Littke / Bayer / Gajewski Dynamics of Complex Intracontinental Basins

The Central European Basin System
1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-3-540-85085-4
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 528 Seiten

Sedimentary basins host, among others, most of our energy and fresh-water resources: they can be regarded as large geo-reactors in which many physical and chemical processes interact. Their complexity can only be well understood in well-organized interdisciplinary co-operations. This book documents how researchers from different geo-scientific disciplines have jointly analysed the structural, thermal, and sedimentary evolution as well as fluid dynamics of a complex sedimentary basin system which has experienced a variety of activation and reactivation impulses as well as intense salt tectonics. In this book we have summarized our geological, geophysical and geochemical understanding of some of the most important processes affecting sedimentary basins in general and our view on the evolution of one of the largest, best explored and most complex continental sedimentary basins on Earth: The Central European Basin System.

R. Littke focuses on petroleum and gas geology and geochemistry, basin modelling, coal geology and environmental geochemistry. He holds a Professorship in Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal at RWTH Aachen University and is coordinator of the German priority research programme 'Dynamics of Sedimentary Basins under varying Stress Regimes (DFG SPP 1135)' and member of the Academy of Science of North Rhine-Westphalia. U. Bayer works on basin analysis and modelling with focus on the integration of geological and geophysical concepts as well as coupled fluid, heat and mass transfer. He is currently working at the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam and holds a professorship at the Freie Universität Berlin. He is co-coordinator of the DFG SPP 1135. D. Gajewski is interested in reflection seismic processing and imaging, seismic anisotropy, and ray methods. He currently holds the chair of Applied Seismics at the University of Hamburg, Germany. He is a member of the steering committee for the Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam (GIPP), the director of the Wave Inversion Technology (WIT) consortium and co-coordinator of the DFG SPP 1135. S. Nelskamp is interested in basin modelling and petroleum and gas geology. She is currently working on her Ph.D. thesis on basin modelling in the Netherlands at the RWTH Aachen University and is doing coordination work for the DFG SPP 1135.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Littke, Ralf

Bayer, Ulf

Gajewski, Dirk

Nelskamp, Susanne

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;8
3;Abbreviations;12
4;Authors;15
5;Editors;20
6;Chapter 1 Characteristics of complexintracontinental sedimentary basins;22
6.1;Characteristics of complex intracontinentalsedimentary basins;23
6.2;1.1 Introduction;23
6.3;1.2 Classifications of basincomplexity;23
6.3.1;1.2.1 Tectonic processes –The plate tectonics approach;23
6.3.2;1.2.2 Crustal association–The strain localization approach;26
6.3.3;1.2.3 Sedimentary systems –The sedimentology approach;28
6.3.4;1.2.4 Fluid and mineral inventory –The diagenetic and/or petroleumsystem approach;29
