Liu Ultra-High Voltage AC/DC Grids

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-802360-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 758 Seiten

The UHV transmission has many advantages for new power networks due to its capacity, long distance potential, high efficiency, and low loss. Development of UHV transmission technology is led by infrastructure development and renewal, as well as smart grid developments, which can use UHV power networks as the transmission backbone for hydropower, coal, nuclear power and large renewable energy bases. Over the years, State Grid Corporation of China has developed a leading position in UHV core technology R&D, equipment development, plus construction experience, standards development and operational management. SGCC built the most advanced technology 'two AC and two DC' UHV projects with the highest voltage-class and largest transmission capacity in the world, with a cumulative power transmission of 10TWh. This book comprehensively summarizes the research achievement, theoretical innovation and engineering practice in UHV power grid construction in China since 2005. It covers the key technology and parameters used in the design of the UHV transmission network, shows readers the technical problems State Grid encountered during the construction, and the solution they come up with. It also introduces key technology like UHV series compensation, DC converter valve, and the systematic standards and norms. - Discusses technical characteristics and advantages of using of AC/DC transmission system - Includes applications and technical standards of UHV technologies - Provides insight and case studies into a technology area that is developing worldwide - Introduces the technical difficulties encountered in design and construction phase and provides solutions

Autoren/Hrsg.

