;241
18.13;Parameter map;241
18.14;Partial echo;241
18.15;Partial flip;242
18.16;Partial Fourier;242
18.17;Partial k-space;242
18.18;Partial NEX;243
18.19;Partial saturation;243
18.20;Partial volume;243
18.21;Parts per million;243
18.22;PASADENA;243
18.23;PASL;244
18.24;Passive shielding;244
18.25;Passive shimming;244
18.26;Patient right;244
18.27;Patient table;244
18.28;Patient weight;245
18.29;PBSG;245
18.30;PC;245
18.31;PD;245
18.32;Peak amplitude;245
18.33;Peak area;245
18.34;Peak area ratios;246
18.35;PEAR;246
18.36;Perflurocarbon;246
18.37;Perfusion;246
18.38;Perfusion imaging;247
18.39;References;247
18.40;Peripheral enhancement;247
18.41;Peripheral MRA;247
18.42;Peripheral nerve stimulation;248
18.43;References;249
18.44;Peripheral pulse gating;249
18.45;Peristaltic motion;249
18.46;Permanent magnet;250
18.47;Permeability;250
18.48;Permittivity;250
18.49;PERRM;250
18.50;Perspex;251
18.51;PET;251
18.52;PFI;251
18.53;PGSE;251
18.54;pH measurement;251
18.55;Phantom;252
18.56;References;253
18.57;Pharmacokinetic modeling;253
18.58;References;254
18.59;Phase;254
18.60;Phase correction;254
18.61;Phase contrast;254
18.62;Phase encoding;254
18.63;Phase sensitive demodulator;255
18.64;Phase (I, II, III…) trials;256
18.65;Phase wrap;256
18.66;Phased array;257
18.67;Phi;257
18.68;Philips;257
18.69;PHIP;257
18.70;Phosphocreatine;257
18.71;Phosphodiesters;257
18.72;Phosphorus;257
18.73;Photoplethysmograph;258
18.74;PI;259
18.75;Pianissimo;259
18.76;Picker;259
18.77;PILS;259
18.78;Pillar;259
18.79;Pixel;259
18.80;Planck’s constant;260
18.81;pMRI;260
18.82;PNR;260
18.83;PNS;260
18.84;Point spread function;260
18.85;POMP;261
18.86;Positional MRI;261
18.87;Positive enhancement integral;261
18.88;Posterior;261
18.89;ppm;261
18.90;PQRST wave;262
18.91;Pre262
18.92;Pre-emphasis;262
18.93;Precession;263
18.94;Precessional frequency;263
18.95;Pregnancy;263
18.96;Prepared;263
18.97;Pre-scan;263
18.98;PRESS;264
18.99;References;265
18.100;PRESTO;265
18.101;References;265
18.102;Primary image;265
18.103;Primovist;265
18.104;PROBE;266
18.105;Profile phantom;266
18.106;ProHance;266
18.107;Projectile;266
18.108;Projection fibers;268
18.109;Projection reconstruction;268
18.110;Prone position;268
18.111;PROPELLER;268
18.112;PROSE;269
18.113;PROSET;269
18.114;Proton;270
18.115;Proton decoupling;270
18.116;Proton density;270
18.117;Proton density weighted;270
18.118;References;271
18.119;Proximity limits;271
18.120;References;271
18.121;Pseudogating;271
18.122;Pseudolayering;272
18.123;References;272
18.124;PSF;272
18.125;PSIF;272
18.126;Pu;272
18.127;Pulse;272
18.128;Pulse Controller;273
18.129;Pulsed gradient spin echo;273
18.130;Pulse programming;273
18.131;Pulse sequence;273
18.132;Pulse sequence diagram;273
18.133;Pulse train;274
18.134;PURE;274
18.135;P-value;274
18.136;References;274
19;Q;275
19.1;Q;275
19.2;Quadrature;275
19.3;Quality factor;275
19.4;Quality assurance;276
19.5;References;276
19.6;Quadscan;277
19.7;Quadrupole-electric interactions;277
19.8;Quantum number;277
19.9;Quench;277
19.10;QUEST;278
19.11;Quiet;278
19.12;QUICK 3D;278
19.13;QUIPSS;278
20;R;279
20.1;R;279
20.2;R1;279
20.3;R2;279
20.4;R2*;279
20.5;RA;280
20.6;RADAR;280
20.7;Radial k-space;280
