Litvan Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders

Clinical and Research Aspects
1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-1-59259-834-2
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 512 Seiten

Reihe: Current Clinical Neurology

A comprehensive review of what is known not only about the cause and treatment of atypical parksonian disorders, but also the issues that clinicians, researchers, patients, and caregivers face in dealing with them. The authors cover the basic science (history, epidemiology, genetics, pathology, nosology, computer modeling, and animal models), detailed clinical and laboratory assessments, and available diagnostic tools, including neuropsychiatric, neurologic, neuropsychologic, speech, electrophysiologic, and imaging evaluations. Current and future therapeutic approaches are also detailed, along with extensive discussions about future research directions.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Litvan, Irene

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Series Editor’s Introduction;6
2;Foreword;7
3;Preface;10
4;Contents;12
5;Contributors;14
6;Companion DVD;17
7;What is an Atypical Parkinsonian Disorder?;18
7.1;INTRODUCTION;18
7.2;CLASSIFICATION OF ATYPICAL PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS;22
7.3;LEGEND TO VIDEOTAPE;23
7.4;REFERENCES;24
8;Historical Issues and Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders;27
8.1;INTRODUCTION;27
8.2;EARLY CONCEPTS OF ATYPICAL PARKINSON’S DISEASE;28
8.3;HISTORICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF ATYPICAL PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS;31
8.4;FUTURE PERSPECTIVES;36
8.5;REFERENCES;36
9;Epidemiology of Progessive Supranuclear Palsy and Multiple System Atrophy;38
9.1;INTRODUCTION;38
9.2;THE PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF PSP AND MSA;38
9.3;RISK FACTORS FOR PSP AND MSA;41
9.4;CONCLUSIONS;45
9.5;FUTURE DIRECTIONS;45
9.6;REFERENCES;46
10;Neuropathology of Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders;47
10.1;INTRODUCTION;47
10.2;IDIOPATHIC PARKINSON’S DISEASE;47
10.3;DEMENTIA WITH LEWY BODIES;50
10.4;THE SPECTRUM OF LB DISORDERS;51
10.5;FAMILIAL PARKINSON’S DISEASE;53
10.6;MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY;53
10.7;CORTICOBASAL DEGENERATION;55
10.8;PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY;58
10.9;FTDP- 17T;60
10.10;ALS/PARKINSONISM DEMENTIA COMPLEX OF GUAM;61
10.11;OTHER NEURODEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS;61
10.12;POSTENCEPHALITIC PARKINSONISM;65
10.13;VASCULAR PARKINSONISM;66
10.14;POSTTRAUMATIC PARKINSONISM;66
10.15;MPTP INTOXICATION;66
10.16;WILSON’S DISEASE;68
10.17;CONCLUSION;68
10.18;FUTURE RESEARCH;68
10.19;MAJOR POINTS;68
10.20;REFERENCES;70
11;Animal Models of Tauopathies;78
11.1;INTRODUCTION;78
11.2;MICE EXPRESSING TRANSGENES THAT ALTER TAU KINASE OR PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY;78
11.3;TRANSGENIC MICE EXPRESSING WILD-TYPE TAU TRANSGENES;80
11.4;TRANSGENIC MICE EXPRESSING FTDP-17-ASSOCIATED P301L MUTANT TAU TRANSGENES;82
11.5;TRANSGENIC MICE EXPRESSING OTHER FTDP-17-ASSOCIATED MUTANT TAU TRANSGENES;84
11.6;OTHER ANIMAL MODELS OF TAU DYSFUNCTION;85
11.7;CONCLUSION;85
11.8;REFERENCES;87
12;Neurodegenerative a-Synucleinopathies;90
12.1;INTRODUCTION;90
12.2;THE SYNUCLEIN FAMILY;90
12.3;LEWY BODY DISEASES ;92
12.4;MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY;96
12.5;SYNTHETIC a-SYNUCLEIN FILAMENTS;98
12.6;CONCLUSION;102
12.7;REFERENCES;103
13;Computer Modeling in Basal Ganglia Disorders;108
13.1;1. INTRODUCTION;108
13.2;MODELING STUDIES;110
13.3;CONCLUSIONS;117
13.4;FUTURE DIRECTIONS;119
13.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;119
13.6;FIGURES (.EPS AND HIGH-QUALITY .JPEG);119
13.7;MEDIA (MPEG) ;119
13.8;REFERENCES;120
14;Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders;123
14.1;INTRODUCTION;123
14.2;SYNUCLEINOPATHY: IPD AND DLB—MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY ;127
14.3;THE TAUOPATHIES ;132
14.4;OTHERS CAUSES;142
14.5;FUTURE DIRECTIONS;142
14.6;REFERENCES;142
15;Genetics of Atypical Parkinsonism;151
15.1;INTRODUCTION;151