Liu, Zhenya

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Ultra-High Voltage AC/DC Grids;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;6
5;Preface;16
6;1 Grid Development and Voltage Upgrade;22
6.1;1.1 Grid Development and Interconnection;22
6.1.1;1.1.1 Basic Concepts of Grid;22
6.1.2;1.1.2 History of Grid Development;25
6.1.3;1.1.3 Status of Grid Interconnection;29
6.1.4;1.1.4 Grid Development Trend;31
6.1.4.1;1.1.4.1 Continually enhancing capabilities of the grid for optimal allocation of energy resources;31
6.1.4.2;1.1.4.2 Continuous improvement in system security and reliability;33
6.1.4.3;1.1.4.3 Future grid development;34
6.2;1.2 Driver for UHV Transmission Development and Its History;37
6.2.1;1.2.1 Drivers for Developing UHV Transmission;37
6.2.1.1;1.2.1.1 Meeting the requirement for bulk, long-distance, and efficient delivery of power;37
6.2.1.2;1.2.1.2 Protecting environment;38
6.2.1.3;1.2.1.3 Improving operational security of grids and their overall social benefits;39
6.2.1.4;1.2.1.4 Enhancing capabilities for energy delivery;40
6.2.2;1.2.2 History of UHV Development Worldwide;41
6.2.3;1.2.3 Innovations and Practices in China’s UHV Transmission;44
6.2.3.1;1.2.3.1 Development of UHV AC transmission;44
6.2.3.2;1.2.3.2 Development of UHV DC transmission;45
6.3;1.3 Hybrid UHV AC and UHV DC Grid;48
6.3.1;1.3.1 Features of AC and DC Transmission Technologies;48
6.3.2;1.3.2 Features of Hybrid UHV AC and UHV DC Grids;49
6.3.3;1.3.3 Basic Principles for Selecting UHV Voltage Classes;50
6.4;References;54
7;2 Characteristics of UHV AC Transmission System;56
7.1;2.1 Parameters of UHV AC Transmission Lines;57
7.1.1;2.1.1 Unit Length Parameters of Transmission Line;57
7.1.1.1;2.1.1.1 Reactance of unit length symmetrically arranged conductor bundle;57
7.1.1.2;2.1.1.2 Susceptance per unit length of symmetrically arranged conductor bundles;59
7.1.1.3;2.1.1.3 Resistance per unit length of a conductor bundle;63
7.1.2;2.1.2 Impacts of Bundle Configuration of Conductors on Inductive and Capacitive Reactance of Lines;64
7.1.3;2.1.3 Comparison of Parameters Between EHV/UHV AC Transmission Lines;64
7.1.4;2.1.4 Equivalent Circuit of UHV AC Transmission Line;65
7.2;2.2 Transmission Characteristics of UHV AC Transmission Lines;69
7.2.1;2.2.1 Surge Impedance Load;69
7.2.2;2.2.2 Transmission of Active and Reactive Power;72
7.2.3;2.2.3 Power Loss and Voltage Decline;74
7.2.4;2.2.4 Power–Voltage Characteristics;77
7.3;2.3 Calculation Methods for Stability and Transmission Capability of UHV AC System;81
7.3.1;2.3.1 Basic Concept of Power System Stability;81
7.3.1.1;2.3.1.1 Power angle stability;82
7.3.1.2;2.3.1.2 Voltage stability;89
7.3.1.3;2.3.1.3 Frequency stability;95
7.3.2;2.3.2 Power System Security and Stability Standard and Stability Criterion;97
7.3.3;2.3.3 Calculating Methods for Transmission Capability of the UHV AC System;99
7.4;2.4 Influence of System Parameters on Transmission Capability of the UHV AC System;103
7.4.1;2.4.1 Transformer Reactance/Line Reactance Ratio of UHV System;103
7.4.2;2.4.2 Ratio of Generator Reactance to UHV Transmission Line Reactance;104
7.4.3;2.4.3 Influence of Connection Scheme of Generators (Power Plants/Stations) on UHV Transmission Capability;106
7.4.4;2.4.4 Influence of System Parameters on Transmission Capability of UHV AC System;108
7.5;References;114
8;3 Characteristics of UHV DC Transmission System;116
8.1;3.1 Basic Principles of HVDC Transmission System;116
8.1.1;3.1.1 Basics of HVDC Conversion Technology;116
8.1.2;3.1.2 Six-Pulse Converter;117
8.1.3;3.1.3 Twelve-Pulse Converter;124
8.2;3.2 Characteristics of UHV DC Transmission System;125
8.2.1;3.2.1 System Composition;125
8.2.2;3.2.2 Operation of DC Transmission System;131
8.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 Wiring configurations;131
8.2.2.2;3.2.2.2 Direction of power flow;133
8.2.2.3;3.2.2.3 Operation at rated or reduced voltage;134
8.2.2.4;3.2.2.4 Active power control;135
8.2.2.5;3.2.2.5 Balanced and unbalanced bipolar operation;136
8.2.2.6;3.2.2.6 Reactive power control;137
8.2.3;3.2.3 Characteristics and Applications of UHV DC Transmission;139
8.2.3.1;3.2.3.1 Advantages and applications;139
8.2.3.2;3.2.3.2 Limitations and development trends of HVDC transmission technology;141
8.3;3.3 Safety, Stability, and Operation of UHV DC Transmission System;143
8.3.1;3.3.1 Role of AC Systems in Supporting UHV DC Systems;143
8.3.2;3.3.2 Connection of UHV DC Transmission Systems;144
8.3.3;3.3.3 Stability Evaluation Methods for Interconnected UHV DC–AC System;146
8.3.4;3.3.4 Interaction Between UHV DC System and AC System;151
8.4;References;153
9;4 Internal Overvoltages in UHV Grid and Their Suppression;154
9.1;4.1 Classification of Internal Overvoltages and Overvoltage Level in UHV System;155
9.2;4.2 Temporary Overvoltage and Its Suppression;157