20.8;Radiotherapy;281
20.9;Radiotherapy planning;281
20.10;References;281
20.11;RACE;282
20.12;RADIANCE;282
20.13;Radians;282
20.14;RAM-FAST;283
20.15;Ramp up/down;283
20.16;Ramp sampling;283
20.17;Ramped RF pulses;283
20.18;RAPID;283
20.19;RARE;284
20.20;References;284
20.21;Raw data;284
20.22;Raysum;284
20.23;RC;284
20.24;Readout gradient;284
20.25;Real;285
20.26;Real time fMRI;285
20.27;Receiver;285
20.28;Reconstruction;285
20.29;Rectangular FOV;286
20.30;Reduced flip angle;286
20.31;Refocusing pulse;286
20.32;Reformat;286
20.33;Registration;288
20.34;Region-of-interest;288
20.35;Relative anisotropy;288
20.36;Relaxation;288
20.37;Relaxivity;290
20.38;Relief artifact;290
20.39;Repetition time;290
20.40;RES agents;290
20.41;Research mode;291
20.42;Residual water;291
20.43;Resistive magnet;291
20.44;Resolution phantom;291
20.45;Resonant frequency;292
20.46;Resonant offset artifacts;292
20.47;Resovist;293
20.48;Respiratory compensation;293
20.49;Respiratory gating;293
20.50;REST;293
20.51;RESTORE;293
20.52;Restricted diffusion;294
20.53;References;294
20.54;Reticuloendothelial system agents;294
20.55;REVEAL;294
20.56;Rewinding gradients;294
20.57;Reynolds number;294
20.58;RF;295
20.59;RF antenna;295
20.60;RF artifact;295
20.61;RF burns;295
20.62;References;296
20.63;RF cage;296
20.64;RF coil;296
20.65;RF effects;297
20.66;RF heating;298
20.67;References;298
20.68;RF penetration;298
20.69;RF power;298
20.70;RF pulse;299
20.71;RF shielding;299
20.72;RF shimming;299
20.73;RF spoiling;300
20.74;RFA;300
20.75;RFOV;300
20.76;RG;300
20.77;Rho;300
20.78;Rim enhancement;300
20.79;Ringing;300
20.80;RISE;301
20.81;Rise time;301
20.82;ROAST;301
20.83;ROC curve;301
20.84;RODEO;301
20.85;ROI;302
20.86;References;302
20.87;Rolling baseline;302
20.88;ROPE;302
20.89;Rotating frame;302
20.90;RR interval;303
21;S;304
21.1;Saddle coil;304
21.2;Safety limits;304
21.3;References;305
21.4;SAGE;305
21.5;Sagittal;305
21.6;Saline;306
21.7;Sampling rate;307
21.8;SAR;307
21.9;SARGE;307
21.10;Saturation bands;307
21.11;Saturation pulses;308
21.12;Saturation recovery;308
21.13;Saturated spins;308
21.14;Scalar coupling;308
21.15;Scan assistant;308
21.16;Scan percentage;309
21.17;Scan room;309
21.18;Scan time;309
21.19;Scanning, 4D;309
21.20;Scanogram;309
21.21;SCIC;309
21.22;Scout images;309
21.23;Screening;310
21.24;Screening constant;310
21.25;Screening form;310
21.26;Screenshot;310
21.27;SDNR;311
21.28;SE;311
21.29;Secondary image;311
21.30;Seed point;311
21.31;Segmentation;311
21.32;Segmented k-space;311
21.33;SENSE;312
21.34;References;312
21.35;Sensitive volume;312
21.36;Sequential;312
21.37;Sequential k-space filling;313
21.38;SG;313
21.39;Shaded surface display;313
21.40;Shielding;313
21.41;Shielding constant;313
21.42;Shim;314
21.43;Shimadzu;314
21.44;Shine through;314
21.45;Shinnar-Le-Roux;314
21.46;SHORT;315
21.47;Short bore;315
21.48;Short tau inversion recovery;316
21.49;Shot factor;317
21.50;Siemens (Healthcare);317
21.51;Signal;318
21.52;Signal averaging;318
21.53;Signal difference to noise ratio;318
21.54;Signal-time curve;318
21.55;Signal-to-noise ratio;318
21.56;Silent word generation;318
21.57;Silicon;319
21.58;Silicon specific;319