6.4;1.3 Summary;32
7;Chapter 2 The Central European Basin System –an Overview;34
7.1;The Central European Basin System –an Overview;35
7.2;2.1 Introduction;35
7.3;2.2 Crustal association;37
7.4;2.3 Permian Basin formation andsubsequent subsidence;40
7.5;2.4 Subsequent formation ofsub-basins;43
7.6;2.5 Sedimentary history;44
7.7;2.6 Fluids within the CEBS;48
7.8;2.7. The CEBS – prototypeof a complex sedimentary basin;52
8;Chapter 3 Strain and temperature in space and time;53
8.1;Driving mechanisms for basin formationand evolution;54
8.1.1;3.1.1 Driving mechanisms for basinevolution;54
8.1.2;3.1.2 Kinematic models for basinformation;54
8.1.2.1;3.1.2.1 Purely thermal models;54
8.1.2.2;3.1.2.2 McKenzie’s kinematic model;55
8.1.2.3;3.1.2.3 Limitations of the McKenzie’smodel and correspondingimplementations;58
8.1.2.4;3.1.2.4 Non-uniform stretching models:discontinuous and continuousstretching with depth;59
8.1.2.5;3.1.2.5 Simple shear model of Wernicke;61
8.1.2.6;3.1.2.6 Asymmetrical stretching of thecrust;63
8.1.2.7;3.1.2.7 The role of intra-plate stresses:uplift and basin formation incompression;64
8.1.3;3.1.3 Rheological models;67
8.1.3.1;3.1.3.1 The role of rheology on the modesof continental deformation;67
8.1.3.2;3.1.3.2 Limitations of a kinematicapproach to continental deformation;70
8.1.3.3;3.1.3.3 Dynamic models forbasin formation and evolution;71
8.1.4;3.1.4 Modelling complex basins;83
8.2;Crustal structures and propertiesin the Central European Basin systemfrom geophysical evidence;84
8.2.1;3.2.1 Introduction;84
8.2.2;3.2.2 Structural inventory andphysical properties fromseismic observations;85
8.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 Overview;85
8.2.2.2;3.2.2.2 Detailed structural architecture andtectonic history from reflectionseismics;85
8.2.2.3;3.2.2.3 Crustal properties observed byseismic refractions and wide-anglereflections;96
8.2.2.4;3.2.2.4 Lithospheric features fromteleseismic investigations:Tomography and receiver functions;98
8.2.3;3.2.3 Conductive layers and bodiesfrom magnetotelluricobservations;99
8.2.4;3.2.4 Rock properties and densitystructure from potentialfield investigations;102
8.2.5;3.2.5 Summary;111
8.3;Strain and Stress;113
8.3.1;3.3.1 Introduction;113
8.3.2;3.3.2 Structural framework of theCEBS;118
8.3.3;3.3.3 Structural analysisand quantification of strain;121
8.3.3.1;3.3.3.1 Reactivation of extensionalstructures: detailed 3D studyaround the western Allertal faultzone;123
8.3.3.2;3.3.3.2 Large basement reverse faults andassociated thin-skinned thrusting:the Flechtingen High and HarzMountains;125
8.3.4;3.3.4 Stress history;132
8.3.4.1;3.3.4.1 Palaeostress analysis fromoutcrop and seismic data;132
8.3.4.2;3.3.4.2 Neotectonics, seismicity andpresent-day stress state;135
8.3.5;3.3.5 The CEBS´s structural evolution;137
8.4;Subsidence, inversion and evolution of thethermal field;141
8.4.1;3.4.1 Introduction;141
8.4.2;3.4.2 The CEBS as exampleof regional subsidence models;141
8.4.2.1;3.4.2.1 Late Carboniferous-Early Permian;142
8.4.2.2;3.4.2.2 Late Permian to Early Cretaceous;144
8.4.2.3;3.4.2.3 Late Cretaceous;146
8.4.2.4;3.4.2.4 Cenozoic;148
8.4.2.5;3.4.2.5 Summary;148
8.4.3;3.4.3 Temperature in sedimentarybasins;149
8.4.4;3.4.4 Maturity and temperature parametersin sedimentary basins;153