9.2.1;4.2.1 Temporary Overvoltage Caused by Load Rejection and Its Suppression;157
9.2.1.1;4.2.1.1 Main causes of temporary overvoltage;157
9.2.1.2;4.2.1.2 Suppression of temporary overvoltage caused by load rejection;162
9.2.1.3;4.2.1.3 Duration of temporary overvoltage due to three-phase load rejection during a single-phase to ground fault;163
9.2.2;4.2.2 Resonance Overvoltage and Its Suppression;164
9.3;4.3 Secondary Arc Current and Its Suppression;170
9.3.1;4.3.1 Secondary Arc Current and Recovery Voltage;170
9.3.2;4.3.2 Suppression of Secondary Arc Current;171
9.3.3;4.3.3 Self-Extinguishing Characteristics of Secondary Arc;173
9.3.4;4.3.4 Selection of Neutral Grounding Reactor for Fixed Shunt Reactors;174
9.3.5;4.3.5 Selection of Neutral Grounding Reactor for Controllable Shunt Reactors;177
9.3.6;4.3.6 Selection of HSGS;178
9.3.7;4.3.7 Impact of Series Compensation Capacitor on Transient Secondary Arc Current;178
9.3.8;4.3.8 Impacts of Phase Sequence on Secondary Arc Current in Double-Circuit Lines;180
9.4;4.4 Switching Overvoltages and Its Suppression;181
9.4.1;4.4.1 Closing Overvoltage and Its Suppression;181
9.4.1.1;4.4.1.1 Physical process of closing overvoltage;182
9.4.1.2;4.4.1.2 Measures for suppressing closing overvoltages;184
9.4.2;4.4.2 Opening Overvoltage and Its Suppression;186
9.4.2.1;4.4.2.1 Load rejection overvoltages;186
9.4.2.2;4.4.2.2 Overvoltage after fault clearing;188
9.4.2.3;4.4.2.3 Necessity of installing an opening resistor in circuit breaker;190
9.5;4.5 VFTO and Its Suppression;192
9.5.1;4.5.1 VFTO and Its Impact;192
9.5.2;4.5.2 VFTO Characteristics;192
9.5.3;4.5.3 Suppression of VFTO;196
9.6;4.6 Internal Overvoltage of DC Transmission System and Its Suppression;198
9.6.1;4.6.1 Causes;198
9.6.2;4.6.2 Suppression Measures;200
9.6.3;4.6.3 Internal Overvoltage Suppression Effects in DC Transmission System;203
9.7;References;213
10;5 Lightning Overvoltage and Protection of UHV Grid;214
10.1;5.1 Lightning and Its Main Parameters;214
10.1.1;5.1.1 Lightning Mechanism;214
10.1.2;5.1.2 Lightning Parameters;217
10.1.3;5.1.3 Lightning Overvoltage;221
10.2;5.2 Lightning Protection for UHV Overhead Transmission Line;222
10.2.1;5.2.1 Characteristics of Lightning Protection;222
10.2.2;5.2.2 Methods of Calculating Lightning Trip-Out Rate;224
10.2.2.1;5.2.2.1 Methods for calculating back strike trip-out rate;224
10.2.2.2;5.2.2.2 Methods for calculating shielding failure trip-out rate;227
10.2.3;5.2.3 Application of Lightning Protection for UHV Overhead Transmission Line;232
10.2.3.1;5.2.3.1 Lightning protection for 1000-kV AC single-circuit line;232
10.2.3.2;5.2.3.2 Lightning protection of 1000kV AC double-circuit line sharing a tower;234
10.2.3.3;5.2.3.3 Lightning protection of UHV DC transmission line;237
10.2.3.4;5.2.3.4 Lightning protection of hybrid EHV/UHV AC multicircuit line sharing a tower;238
10.3;5.3 Lightning Protection of UHV Substation and Converter Station;240
10.3.1;5.3.1 Simulation on Lightning Protection of UHV Substation and Converter Station;240
10.3.2;5.3.2 Lightning Protection of UHV Substations;243
10.3.2.1;5.3.2.1 Direct lightning strike protection;243
10.3.2.2;5.3.2.2 Electric equipment protection against lightning-intruding overvoltage;243
10.3.3;5.3.3 Lightning Protection of UHV Converter Station;245
10.3.3.1;5.3.3.1 Direct lightning strike protection;245
10.3.3.2;5.3.3.2 Lightning-intruding overvoltage protection for electric equipment;246
10.4;References;248
11;6 External Insulation Characteristics and Insulation Coordination of UHV Transmission System;250
11.1;6.1 Discharge Characteristics of External Insulation;251
11.1.1;6.1.1 Classification of External Insulation;251
11.1.2;6.1.2 Discharge Characteristics of Air Gaps of UHV Overhead Transmission Lines;251
11.1.2.1;6.1.2.1 Discharge characteristics of air gaps for AC lines;252
11.1.2.2;6.1.2.2 Air gaps of DC lines;264
11.1.3;6.1.3 Discharge Characteristics of Air Gaps in UHV Substations and Converter Stations;272
11.1.3.1;6.1.3.1 Discharge characteristics of typical air gaps in UHV substations;273
11.1.3.2;6.1.3.2 Discharge characteristics of typical air gaps in UHV converter stations;276
11.1.4;6.1.4 Altitude Correction;278
11.1.5;6.1.5 Surface Flashover Characteristics of Insulators in UHV Power Grids;280
11.1.5.1;6.1.5.1 Surface flashover characteristics of AC insulators;280
11.1.5.2;6.1.5.2 Characteristics of flashover on surface of DC insulators;282
11.2;6.2 Air Gaps of UHV Overhead Transmission Lines;284
11.2.1;6.2.1 Conductor-to-Tower Air Gap Under Operating Voltage;284
11.2.2;6.2.2 Conductor-to-Tower Air Gap Under Switching Overvoltage;286
11.2.3;6.2.3 Conductor-to-Tower Air Gap Under Lightning Overvoltage;289
11.2.4;6.2.4 Recommended Conductor-to-Tower Air Gap for UHV Overhead Transmission Lines;290
11.3;6.3 Air Gaps in UHV Substations and Converter Stations;291
11.3.1;6.3.1 Required Air Gaps Under Operating Voltage;291