15.2;SYNUCLEINOPATHIES: PARKINSONISM RELATED TO a-SYNUCLEIN AGGREGATION;152
15.3;TAU-RELATED DISORDERS;157
15.4;TAUOPATHIES, SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, AND BEYOND;159
15.5;OTHER GENETIC DISEASES OCCASIONALLY PRESENTING WITH ATYPICAL PARKINSONISM ;160
15.6;CONCLUSIONS: IMPACT OF GENETICS ON NOSOLOGY;162
15.7;FUTURE RESEARCH;162
15.8;REFERENCE;162
16;Medical History and Physical Examination in Parkinsonian Syndromes;167
16.1;PARKINSONISM;167
16.2;FRONTAL SYNDROME ;169
16.3;EYE MOVEMENTS ;170
16.4;DYSAUTONOMIA;171
16.5;HALLUCINATIONS;171
16.6;MOVEMENT DISORDERS ;171
16.7;CONCLUSION: EXAMINATION AT A GLANCE;172
16.8;VIDEO LEGENDS;173
16.9;REFERENCES;173
17;Role of Neuropsychiatric Assessment in Diagnosis and Research;175
17.1;INTRODUCTION;175
17.2;DEFINITION AND IDENTIFICATION OF KEY NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS;176
17.3;MEASURING PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS;177
17.4;THE NEUROPSYCHIATRY OF THE BASAL GANGLIA;177
17.5;EPIDEMIOLOGY AND IMPLICATIONS OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC FEATURES IN PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS;178
17.6;THE ROLE OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC ASSESSMENT IN DIAGNOSIS OF PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS ;179
17.7;NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE;180
17.8;PSYCHIATRIC ASPECTS OF DEMENTIA WITH LEWY BODIES;182
17.9;NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS IN PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY;183
17.10;NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS IN CORTICOBASAL DEGENERATION;184
17.11;NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS IN MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY;186
17.12;MANAGEMENT OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS ;187
17.13;PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF DLB;189
17.14;TREATMENT OF PSP, CBD, AND MSA;190
17.15;FUTURE RESEARCH ISSUES;190
17.16;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;190
17.17;REFERENCES;190
18;Added Value of the Neuropsychological Evaluation for Diagnosis and Research of Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders;196
18.1;INTRODUCTION;196
18.2;WHAT ARE THE COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGES CURRENTLY ENCOUNTERED IN PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS?;197
18.3;WHICH NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PATTERN CHARACTERIZES EACH OF THE MAIN PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS?;198
18.4;CONCLUSION;203
18.5;RESEARCH TO BE DONE TO AMELIORATE THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF ATYPICAL PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS;203
18.6;REFERENCES;204
19;Role of Praxis in Diagnosis and Assessment;207
19.1;INTRODUCTION;207
19.2;ASSESSMENT OF LIMB PRAXIS;208
19.3;TYPES OF LIMB APRAXIA;211
19.4;DISTRIBUTION OF THE APRAXIAS IN OTHER BODY PARTS;214
19.5;THE NATURE OF APRAXIA IN ATYPICAL PARKINSONISMS;214
19.6;APRAXIA IN OTHER ATYPICAL PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS;216
19.7;CONCLUSION;217
19.8;SOME AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH IN LIMB PRAXIS;218
19.9;LEGENDS TO VIDEO;218
19.10;REFERENCES;218
20;Role of Visuospatial Cognition Assessment in the Diagnosis and Research of Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders;222
20.1;INTRODUCTION;222
20.2;CLASSIFICATION OF VISUOSPATIAL DISORDERS;222
20.3;VISUOSPATIAL DISORDERS IN PARKINSON DISEASE;229
20.4;PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY;230
20.5;CORTICOBASAL DEGENERATION;232
20.6;DIFFUSE LEWY BODY DISEASE;234
20.7;MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY;234
20.8;CONCLUSION;235
20.9;SPECIFIC ISSUES THAT CAN BE ADDRESSED BY FUTURE RESEARCH OF VISUOSPATIAL COGNITION IN PARKINSON DISEASE AND IN ATYPICAL PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS;236
20.10;REFERENCES;236
21;Role of Ocular Motor Assessment in Diagnosis and Research;243
21.1;INTRODUCTION;243
21.2;CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF EYE MOVEMENTS IN PARKINSONISM;243