8.4.5;3.4.5 Variability of palaeotemperaturefields in the Central EuropeanBasin System;157
9;Chapter 4 Basin fill;170
9.1;Depositional history and sedimentarycycles in the Central European Basin System;171
9.1.1;4.1.1 Palaeoclimate, Palaeogeography,and Palaeoenvironment;171
9.1.2;4.1.2 Sedimentary cycles;175
9.1.2.1;4.1.2.1 Depositional cycle 1:Altmark (latest Carboniferous toEarly Permian);176
9.1.2.2;4.1.2.2 Depositional cycle 2:Müritz (Early Permian);176
9.1.2.3;4.1.2.3 Depositional cycle 3:Havel (Middle Permian);176
9.1.2.4;4.1.2.4 Depositional cycle 4: Elbe, Zechstein,Lower and Middle Buntsandsteinparts (Late Permian toEarly Triassic);177
9.1.2.5;4.1.2.5 Depositional cycle 5: Middle Buntsandsteinpart (Early Triassic) toMiddle Keuper part (Carnian;178
9.1.2.6;4.1.2.6 Depositional cycle 6:Middle Keuper (Norian) to Dogger(Bajocian);180
9.1.2.7;4.1.2.7 Depositional cycle 7:Dogger (Bajocian) to LowerCretaceous (Berriasian);181
9.1.2.8;4.1.2.8 Depositional cycle 8: Cretaceous;181
9.1.2.9;4.1.2.9 Depositional cycle 9:Tertiary (Palaeogene, Neogene);182
9.1.3;4.1.3 Provenance of sediments in theCentral European Basin;183
9.2;Basin initiation: Volcanism and sedimentation;187
9.2.1;4.2.1 Late Palaeozoic basinsin central Europe –distribution, volcanic activityand magmagenetic aspects;187
9.2.2;4.2.2 Data base, distributionand volumes of Late Palaeozoicvolcanics in the CEBS;187
9.2.3;4.2.3 Stratigraphy and geochronologyof volcanic successions in theSPB;189
9.2.4;4.2.4 Volcanic facies in the SPB;190
9.2.5;4.2.5 Syn- to postvolcanic sedimentationduring the Lower Rotliegendand Upper Rotliegend I;192
9.2.6;4.2.6 Landscape evolution during theinitial phase of the SPB;193
9.3;Upper Rotliegend to Early Cretaceous basindevelopment;195
9.3.1;4.3.1 Introduction;195
9.3.2;4.3.2 Upper Rotliegend II;196
9.3.3;4.3.3 Zechstein;199
9.3.4;4.3.4 Buntsandstein;202
9.3.5;4.3.5 Muschelkalk;205
9.3.6;4.3.6 Keuper;208
9.3.7;4.3.7 Jurassic;213
9.3.8;4.3.8 Early Cretaceous;221
9.4;Sedimentation during basin inversion;225
9.4.1;4.4.1 Introduction;225
9.4.2;4.4.2 Basin Formation;225
9.4.2.1;4.4.2.1 Flexural marginal troughs;226
9.4.2.2;4.4.2.2 Flexural (thrust load) basins;226
9.4.2.3;4.4.2.3 Half ramp (piggy back) basins;226
9.4.2.4;4.4.2.4 Basins due to basement folding;227
9.4.2.5;4.4.2.5 Rim synclines and collapse basins;228
9.4.3;4.4.3 Effects of basin inversion ondeposition;229
9.4.3.1;4.4.3.1 General remarks;229
9.4.3.2;4.4.3.2 Swells and troughs –condensation and thicknessenhancement;230
9.4.3.3;4.4.3.3 Clastic deposition – the result ofuplift and erosion;233
9.4.3.4;4.4.3.4 Ironstones and phosphoritesaround inversion structures anddiapirs;233
9.4.4;4.4.4 Sedimentation during inversionin the Central European Basin;234
9.4.4.1;4.4.4.1 Basins related to inverted grabenstructures– the Münsterland Basin;236
9.4.4.2;4.4.4.2 Basin evolution in front of abasement thrust:The Harz example;240
9.4.5;4.4.5 The North German Basinduring the Tertiary;242
9.5;Glaciation, salt and the present landscape;247
9.5.1;4.5.1 Introduction;247
9.5.2;4.5.2 Modern topography and glacialisostasy;247
9.5.3;4.5.3 Crustal movements, seismicityand landscape formation;250
9.5.3.1;4.5.3.1 Regional and case studies;253
10;Chapter 5 Salt dynamics;260
10.1;Salt as sediment in the Central European Basinsystem as seen from a deep time perspective;261