11.3.2;6.3.2 Required Air Gaps Under Switching Overvoltage;293
11.3.2.1;6.3.2.1 Substations;293
11.3.2.2;6.3.2.2 Converter stations;295
11.3.3;6.3.3 Air Gaps Under Lightning Overvoltage;296
11.3.3.1;6.3.3.1 Substations;296
11.3.3.2;6.3.3.2 Converter stations;297
11.3.4;6.3.4 Recommended Air Gaps for a UHV Substation;297
11.3.5;6.3.5 Recommended Air Gaps for DC Switchyard of a UHV Converter Station;298
11.4;6.4 Selection of UHV Insulators;300
11.4.1;6.4.1 Selection of Type and Number of Insulators for Overhead Transmission Lines;300
11.4.2;6.4.2 Selection of Insulators Used in Substations and Converter Stations;303
11.5;6.5 Insulation Level of UHV Electrical Equipment;305
11.5.1;6.5.1 Parameters of Surge Arrester;305
11.5.2;6.5.2 Insulation Level of UHV AC Electrical Equipment;308
11.5.2.1;6.5.2.1 AC test voltage;308
11.5.2.2;6.5.2.2 Switching/lightning impulse withstand voltage (SIWV/LIWV);309
11.5.3;6.5.3 Insulation Level of UHV DC Electrical Equipment;311
11.6;References;316
12;7 Electromagnetic Environment in UHV Transmission Projects;318
12.1;7.1 Overview;319
12.2;7.2 Electric and Magnetic Fields of UHV Transmission Projects;319
12.2.1;7.2.1 Electric and Magnetic Fields of UHV AC Transmission Projects;319
12.2.1.1;7.2.1.1 Power-frequency electric fields produced by UHV AC lines;320
12.2.1.2;7.2.1.2 Power-frequency electric fields of UHV substations;322
12.2.1.3;7.2.1.3 Power-frequency magnetic fields produced by UHV AC lines;324
12.2.1.4;7.2.1.4 Power-frequency magnetic fields in UHV substations;326
12.2.2;7.2.2 Limits of Power-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields of UHV AC Lines;327
12.2.3;7.2.3 Total Electric Field and DC Magnetic Field in UHV DC Transmission Projects;329
12.2.4;7.2.4 Limits of Total Electric Field and DC Magnetic Field for UHV DC Line;335
12.2.5;7.2.5 Effects of Power-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields;336
12.3;7.3 Noise from UHV Transmission Lines;338
12.3.1;7.3.1 Physical Measurement and A-Weighted Sound Level of Audible Noise;338
12.3.2;7.3.2 Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Audible Noise from Overhead Transmission Lines;339
12.3.3;7.3.3 Calculation of Audible Noise from UHV Transmission Lines;345
12.3.4;7.3.4 Limits of Audible Noise for UHV Overhead Transmission Lines;347
12.3.5;7.3.5 Limits of Noise for UHV Substations and Converter Stations;348
12.3.6;7.3.6 Audible Noise Reduction Measures for UHV Transmission Lines;349
12.4;7.4 RI and TVI of UHV Overhead Lines;351
12.4.1;7.4.1 RI and TVI Characteristics and Effects of Overhead Lines;351
12.4.1.1;7.4.1.1 Radio interference;352
12.4.1.2;7.4.1.2 Television Interference;356
12.4.2;7.4.2 Calculation of RI of Overhead Lines;356
12.4.3;7.4.3 RI Limits for UHV Overhead Lines;357
12.4.4;7.4.4 Measures to Reduce RI of UHV Overhead Lines;359
12.5;7.5 Corona Losses of UHV Overhead Transmission Lines;360
12.5.1;7.5.1 Corona Performance of Overhead Transmission Lines;360
12.5.2;7.5.2 Corona Tests on UHV Overhead Transmission Lines;361
12.5.3;7.5.3 Corona Loss Calculation of AC Transmission Lines;365
12.5.4;7.5.4 Corona Loss Calculation of DC Transmission lines;367
12.6;References;370
13;8 Equipment of UHV Overhead Transmission Lines;372
13.1;8.1 Towers;373
13.1.1;8.1.1 Types and Characteristics;373
13.1.1.1;8.1.1.1 Types;373
13.1.1.2;8.1.1.2 Design principles and major technical characteristics;375
13.1.2;8.1.2 Design and Optimization of UHV Towers;376
13.1.2.1;8.1.2.1 Determination of design loads;376
13.1.2.2;8.1.2.2 Optimization of structure design;376
13.1.3;8.1.3 Foundations;383
13.1.3.1;8.1.3.1 Foundation by excavation and backfill;383
13.1.3.2;8.1.3.2 Undisturbed soil foundation;384
13.1.3.3;8.1.3.3 Expanded pile foundation;384
13.1.3.4;8.1.3.4 Rock foundation;384
13.1.3.5;8.1.3.5 Combined foundation;386
13.2;8.2 Conductors and Ground Wires;386
13.2.1;8.2.1 Types;386
13.2.1.1;8.2.1.1 Types of conductors;386
13.2.1.2;8.2.1.2 Types of ground wires;389
13.2.1.3;8.2.1.3 New types of conductors for UHV transmission in China;389
13.2.2;8.2.2 Vibration of UHV Overhead Lines;401
13.2.2.1;8.2.2.1 Aeolian vibration;401
13.2.2.2;8.2.2.2 Conductor galloping;405
13.2.2.3;8.2.2.3 Subspan oscillation;408
13.3;8.3 Insulators;411
13.3.1;8.3.1 Insulators for UHV AC Overhead Transmission Lines;411
13.3.1.1;8.3.1.1 Porcelain and glass cap and pin insulators;411
13.3.1.2;8.3.1.2 Rod suspension composite insulators;412
13.3.2;8.3.2 Insulators Used for UHV DC Overhead Transmission Lines;414
13.3.2.1;8.3.2.1 Porcelain and glass cap and pin insulators;415
13.3.2.2;8.3.2.2 Rod suspension composite insulators;416
13.4;8.4 Fittings;419
13.4.1;8.4.1 Spacer;419
13.4.2;8.4.2 Suspension Fittings;420
13.4.3;8.4.3 Tension Fittings;422
13.4.4;8.4.4 Shielding Ring and Grading Ring;422
13.4.5;8.4.5 Jumper Fittings;423
13.5;References;425
14;9 UHV Substation and UHV AC Electrical Equipment;426