21.59;Simultaneous excitation;319
21.60;Sinc shaped;319
21.61;Sinerem;320
21.62;Single dose;320
21.63;Single-shot;320
21.64;Single voxel;320
21.65;SINOP;321
21.66;Skin depth;321
21.67;Slab;321
21.68;Slew rate;321
21.69;Slice;322
21.70;Slice gap;322
21.71;Slice profile;322
21.72;Slice selection;322
21.73;Slice thickness;323
21.74;Slice warp;323
21.75;Slice width;324
21.76;SLIP;324
21.77;SLR;324
21.78;SMART;324
21.79;SMART Prep;324
21.80;SMASH;324
21.81;References;325
21.82;SNR;325
21.83;References;326
21.84;Sodium;326
21.85;References;327
21.86;Sodium chloride;327
21.87;Soft tissue;327
21.88;Solenoid;327
21.89;Source data;328
21.90;SPACE;328
21.91;SPAIR;328
21.92;SPAMM;328
21.93;Spatial domain;328
21.94;Spatial resolution;329
21.95;SPECIAL;329
21.96;Specific absorption rate;329
21.97;Spectral editing;329
21.98;Spectral resolution;329
21.99;Spectral-spatial pulse;330
21.100;Spectroscopy;330
21.101;Spectroscopic imaging;330
21.102;Spectrometer;330
21.103;Spectrum;330
21.104;SPEEDER;330
21.105;SPGR;331
21.106;SPIDER;331
21.107;Spin;331
21.108;Spin angular momentum;331
21.109;Spin density;331
21.110;Spin echo;331
21.111;Spin-lattice relaxation;332
21.112;Spin-spin coupling;333
21.113;Spin-spin relaxation;333
21.114;Spin quantum number;333
21.115;Spin states;333
21.116;Spin tagging;333
21.117;Spin up/spin down;333
21.118;Spinor;335
21.119;SPIO;335
21.120;SPIR;335
21.121;Spiral EPI;335
21.122;Spline;335
21.123;Splitting constant;336
21.124;Spoiling;336
21.125;Spurious peaks;336
21.126;SQ;336
21.127;SS;336
21.128;SSD;337
21.129;SSFP;337
21.130;SSP;337
21.131;SSRF;337
21.132;Stability;337
21.133;References;338
21.134;STAGE;338
21.135;STAIR;338
21.136;References;338
21.137;Staircase artifact;338
21.138;Standing wave artifact;339
21.139;Static field limits;339
21.140;Station;339
21.141;Statistical errors;339
21.142;References;339
21.143;Steady state;340
21.144;Steady-state sequence;340
21.145;Steal effect;340
21.146;STEAM;340
21.147;References;341
21.148;Stejskal–Tanner;341
21.149;References;341
21.150;Stepping table;341
21.151;Stereotactic;342
21.152;STERF;342
21.153;Stimulated echo;342
21.154;STIR;342
21.155;Storage time;343
21.156;Stray field;343
21.157;Streak artifact;343
21.158;Stress-perfusion agent;343
21.159;Stroke;343
21.160;Superconducting magnet;343
21.161;Superior;344
21.162;Supine position;344
21.163;Surface coil;344
21.164;Surface rendering;344
21.165;Surgical planning;345
21.166;References;345
21.167;Survey scan;345
21.168;Susceptibility;345
21.169;Susceptibility artifact;346
21.170;Susceptibility weighted imaging;346
21.171;SVS;347
21.172;SWAN;347
21.173;Sweep width;347
21.174;SWI;348
21.175;Syrinx;348
22;T;349
22.1;T1;349
22.2;T1-r;350
22.3;References;350
22.4;T1-weighted;350
22.5;T2;350
22.6;References;351
22.7;T2*;351
22.8;T2 map;352
22.9;References;352
22.10;T2 shine-through;352
22.11;T2-weighted;353
22.12;T2*-weighted;353
22.13;Tailored RF pulse;355
22.14;Talairach space;355
22.15;References;355
22.16;Tattoo;355
22.17;Tau;355
22.18;Tdel;355
22.19;TE;356
22.20;TE averaging;356
22.21;TEA-PRESS;356
22.22;Teleradiology;356
22.23;Temporal resolution;356
22.24;Tensor;357
22.25;Tesla;357
22.26;Teslascan;357
22.27;Test bolus;357
22.28;Test object;357