10.1.1;5.1.1 Introduction;261
10.1.2;5.1.2 Mother brines: isochemicalsystems?;263
10.1.3;5.1.3 Evaporite sedimentsand climate;267
10.1.4;5.1.4 Evaporites volumesin deep time;271
10.1.5;5.1.5 Evaporite volumes & tectonics?;274
10.1.6;5.1.6 Episodic halokinesis;279
10.2;Flow and Transport Properties of Salt Rocks;289
10.2.1;5.2.1 Introduction;289
10.2.2;5.2.2 Physical propertiesof evaporites;290
10.2.3;5.2.3 Deformation mechanismsand rheology of halite inexperiments;290
10.2.3.1;5.2.3.1 Deformation mechanisms andassociated processes;290
10.2.3.2;5.2.3.2 Rheological behaviour –“flow laws”;293
10.2.4;5.2.4 Deformation mechanismsand rheology of carnallite andbischofite;296
10.2.5;5.2.5 Natural laboratories;296
10.2.5.1;5.2.5.1 Evidence for diffuse dilatancy andfluid flow in rock salt in the deepsubsurface;298
10.2.5.2;5.2.5.2 Fluid Flow in Fractures:A case study of the Neuhof MineGermany;299
10.2.5.3;5.2.5.3 Deformation mechanisms inweakly deformed bedded salt inHengelo, the Netherlands;299
10.2.5.4;5.2.5.4 Deformation mechanisms in saltdomes;300
10.2.5.5;5.2.5.5 Salt glaciers;301
10.2.6;5.2.6 Discussion and outlook;301
10.3;Dynamics of salt structures;303
10.3.1;5.3.1 Introduction;303
10.3.2;5.3.2 Concepts of salt tectonics;304
10.3.3;5.3.3 Salt geometries and kinematics– a case study;305
10.3.3.1;5.3.3.1 Subsurface geometries fromseismic interpretation;305
10.3.3.2;5.3.3.2 Salt tectonic evolution basedon retro-deformation;309
10.3.3.3;5.3.3.3 First phase of salt movement:Zechstein to Middle Keuper;309
10.3.3.4;5.3.3.4 Second phase of salt movement:Middle Keuper to Top Jurassic;311
10.3.3.5;5.3.3.5 Third phase of salt movement:Early Cretaceous to recent;313
10.3.4;5.3.4 Salt sediment interaction;313
10.3.5;5.3.5 Multiphase salt dynamics in theCEBS;316
10.4;Dynamics of salt basins;319
10.4.1;5.4.1 Introduction;319
10.4.2;5.4.2 Regional pattern of saltstructures in the CEBS;320
10.4.3;5.4.3 History of salt movementsin the CEBS;321
10.4.3.1;5.4.3.1 Salt movements in relationto Mid-Late Triassic regionalextension;322
10.4.3.2;5.4.3.2 The salt during Jurassic-EarlyCretaceous basin differentiation;324
10.4.3.3;5.4.3.3 Salt movements during LateCretaceous-Early Tertiarycompression;325
10.4.3.4;5.4.3.4 Salt movements in relation toLate Tertiary regional extension;327
10.4.4;5.4.4 Case Study Glückstadt Graben;327
10.4.4.1;5.4.4.1 Structural features of theGlückstadt Graben;327
10.4.4.2;5.4.4.2 3D reconstruction ofsalt movements;328
10.4.4.3;5.4.4.3 Salt movements in relation totectonic events;330
10.4.5;5.4.5 Case Study NE German Basin;330
10.4.6;5.4.6. Case Study SW Baltic Sea;332
10.4.7;5.4.7 General findings forsalt-containingintra-continental basins;333
10.5;Temperature fields, petroleum maturationand fluid flow in the vicinity of salt domes;335
10.5.1;5.5.1 Introduction;335
10.5.2;5.5.2 Impact of salt structures ontemperature field and oilmaturation;335
10.5.2.1;5.5.2.1 General Concept;335
10.5.2.2;5.5.2.2 The example of the Büsum saltdiapir;336
10.5.3;5.5.3 Fluid flow in salt;340
10.5.4;5.5.4 Impact of salt structures ongroundwater transportprocesses within sedimentarybasins;342
10.5.5;5.5.4.1 Brief description of driving forcesin large-scale groundwater flowsystems;342
10.5.6;5.5.4.2 Example: Gulf Coast region of theUnited States;348