14.1;9.1 UHV Substation;427
14.1.1;9.1.1 Main Electrical Connection Scheme;427
14.1.2;9.1.2 Electrical Equipment;428
14.1.3;9.1.3 Overall Layout;434
14.2;9.2 UHV Transformer and Shunt Reactor;440
14.2.1;9.2.1 UHV Transformer;440
14.2.1.1;9.2.1.1 UHV transformer structure;440
14.2.1.2;9.2.1.2 Key manufacturing technologies;443
14.2.1.3;9.2.1.3 Key tests;445
14.2.2;9.2.2 UHV Shunt Reactor;450
14.2.2.1;9.2.2.1 UHV shunt reactor structure;450
14.2.2.2;9.2.2.2 Key manufacturing technologies;451
14.2.2.3;9.2.2.3 Key tests;453
14.2.2.4;9.2.2.4 UHV stepped controllable shunt reactor;453
14.3;9.3 UHV Switchgear;461
14.3.1;9.3.1 UHV GIS;461
14.3.2;9.3.2 UHV Circuit Breaker;465
14.3.2.1;9.3.2.1 Structural characteristics;465
14.3.2.2;9.3.2.2 UHV circuit breakers in China;467
14.3.3;9.3.3 UHV Disconnector;469
14.4;9.4 UHV Series Compensation Devices;474
14.4.1;9.4.1 Configuration;474
14.4.2;9.4.2 Key Technical Requirements;475
14.4.2.1;9.4.2.1 Selection of ratings;475
14.4.2.2;9.4.2.2 Overvoltage suppression and basic design principle;478
14.4.2.3;9.4.2.3 Major concerns for development of series compensation device and its main components;480
14.5;9.5 UHV Surge Arrester;483
14.5.1;9.5.1 Main Roles of UHV Surge Arrester;483
14.5.2;9.5.2 Main Parameters of UHV Surge Arrester;483
14.5.2.1;9.5.2.1 Rated voltage;484
14.5.2.2;9.5.2.2 Protective characteristics;484
14.5.2.3;9.5.2.3 Energy absorption;485
14.5.2.4;9.5.2.4 Power frequency withstand characteristics;485
14.5.3;9.5.3 Structural Design of UHV Surge Arrester;486
14.5.3.1;9.5.3.1 Porcelain-housed surge arrester;486
14.5.3.2;9.5.3.2 Gas-insulated metal-enclosed surge arrester;486
14.6;9.6 UHV Post Insulators and Bushings;487
14.6.1;9.6.1 UHV Post Insulators;487
14.6.1.1;9.6.1.1 Tolerance of form and position;487
14.6.1.2;9.6.1.2 Electric performance;488
14.6.1.3;9.6.1.3 Mechanical performance;489
14.6.2;9.6.2 UHV Bushings;489
14.6.2.1;9.6.2.1 Electric performance;489
14.6.2.2;9.6.2.2 Mechanical performance;490
14.7;9.7 UHV Voltage Transformer and Current Transformer;490
14.7.1;9.7.1 UHV Voltage Transformer;490
14.7.1.1;9.7.1.1 Types and operating principle;491
14.7.1.2;9.7.1.2 Accuracy test of UHV voltage transformer;493
14.7.1.3;9.7.1.3 UHV electronic voltage transformer;494
14.7.2;9.7.2 UHV Current Transformer;495
14.7.2.1;9.7.2.1 Technical parameters;495
14.7.2.2;9.7.2.2 Structure;495
14.7.2.3;9.7.2.3 UHV electronic current transformer;496
14.8;9.8 Seismic Resistance of Major Electrical Equipment in UHV Substation;496
14.8.1;9.8.1 Structural Characteristics of UHV Electrical Equipment;496
14.8.2;9.8.2 Studies on Seismic Resistance;497
14.8.3;9.8.3 Seismic Design;498
14.9;References;500
15;10 UHV Converter Station and UHV DC Electrical Equipment;502
15.1;10.1 UHV Converter Station;503
15.1.1;10.1.1 DC Main Electrical Connection Scheme;503
15.1.2;10.1.2 AC Main Electrical Connection Scheme;505
15.1.3;10.1.3 General Layout;505
15.2;10.2 UHV Converter Valve and Valve Control System;507
15.2.1;10.2.1 UHV Converter Valve;507
15.2.1.1;10.2.1.1 Valve structure;507
15.2.1.2;10.2.1.2 Electrical performance;509
15.2.2;10.2.2 UHV Converter Valve Control System;510
15.3;10.3 UHV Converter Transformer and Smoothing Reactor;512
15.3.1;10.3.1 UHV Converter Transformer;512
15.3.1.1;10.3.1.1 Characteristics of UHV converter transformer;513
15.3.1.2;10.3.1.2 Structure of UHV converter transformer;514
15.3.1.3;10.3.1.3 Main technical parameters of UHV converter transformer;517
15.3.2;10.3.2 UHV Smoothing Reactor;517
15.3.2.1;10.3.2.1 Structure and characteristics;517
15.3.2.2;10.3.2.2 Technical requirements;520
15.4;10.4 Filters in UHV Converter Station;522
15.4.1;10.4.1 UHV DC Filter;522
15.4.1.1;10.4.1.1 DC filter configuration;522
15.4.1.2;10.4.1.2 DC filter performance requirements;524
15.4.1.3;10.4.1.3 Parameters of HV capacitors;525
15.4.2;10.4.2 UHV AC Filter;525
15.4.2.1;10.4.2.1 AC filter configuration;526
15.4.2.2;10.4.2.2 AC filter performance requirements;528
15.4.2.3;10.4.2.3 Parameters of HV capacitor;528
15.5;10.5 Surge Arresters in UHV Converter Station;529
15.5.1;10.5.1 Types and Characteristics of Arresters;529
15.5.2;10.5.2 Structure of UHV DC Pole Bus Arrester;532
15.6;10.6 UHV DC Post Insulators and Bushings;533
15.6.1;10.6.1 Pollution Characteristics of DC Insulators;533
15.6.2;10.6.2 UHV DC Post Insulators;534
15.6.2.1;10.6.2.1 Structure of post insulator;534
15.6.2.2;10.6.2.2 Main technical parameters;535
15.6.3;10.6.3 UHV DC Wall Bushing;535
15.6.3.1;10.6.3.1 Structure and characteristics;536
15.6.3.2;10.6.3.2 Main technical parameters;537
15.7;10.7 DC Switchgears;538
15.7.1;10.7.1 DC Transfer Switches;538
15.7.2;10.7.2 DC Disconnector;540
15.7.3;10.7.3 Bypass Circuit Breaker;542
15.8;10.8 UHV DC Measuring Devices;544
15.8.1;10.8.1 DC Current Measuring Devices;544
15.8.1.1;10.8.1.1 Inductive DC current transformer;544
