Linhares Development of Biodiesel-Resistant Nitrile Rubber Compositions

1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-1-56990-675-0
Verlag: Hanser Publications
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 140 Seiten

Biodiesel is an excellent potential replacement for petroleum diesel fuels because of its comparable physical properties in addition to its improved environmental benefits, such as low pollutant gas emissions, nontoxicity, renewability, and biodegradability. However, biodiesel and petroleum diesel differ greatly with respect to their chemical properties. Therefore, the compatibility of the materials that are commonly employed in contact with diesel must also be assured for biodiesel that has been obtained from different sources.
Although nitrile rubber (NBR) has previously not been recommended for biodiesel applications, up to now no effort has been made to better understand the interaction between nitrile rubber and biodiesel or to propose improvements to the production of NBR articles. This book evaluates the resistance of different types of NBR and NBR formulations to biodiesel.
It is shown how increasing acrylonitrile content and carboxylation increase the rubber resistance to biodiesel, and a new method employing accelerators to prepare novel biodiesel-resistant formulations is described. The choice of accelerator has a significant effect on the biodiesel resistance, and compositions prepared from an efficient vulcanization system are shown to be most resistant to chemical degradation. The effects on physical properties such as tensile strength, hardness, and elongation at break are also analyzed and evaluated. The potential for these materials to be used in applications in which they will be in contact with biodiesel is thus demonstrated.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Linhares, Felipe N.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Introduction;28
2;1 Literature Review;31
2.1;1.1 Biodiesel: an alternative to fossil fuels;31
2.1.1;1.1.1 Overview on biodiesel;31
2.1.2;1.1.2 Biodiesel synthesis and possible feedstock;33
2.1.3;1.1.3 Physicochemical properties and oxidation stability;35
2.2;1.2 Compression-ignition engines;38
2.2.1;1.2.1 The compression-ignition engine and its composing materials;38
2.2.2;1.2.2 Compatibility of biodiesel with some compression-ignition engine parts;38
2.3;1.3 Compatibility of biodiesel with elastomers;39
2.4;1.4 Nitrile rubber;44
2.4.1;1.4.1 Main properties;44
2.4.2;1.4.2 Curing systems;45
2.4.3;1.4.3 Vulcanisation kinetics;51
2.4.4;1.4.4 Degradation process;53
3;2 Aims;56
3.1;2.1 General aims;56
3.2;2.2 Specific aims;56
4;3 Materials and Equipment;57
4.1;3.1 Part I – Preliminary studies: The influence of acrylonitrile content and different types of crosslink networks;57
4.1.1;3.1.1 Materials;57
4.1.2;3.1.2 Equipment;57
4.2;3.2 Part II – Formulation development: The influence of binary sulphur-based curing systems;58
4.2.1;3.2.1 Materials;58
4.2.2;3.2.2 Equipment;58
5;4 Methods;60
5.1;4.1 Part I – Preliminary studies: The influence of acrylonitrile content and different types of crosslink networks;60
5.1.1;4.1.1 Compounding;60
5.1.2;4.1.2 Vulcanisation;61
5.1.3;4.1.3 Vulcanisation kinetic;61
5.1.4;4.1.4 Crosslink density;61
5.1.5;4.1.5 Immersion tests;62
5.1.6;4.1.6 Change in mass;62
5.1.7;4.1.7 Mechanical tests;63
5.1.7.1;4.1.7.1 Strain-stress;63
5.1.7.2;4.1.7.2 Tear strength;63
5.1.7.3;4.1.7.3 Hardness;63
5.1.8;4.1.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);63
5.2;4.2 Part II – Formulation development: The influence of binary sulphur-based curing systems;64
5.2.1;4.2.1 Compounding;64
5.2.2;4.2.2 Vulcanisation;65
5.2.3;4.2.3 Crosslink density;65
5.2.4;4.2.4 Ageing tests;66
5.2.4.1;4.2.4.1 Ageing in air;66
5.2.4.2;4.2.4.2 Ageing in biodiesel;66
5.2.5;4.2.5 Gravimetric tests;66
5.2.6;4.2.6 Stress-strain;67
5.2.7;4.2.7 Hardness;67
5.2.8;4.2.8 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC);67
5.2.9;4.2.9 Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA);67
5.2.10;4.2.10 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM);68
5.2.11;4.2.11 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM);68
5.2.12;4.2.12 Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy;68
5.2.13;4.2.13 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR);68
5.2.14;4.2.14 Statistical analyses;69
5.3;4.3 Experimental scheme;70
5.3.1;4.3.1 Part I – Preliminary studies: The influence of acrylonitrile content and differenttypes of crosslink networks;70
5.3.2;4.3.2 Part II – Formulation development: The influence of binary sulphur-based curingsystems;71
6;5 Results and Discussion;72
6.1;5.1 Part I – Preliminary studies: The influence of acrylonitrile content and different types of crosslink networks;72
6.1.1;5.1.1 Characterisation of the compositions;72
6.1.1.1;5.1.1.1 Vulcanisation kinetics;72
6.1.1.2;5.1.1.2 Crosslink density;74
6.1.2;5.1.2 Ageing tests;75
6.1.2.1;5.1.2.1 Gravimetric tests;75
6.1.2.2;5.1.2.2 Physical mechanical resistance;77
6.1.2.3;5.1.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);81
6.1.3;5.1.3 Overall performance;83
6.2;5.2 Part II – Formulation development: The influence of binary sulphur-based curing systems;84
6.2.1;5.2.1 Characterisation of the compositions;84
6.2.1.1;5.2.1.1 Crosslink density and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC);84
6.2.1.2;5.2.1.2 Mechanical properties;86
6.2.1.3;5.2.1.3 Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA);90
6.2.1.4;5.2.1.4 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM);91
6.2.1.5;5.2.1.5 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM);95
6.2.1.6;5.2.1.6 Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy;96
6.2.1.7;5.2.1.7 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR);97
6.2.2;5.2.2 Ageing tests;98
6.2.2.1;5.2.2.1 Gravimetric tests;98
6.2.2.2;5.2.2.2 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC);101
6.2.2.3;5.2.2.3 Strain-stress;103
6.2.2.4;5.2.2.4 Hardness;109
6.2.2.5;5.2.2.5 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM);110
6.2.2.6;5.2.2.6 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM);111
7;Conclusions;114
8;Suggestions for Future Work;117
9;References;118
10;Appendix A;131
11;Appendix B;132
12;Appendix C;133
13;Appendix D;135
14;Appendix E;139
15;Annexe A;142