21.3;A NOTE ON LABORATORY METHODS FOR STUDYING EYE MOVEMENTS IN PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS;244
21.4;IDIOPATHIC PARKINSON’S DISEASE (TABLE 2) ;248
21.5;PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY ;250
21.6;EYE MOVEMENTS IN OTHER DISORDERS CAUSING PARKINSONIAN SYNDROMES: DIFFERENTIATION FROM PSP ( TABLE 3);251
21.7;DRUG-INDUCED PARKINSONISM AND OCULOGYRIC CRISIS;253
21.8;HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE ;253
21.9;OTHER DISORDERS THAT MAY AFFECT THE BASAL GANGLION DISORDERS AND MAY HAVE ABNORMAL EYE MOVEMENTS;254
21.10;PROSPECTS FOR EYE MOVEMENTS IN PARKINSONIAN RESEARCH ( TABLE 4);255
21.11;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;256
21.12;VIDEO LEGENDS;256
21.13;REFERENCES;257
22;Characterizing and Assessing Speech and Language Disturbances;262
22.1;INTRODUCTION;262
22.2;CORTICOBASAL DEGENERATION;266
22.3;PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY;268
22.4;MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY;270
22.5;DEMENTIA WITH LEWY BODIES;272
22.6;DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH;274
22.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;276
22.8;REFERENCES;276
22.9;TEST STIMULI FOR AUDIOTAPED SAMPLES ;283
23;Quality of Life Assessment in Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders;284
23.1;INTRODUCTION;284
23.2;HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE: CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES ;284
23.3;HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE MEASURES: DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION;285
23.4;HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE ;286
23.5;THE IMPACT OF PARKINSONISM ON HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE ;289
23.6;CARER BURDEN;291
23.7;CONCLUSION;292
23.8;FUTURE RESEARCH;292
23.9;MAJOR QUESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH;292
23.10;REFERENCES;292
24;Progressive Supranuclear Palsy;294
24.1;INTRODUCTION;294
24.2;CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS;294
24.3;DIAGNOSTIC DIFFICULTIES AND DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY;299
24.4;EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASPECTS;300
24.5;NEUROPATHOLOGY;300
24.6;ETIOPATHOGENESIS;301
24.7;NOSOLOGY;304
24.8;LABORATORY;304
24.9;MANAGEMENT ;307
24.10;CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS;309
24.11;LEGEND TO VIDEOTAPE;310
24.12;FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS FOR PSP;310
24.13;REFERENCES;310
25;Corticobasal Degeneration;316
25.1;INTRODUCTION;316
25.2;NOMENCLATURE;316
25.3;DEMOGRAPHICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY;317
25.4;CLINICAL FEATURES OF THE CORTICOBASAL SYNDROME;317
25.5;DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA;320
25.6;FINDINGS ON ANCILLARY TESTING;320
25.7;NEUROPATHOLOGIC FINDINGS;324
25.8;CLINICAL FEATURES OF CORTICOBASAL DEGENERATION: THE DISEASE;331
25.9;CLINICOPATHOLOGIC HETEROGENEITY;334
25.10;DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY;335
25.11;PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;336
25.12;MANAGEMENT;336
25.13;FUTURE DIRECTIONS;337
25.14;MAJOR ISSUES TO BE STUDIED IN THE FUTURE:;337
25.15;WEBSITES;338
25.16;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;338
25.17;REFERENCES;338
26;Multiple System Atrophy;342
26.1;INTRODUCTION;342
26.2;EPIDEMIOLOGY ;343
26.3;CLINICAL DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA;343
26.4;ONSET AND PROGRESSION;344
26.5;INVESTIGATIONS;346
26.6;IMAGING ;349
26.7;NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES;351
26.8;PATHOLOGY;352
26.9;ANIMAL MODELS;355
26.10;TREATMENT ;356
26.11;LEGEND FOR THE VIDEO;359
26.12;MAJOR RESEARCH ISSUES IN MSA;359
26.13;REFERENCES;359
27;Clinical Diagnosis of Dementia With Lewy Bodies;368
27.1;INTRODUCTION;368
27.2;CLINICAL FEATURES OF DEMENTIA WITH LEWY BODIES;368
27.3;DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS;372
27.4;INVESTIGATION;373
27.5;MANAGEMENT ;375
27.6;CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS;377
27.7;LEGEND TO VIDEOTAPE;378
27.8;REFERENCES;378
28;Clinical Diagnosis of Familial Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders;381
28.1;INTRODUCTION;381