15.8.1.2;10.8.1.2 Hybrid-optical DC current transducer;546
15.8.1.3;10.8.1.3 Optical DC current transducer;546
15.8.2;10.8.2 DC Voltage Measuring Devices;546
15.9;10.9 UHV DC Control and Protection Equipment;548
15.9.1;10.9.1 Characteristics;548
15.9.2;10.9.2 Hierarchical Structure;549
15.10;References;552
16;11 Construction of UHV Power Grids in China;554
16.1;11.1 Forecast of Power Demands;554
16.1.1;11.1.1 Development Trend of National Economy;554
16.1.2;11.1.2 Power Demand and Its Distribution;556
16.1.3;11.1.3 Power Source Structure and Layout;558
16.1.4;11.1.4 Power Flow Patterns;562
16.2;11.2 Options of Transmitting Power from Large Power Bases;567
16.2.1;11.2.1 Overview of Large Power Bases;567
16.2.2;11.2.2 Power Transmission Modes of Large Power Bases;569
16.2.2.1;11.2.2.1 Principles of selecting transmission mode;570
16.2.2.2;11.2.2.2 Mode of power transmission for large power bases;571
16.2.3;11.2.3 Relationship Between UHV AC/DC Grid and Large Power Bases;575
16.2.3.1;11.2.3.1 Relationship between UHV AC/DC grid and power plants;575
16.2.3.2;11.2.3.2 Relationship between UHV AC/DC grid and safety of power plants;575
16.3;11.3 Development Pattern of Power Grids in China;579
16.3.1;11.3.1 Features of Future Power Grids;579
16.3.2;11.3.2 Selection of Grid Development Plans;581
16.3.3;11.3.3 Security Analysis on Grid Development Plans;585
16.3.4;11.3.4 Assessment on Economy of Three-Hua UHV Synchronous Grid;598
16.3.4.1;11.3.4.1 Approaches and methodologies;598
16.3.4.2;11.3.4.2 Financial analysis;601
16.3.4.3;11.3.4.3 Analysis of competitiveness of electricity prices;602
16.3.4.4;11.3.4.4 Contribution to national economy;603
16.3.5;11.3.5 Social Benefits of Three-Hua UHV Synchronous Grid;604
16.4;References;606
17;12 UHV Engineering Practices in China;608
17.1;12.1 UHV AC Transmission Projects;609
17.1.1;12.1.1 1000-kV Jindongnan–Nanyang–Jingmen UHV AC Pilot and Demonstration Project;609
17.1.1.1;12.1.1.1 Project overview;609
17.1.1.2;12.1.1.2 Substation and switching station;611
17.1.1.3;12.1.1.3 Transmission line;612
17.1.1.4;12.1.1.4 Commissioning and operation;612
17.1.2;12.1.2 1000-kV Jindongnan–Nanyang–Jingmen UHV AC Expansion Project;614
17.1.2.1;12.1.2.1 Project overview;614
17.1.2.2;12.1.2.2 Substation;615
17.1.2.3;12.1.2.3 Commissioning and operation;615
17.1.3;12.1.3 1000-kV Huainan–Shanghai UHV AC Demonstration Project;616
17.1.3.1;12.1.3.1 Project overview;616
17.1.3.2;12.1.3.2 Substation;619
17.1.3.3;12.1.3.3 Transmission line;620
17.1.3.4;12.1.3.4 Commissioning and operation;621
17.2;12.2 UHV DC Transmission Projects;622
17.2.1;12.2.1 Xiangjiaba–Shanghai ±800-kV UHV DC Demonstration Project;622
17.2.1.1;12.2.1.1 Project overview;622
17.2.1.2;12.2.1.2 Transmission line;624
17.2.1.3;12.2.1.3 Technical Data;626
17.2.1.4;12.2.1.4 Commissioning and operation;627
17.2.2;12.2.2 Jinping–Sunan ±800-kV UHV DC Transmission Project;628
17.2.2.1;12.2.2.1 Project overview;628
17.2.2.2;12.2.2.2 Transmission line;630
17.2.2.3;12.2.2.3 Technical data;632
17.2.2.4;12.2.2.4 Commissioning and operation;633
17.2.3;12.2.3 Haminan–Zhengzhou ±800-kV UHV DC Transmission Project;633
17.2.3.1;12.2.3.1 Project overview;633
17.2.3.2;12.2.3.2 Transmission line;635
17.2.3.3;12.2.3.3 Technical data;636
17.2.3.4;12.2.3.4 Commissioning and operation;638
17.3;12.3 UHV Test Facilities;638
17.3.1;12.3.1 UHV AC Test Base;638
17.3.2;12.3.2 UHV DC Test Base;645
17.3.3;12.3.3 UHV Tower Test Base;650
17.3.4;12.3.4 Tibet High-Altitude Test Base;653
17.3.5;12.3.5 High-Power Laboratory;655
17.3.6;12.3.6 SGCC Simulation Center;657
17.3.7;12.3.7 R&D Center for Packaged Design of UHV DC Projects;659
17.4;12.4 Standardization of UHV Transmission Technologies;661
17.4.1;12.4.1 Standards System of UHV AC Transmission Technologies;661
17.4.2;12.4.2 Standards System of UHV DC Transmission Technologies;662
17.5;12.5 Technological Innovation in UHV Engineering;664
17.5.1;12.5.1 Technological Innovation in UHV AC Engineering;664
17.5.1.1;12.5.1.1 Technological innovations already made;664
17.5.1.2;12.5.1.2 Continuous technological innovation;667
17.5.2;12.5.2 Technological Innovation in UHV DC Engineering;673
17.5.2.1;12.5.2.1 Technological innovations;673
17.5.2.2;12.5.2.2 Continuous technological innovation;684
17.6;12.6 Localization of UHV Equipment and Transport of Large Equipment;695
17.6.1;12.6.1 Manufacturing Capabilities of UHV AC Equipment;695
17.6.2;12.6.2 Manufacturing Capabilities of UHV DC Equipment;697
17.6.3;12.6.3 Transport of Large Equipment;699
17.7;References;702
18;Appendix A: Technical Data of UHV AC Electrical Equipment;704
19;Appendix B: Technical Data of UHV AC Transmission Lines;714
20;Appendix C: Main Technical Data of UHV DC Electrical Equipment;718
21;Appendix D: Technical Data of UHV DC Transmission Lines;726
22;Appendix E: Standards for UHV AC and DC Transmission Technologies;730
23;Afterword;742
24;Index;744