22.29;Tetramethylsilane;358
22.30;Textural analysis;358
22.31;References;358
22.32;TG;358
22.33;Threshold;358
22.34;THRIVE;359
22.35;TI;359
22.36;Time domain signal;359
22.37;Time-of-flight;359
22.38;Time-resolved MRA;359
22.39;Tip angle;360
22.40;TIM;360
22.41;TIMCT;360
22.42;TIRM;360
22.43;Titanium;360
22.44;TM;361
22.45;TMS;361
22.46;TNM staging;361
22.47;TOF;361
22.48;References;361
22.49;TONE;361
22.50;Toshiba (Medical Systems);362
22.51;TR;362
22.52;Trace;363
22.53;TRAK, 4D;363
22.54;Tractography;363
22.55;References;363
22.56;Transaxial;364
22.57;TRANCE;364
22.58;Transceiver;364
22.59;Transcranial magnetic stimulation;364
22.60;References;364
22.61;Transit time;364
22.62;Transmitter;365
22.63;Transmitter reference voltage;365
22.64;Transparency;365
22.65;Transverse;365
22.66;Transverse magnetization;365
22.67;Transverse plane;365
22.68;Trapezoid;366
22.69;TRAPS;366
22.70;TRAQ;366
22.71;Travel SAT;366
22.72;TRICKS;366
22.73;Triggering;367
22.74;Trigger window;367
22.75;TRSG;367
22.76;True FISP;367
22.77;Truncation artifact;367
22.78;TSE;368
22.79;t-Test;368
22.80;Tumor;368
22.81;Tunnel;368
22.82;Turbo dark fluid;368
22.83;Turbo factor;369
22.84;Turbo FLASH;369
22.85;Twin gradients;369
22.86;TWIST;369
22.87;Two (three)-compartment model;369
22.88;References;369
22.89;Two-dimensional spectroscopy;370
22.90;Type I, II, III;370
23;U;371
23.1;Ultra-fast imaging;371
23.2;Ultra-short TE;371
23.3;Uniformity;371
23.4;URGE;372
23.5;USPIO;372
23.6;UTE;372
24;V;373
24.1;Vacuum bore;373
24.2;Variable bandwidth;373
24.3;Variable flip angle;373
24.4;VASC;373
24.5;Vasovist;374
24.6;Vectorcardiogram;374
24.7;Velocity encoding;374
24.8;VEMP;375
24.9;VenBOLD;375
24.10;VENC;375
24.11;Vent;375
24.12;Venetian blind artifact;375
24.13;Venography;376
24.14;Ventilation agent;376
24.15;Ventilation imaging;376
24.16;VERSE;376
24.17;Vertical bore;376
24.18;Vertigo;376
24.19;VFL;377
24.20;Viability imaging;377
24.21;VIBE;377
24.22;VIBRANT;377
24.23;VIE;378
24.24;VIEWS;378
24.25;VIPR;378
24.26;Virchow-Robin spaces;378
24.27;Virtual endoscopy;378
24.28;VISTA;378
24.29;Visual Prep;379
24.30;VINNIE;379
24.31;VOI;379
24.32;Voxel;379
24.33;Voxel bleeding;379
24.34;Voxel shifting;380
24.35;V/Q;380
24.36;VSS;380
25;W;381
25.1;Wada test;381
25.2;Walking SAT;381
25.3;Warning sign;381
25.4;Wash in (out);381
25.5;Water;381
25.6;Water-fat shift;382
25.7;Water fraction;382
25.8;Water-only image;382
25.9;Water reference;382
25.10;Water suppression;382
25.11;WATS;383
25.12;Watt;383
25.13;Wavelength;384
25.14;Wave guides;384
25.15;Wave function;384
25.16;WEFT;384
25.17;Weighting;385
25.18;Weinmann data;385
25.19;References;385
25.20;Wernicke’s area;385
25.21;Whisper sequence;385
25.22;White blood;386
25.23;White matter fibers;386
25.24;Whole-body;386
25.25;Whole-body screening;386
25.26;Wide bore;387
25.27;Width;388
25.28;Windowing;388
26;X;389
26.1;Xenon;389
26.2;References;389
26.3;x-direction;389
27;Y;390
27.1;y-direction;390
28;Z;391
28.1;Z2 or Z4;391
28.2;z-direction;391
28.3;Z-score;391
28.4;Zebra artifact;391
28.5;Zeeman levels;391
28.6;Zero filling;392
28.7;Zeugmatography;392
28.8;ZIP;392
28.9;Zipper artifact;392
28.10;Zoom gradients;392
28.11;Zoom imaging;392