10.5.7;5.5.4.3 Numerical example of thermallyinducedflow in relation to saltdome environment (includingchemical observations):the N-E German Basin;349
11;Chapter 6 Fluid systems;357
11.1;Fluids in sedimentary basins: an overview;358
11.1.1;6.1.1 Relevance of geofluids;358
11.1.2;6.1.2 Definitions;358
11.1.3;6.1.3 Subsurface aqueous fluids;359
11.1.3.1;6.1.3.1 Introduction;359
11.1.3.2;6.1.3.2 Types of fluids;360
11.1.3.3;6.1.3.3 Present-day fluids in the NGB;362
11.1.4;6.1.4 Petroleum fluids;370
11.2;Transport processes;377
11.2.1;6.2.1 Introduction;377
11.2.2;6.2.2 Physical mechanismsand concepts;377
11.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 Overview;377
11.2.2.2;6.2.2.2 Porosity;379
11.2.2.3;6.2.2.3 Permeability;379
11.2.2.4;6.2.2.4 Permeability-porosityrelationships;380
11.2.3;6.2.3 Fault seals and top seals;382
11.2.3.1;6.2.3.1 Overview;382
11.2.3.2;6.2.3.2 Micro- and macroscale processes;382
11.2.3.3;6.2.3.3 Application to fluid-rock systems;383
11.2.3.4;6.2.3.4 (Hydro) fractured seal;390
11.2.3.5;6.2.3.5 Brittle and Ductile Seals;390
11.2.3.6;6.2.3.6 Fault Seals;391
11.2.3.7;6.2.3.7 Numerical modelling of petroleumflow;393
11.2.4;6.2.4 Geological aspects of fluidtransport;396
11.2.4.1;6.2.4.1 Fluid flow regimes;396
11.3;Fluid-rock interactions;399
11.3.1;6.3.1 Introduction;399
11.3.2;6.3.2 Evolution of deep brines;399
11.3.2.1;6.3.2.1 Origin of saline brines;399
11.3.2.2;6.3.2.2 Fluid-rock interactions modifyingthe composition of brines;400
11.3.3;6.3.3 Palaeo-fluid reconstruction;401
11.3.3.1;6.3.3.1 Methods of palaeo-fluidreconstruction;401
11.3.3.2;6.3.3.2 Synthesis of fluid evolution in thePermian Rotliegend of the NorthGerman Basin;409
11.3.4;6.3.4 Organic-inorganic interactions;411
11.3.5;6.3.5 Modelling fluid-rock interactions;414
11.3.6;6.3.6 Geological applications;418
11.4;Petroleum systems;421
11.4.1;6.4.1 Concepts of petroleum systemmodelling;421
11.4.2;6.4.2 Petroleum Source Rocks;423
11.4.3;6.4.3 Shallow and microbial gas;428
11.4.4;6.4.4 Sources of deep gas;432
11.4.5;6.4.5 Petroleum alteration -biodegradation;435
11.4.6;6.4.6 Overpressured reservoirs;438
11.4.7;6.4.7 Effects of glaciation onpetroleum systems;440
11.5;Origin and distribution of non-hydrocarbongases;443
11.5.1;6.5.1 Introduction;443
11.5.2;6.5.2 Nitrogen;443
11.5.2.1;6.5.2.1 Nitrogen geochemistry and thenitrogen cycle;444
11.5.2.2;6.5.2.2 Nitrogen in the NGB;446
11.5.2.3;6.5.2.3 Mechanisms and conditions ofnitrogen release;448
11.5.2.4;6.5.2.4 Summary;453
11.5.3;6.5.3 Carbon dioxide;453
11.5.3.1;6.5.3.1 CO2–rich natural gases in theCEBS;454
11.5.3.2;6.5.3.2 Origins of CO2 in Ca2 reservoirrocks;456
11.5.3.3;6.5.3.3 Summary;457
11.5.4;6.5.4 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S);457
11.5.4.1;6.5.4.1 Overview;457
11.5.4.2;6.5.4.2 Microbial and thermochemicalsulfate reduction;457
11.5.4.3;6.5.4.3 Important reaction steps;459
11.5.4.4;6.5.4.4 Common Products in NaturalEnvironments;461
11.5.4.5;6.5.4.5 Temperature ranges and reactionkinetics of BSR and TSR;462
11.5.4.6;6.5.4.6 Heat released;465
11.5.4.7;6.5.4.7 Distinguishing between BSR andTSR;466
11.5.4.8;6.5.4.8 H2S-rich gases in theNorth German Basin;466
11.5.5;6.5.5 Evidence from vein mineralisationand fluid inclusions;467
12;References;469
13;Subject Index;516