Leseproben

Preface

Zhenya Liu

More than a century since its inception, the world’s power grid technology has seen rapid development, featuring higher voltage levels, more expansive interconnections, and stronger resource allocation capabilities. From the beginning of the 21st century, building a strong and smart grid—a modern grid system capable of allocating electricity across nations or even continents and flexible enough to adapt to renewable energy development and diverse needs—has become the direction and strategic choice for power grid development around the world. The construction of a strong and smart grid plays an essential role in promoting coordinated development of energy, economy, and environment.

1. Security, efficiency, and cleanliness are important goals for energy development
Energy is a basic need to sustain economic and social development. The increasing global resource shortage and worsening climate change have imposed mounting constraints on energy development. How to take advantage of the new round of energy revolution to accelerate the strategic transformation of energy and maintain its secure, efficient, and clean supply is a common challenge faced by all.
Energy is a multidimensional issue that involves policy, technology, market, and environment. To address it properly, energy has to be looked at with a “Grand Energy Vision.” The development mode of energy needs to be transformed with a global vision, sustainable concept, strategic initiatives, and innovative technologies. Its development should be coordinated with that of the economy, society, and environment. Additionally, efforts are needed to promote the transitions of the following dimensions:

• : from high carbon to low carbon

• : from extensive to intensive

• : from local to global

• : from unidirectional to intelligently interactive

Eventually, a secure, efficient, and clean modern energy supply system should be achieved.
Since the twenty-first century, the worldwide development and use of energy has been expanding, and renewable energies have been experiencing a continuous and rapid boom, presenting a significant trend of diversified energy mix. Electricity is a secure, quality, efficient, and clean secondary energy. Using electricity to replace the share of fossil fuels in end-use consumption of energy is already an obvious trend. The power grid is a basic means to transfer electricity, allocate resources, perform market transactions, and serve customers. To realize secure, efficient, and clean energy development, we must fully exploit the functions of the grid in transferring electricity and allocating resources, highlight the central role of electricity, and diversify the mix of primary energy sources. This is the only way to enable sustainable energy development. According to Jeremy Rifkin, author of , Internet technology and renewable energy are booming to create a powerful “Third Industrial Revolution,” which would have a profound influence on global development pattern. A strong and smart grid is a prerequisite for the third industrial revolution to be made possible. In recent years, the power grid has been recognized as a worldwide strategic focus for renewable energy development.