28.2;CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF FAMILIAL ATYPICAL PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS ;381
28.3;GENETIC TESTING FOR ATYPICAL PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS;394
28.4;SUMMARY;394
28.5;DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH;395
28.6;REFERENCES;395
29;Clinical Diagnosis of Vascular Parkinsonism and Nondegenerative Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders;399
29.1;VASCULAR PARKINSONISM;399
29.2;PARKINSONISM OWING TO TOXIN EXPOSURE;402
29.3;INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF PARKINSONISM ;404
29.4;METABOLIC CAUSES OF PARKINSONISM;405
29.5;POSTANOXIC PARKINSONISM;405
29.6;DRUG-INDUCED PARKINSONISM;405
29.7;PERIPHERALLY INDUCED TREMOR AND PARKINSONISM;406
29.8;REVERSIBLE PARKINSONISM IN CHILDHOOD;406
29.9;DEVELOPMENTAL FORMS OF PARKINSONISM;406
29.10;HEMIPARKINSONISM-HEMIATROPHY;407
29.11;STRUCTURAL LESIONS CAUSING PARKINSONISM;409
29.12;OTHER UNUSUAL CAUSES OF SECONDARY PARKINSONISM;410
29.13;MAJOR RESEARCH ISSUES;410
29.14;FUTURE DIRECTIONS;410
29.15;LEGEND TO VIDEOTAPE;411
29.16;REFERENCES;411
30;Role of Electrophysiology in Diagnosis and Research in Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders;415
30.1;INTRODUCTION;415
30.2;NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATE OF PARKINSONISM;416
30.3;NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF ATYPICAL PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS;418
30.4;NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS MOST USEFUL FOR DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS IN PATIENTSWITH APD;428
30.5;FURTHER RESEARCH IN NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF APD;429
30.6;LEGENDS FOR THE VIDEO SEGMENTS;430
30.7;REFERENCES;431
31;Role of CT and MRI in Diagnosis and Research;436
31.1;INTRODUCTION;436
31.2;PARKINSON’S DISEASE;436
31.3;MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY;437
31.4;PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY;442
31.5;CORTICOBASAL DEGENERATION;445
31.6;DEMENTIA WITH LEWY BODIES;447
31.7;VASCULAR PARKINSONISM;448
31.8;TOXIC AND METABOLIC PARKINSONISM;448
31.9;PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH;448
31.10;PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE MR RESEARCH;452
31.11;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;452
31.12;REFERENCES;452
32;Role of Functional Magnetic Neuroimaging in Diagnosis and Research;456
32.1;INTRODUCTION;456
32.2;FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING;456
32.3;MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY;457
32.4;DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING;459
32.5;MRI-BASED MORPHOMETRY;460
32.6;FUTURE DIRECTIONS;461
32.7;ROLE OF FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN DIAGNOSIS AND RESEARCH OF ATYPICAL PARKINSONIAN SYNDROMES;461
32.8;REFERENCES;462
33;PET and SPECT Imaging in Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders;464
33.1;INTRODUCTION;464
33.2;MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY;465
33.3;PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY ;468
33.4;CORTICOBASAL DEGENERATION ;470
33.5;DEMENTIA WITH LEWY BODIES ;471
33.6;CONCLUSIONS;472
33.7;SUMMARY/ OUTLOOK;473
33.8;REFERENCES;473
34;Current and Future Therapeutic Approaches;477
34.1;INTRODUCTION;477
34.2;PARKINSONISM AND MOVEMENT DISORDERS ;478
34.3;AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION;481
34.4;COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION ;482
34.5;BEHAVIORAL DYSFUNCTION ;482
34.6;FUTURE;483
34.7;REFERENCES;484
35;Rehabilitation of Patients With Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders;489
35.1;INTRODUCTION;489
35.2;A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK;489
35.3;EFFICACY OF REHABILITATION;490
35.4;DIRECTING REHABILITATION APPROACHES;492
35.5;OVERVIEW OF A MOVEMENT DISORDERS REHABILITATION PROGRAM;493
35.6;CASE STUDY;495
35.7;CONCLUSION;497
35.8;FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS FOR REHABILITATION OF PATIENTS WITH APDS;497
35.9;VIDEO LEGENDS;497
35.10;REFERENCES;498
36;Atypical Parkinsonism;499
36.1;REFERENCES;503
37;Index;506