2. Ultra-high-voltage grids are a well-justified means to realize a secure, efficient, and clean supply of energy
Against this background, State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), a backbone player in the energy sector, is facing strategic options and serious challenges regarding how to ensure electricity supply and how to maintain sound development of grids.
After carefully studying the nationwide demand on electricity and the geographical mismatch between resources and demand, SGCC proposed a “Grand Energy Vision” and a global perspective to promote technological innovations and concentrate efforts regarding transforming the development mode of energy and electricity. SGCC has launched a “One Ultra Four Large (1U4L)” strategy, which involves accelerating the construction of ultra-high-voltage (UHV) grids and promoting the intensive development of large coal power, large hydropower, large nuclear power, and large renewable power bases. The strategy focuses on “replacing coal and oil with electricity generated from remote sites” using electricity as a replacement to enable sustainability.
The construction of a strong and smart grid with the UHV network as its backbone is a fundamental solution to the underlying conflicts in developing energy and electricity, as well as a pressing task to meet the requirements of extensively developing large energy bases and renewables. The UHV grids will serve to deliver electricity from northwest China, northeast China, west Inner Mongolia, west Sichuan, Tibet, and some other countries to the load centers in east and middle China. As much as 76% of China’s coal resources are located in the north and northwest regions, and 80% of water resources are located in southwest. The onshore wind energies are concentrated in northwest and northeast China, and in the north part of north China. However, more than 70% of China’s energy demands come from the east and middle regions. With major coal explorations being shifted to the west and north, and with large-scale intensive exploitation of hydropower in the west, the development mode of electricity is being quickly transformed from local generation–demand balance to electricity supply by interconnected large grids. The increasing environmental pressure, high transportation costs, and land shortage have determined that east China is no longer an option for extensive deployment of coal-fired power plants, and that China has to find a strategy for its energy and electricity development, which features the transfer of massive electricity over long distances and optimization of allocating resources on a nationwide level. The transmission distance between large energy bases and load centers is usually 1000–3000 km, which is beyond the cost-effective transfer range of a traditional extra-high voltage system. Therefore, the electricity has to be transmitted in large capacity over long distances and consumed in a widespread region, and in an economic and efficient way. By connecting hydropower, wind power, and solar power to large grids featured by UHV grids, we can build a complementary energy allocation platform, boost the use of green and clean energies, and reduce carbon emissions. This is a practical and inevitable choice to build a beautiful China.

3. Innovative practices and prospect of UHV grids
The development of a UHV transmission system has been incorporated into the outlines of the 11th and 12th Five-Year Plans, and the , making it an important component of the national energy development strategy.
In January 2009, the Jindongnan–Nanyang–Jingmen 1000-kV UHV AC Pilot Project, which was independently developed, designed, and built by China, was completed and put into commercial operation. This UHV AC system has the world’s highest voltage, largest capacity, and most advanced technologies. In July 2010, the Xiangjiaba–Shanghai ±800-kV UHV DC Pilot Project was completed and put into commercial operation. The commissioning of and stable operation of these UHV AC/UHV DC systems demonstrate the feasibility, safety, economy, and superiority of developing UHV transmission systems. Three years later, SGCC built two more UHV AC systems and two more UHV DC systems, which have been operating stably since they were commissioned.
In April 2011, the UHV AC pilot project won the China Industry Award and was recognized by CIGRE as “a great technical accomplishment.” In February 2013, the research program of “UHV AC Transmission Key Technology, Equipment and Engineering Application” won the Grand National Award for S&T Progress. China owns proprietary intellectual property rights of this technology, and it is the only country that has mastered it. According to the IEC, China’s success in building the UHV AC system with the highest voltage level and largest transfer capacity in the world is “a major milestone in the history of the power industry,” which establishes China’s leading position in the world’s UHV power transmission field.
Accomplishments made in developing UHV grids are a combined result of the central government’s foresight, support from various sectors of the society, and SGCC’s efforts in independent innovation and hard work. China has achieved fruitful results in UHV grid development, including:

• Four test bases (UHV AC, UHV DC, high-altitude, engineering mechanics) and two R&D centers (bulk power system simulation, DC system design) that form a full-fledged research and testing system for UHV and bulk grid, and master core technologies of UHV DC transmission and manufacturing capability of set equipment

• Accomplishing a multitude of world-leading innovations in UHV AC/DC transmission and transformation, control and protection of bulk power system, smart grid, and clean energy...