Lubzens / Cerda / Clark Dormancy and Resistance in Harsh Environments

2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-12422-8
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 21, 284 Seiten

Reihe: Topics in Current Genetics

Many organisms have evolved the ability to enter into and revive from a dormant state. They can survive for long periods in this state (often even months to years), yet can become responsive again within minutes or hours. This is often, but not necessarily, associated with desiccation. Preserving one's body and reviving it in future generations is a dream of mankind. To date, however, we have failed to learn how cells, tissues or entire organisms can be made dormant or be effectively revived at ambient temperatures. In this book studies on organisms, ranging from aquatic cyanobacteria that produce akinetes to hibernating mammals, are presented, and reveal common but also divergent physiological and molecular pathways for surviving in a dormant form or for tolerating harsh environments. Attempting to learn the functions associated with dormancy and how they are regulated is one of the great future challenges. Its relevance to the preservation of cells and tissues is one of the key concerns of this book.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Lubzens, Esther

Cerda, Joan

Clark, Melody

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;8
2;Contributors;10
3;Chapter 1: Introduction;14
3.1;1.1 Dormancy ;14
3.2;References;17
4;Chapter 2: Akinetes: Dormant Cells of Cyanobacteria;18
4.1;2.1 Introduction;14
4.2;2.2 Structure, Composition, and Metabolism of Akinetes;20
4.3;2.3 Factors that Influence Akinete Differentiation;22
4.4;2.4 Factors Influencing Akinete Germination;25
4.5;2.5 The Germination Process;27
4.6;2.6 Ecological Functions of Akinetes;28
4.7;2.7 Genes Involved in Akinete Differentiation;29
4.8;2.8 Similarity of Akinetes to Dormant Forms of Other Prokaryotes;32
4.9;2.9 Conclusions and Future Prospects;34
4.10;References;35
5;Chapter 3: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spore Germination;41
5.1;3.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Model Organism for Dormancy;42
5.2;3.2 Yeast Sporulation;42
5.3;3.3 The Dormant Spore;43
5.4;3.4 Germination;44
5.4.1;3.4.1 Nutritional Requirements for Germination;44
5.4.2;3.4.2 Germination: The Process;45
5.4.3;3.4.3 Macromolecular Synthesis and Degradation;46
5.4.4;3.4.4 Trehalose Breakdown;46
5.4.5;3.4.5 Global Changes in Gene Expression During Germination;47
5.4.5.1;3.4.5.1 Two Stages of Germination Prior to the First Mitotic Cell Cycle;47
5.4.5.2;3.4.5.2 Germination and the General Response of Yeast Cells to Glucose;49
5.4.6;3.4.6 Conjugation Between Germinating Spores of Opposite Mating Type;49
5.4.7;3.4.7 Specific Proteins Required for Germination;50
5.4.8;3.4.8 Future Challenges;51
5.5;References;51
6;Chapter 4: Dormancy in Plant Seeds;54
6.1;4.1 Introduction;55
6.1.1;4.1.1 Embryo-Endosperm Interaction as a Mechanistic Model for Germination;56
6.2;4.2 Seed Dormancy Research: An Update;57
6.2.1;4.2.1 Global Analysis;57
6.2.1.1;4.2.1.1 Similarities and Differences between Physiological States;58
6.2.1.2;4.2.1.2 Genes Associated with Different States;59
6.2.1.3;4.2.1.3 The Hormone Balance and Regulation of Dormancy;60
6.2.1.4;4.2.1.4 Exposure to Dormancy Releasing Environmental Factors;61
6.2.1.5;4.2.1.5 Different Seed Tissues and Sensitivities;62
6.2.2;4.2.2 Specific Analyses: Key Genes and Processes Related to the Hormonal Regulation of Dormancy, After-Ripening and Germination;63
6.2.2.1;4.2.2.1 ABA: A Positive Regulator of Dormancy Induction and Maintenance, and a Negative Regulator of Germination;63
6.2.2.2;4.2.2.2 Gibberellins Release Coat Dormancy, Promote Germination and Counteract ABA Effects;64
6.2.2.3;4.2.2.3 Identification of Dormancy-Specific Genes and Other Key Genes that Control Germination Timing;66
6.2.2.4;4.2.2.4 Control of Germination by the Seed Coat: Testa Mutant Studies;67
6.2.2.5;4.2.2.5 Control of Germination by the Endosperm: Endosperm Dormancy and Endosperm Weakening;68
6.3;4.3 Dormancy and Harsh Environments;70
6.3.1;4.3.1 Seed Dormancy and Tolerance in the Dry State;70
6.3.2;4.3.2 Stress Tolerance of Dormant Seeds in the Hydrated State;71
6.4;4.4 Future Prospects;73
6.5;References;73
7;Chapter 5: Bud Dormancy in Perennial Plants: A Mechanism for Survival;79
7.1;5.1 Introduction;79
7.1.1;5.1.1 Bud Phenology in Model Perennials;81
7.1.1.1;5.1.1.1 Woody Perennials;81
7.1.1.2;5.1.1.2 Herbaceous Perennials;83
7.2;5.2 Environmental Regulation;84
7.2.1;5.2.1 Light;84
7.2.2;5.2.2 Temperature;88
7.2.2.1;5.2.2.1 Cold-Hardening/Cold-Acclimation;88
7.2.2.2;5.2.2.2 Vernalization;89
7.3;5.3 Genetic/Physiological Model(s) for Regulation of Dormancy Transitions;90
7.3.1;5.3.1 Hormones;92
7.3.2;5.3.2 Sugar;93
7.4;5.4 Conclusions;94
7.5;References;95
8;Chapter 6: LEA Proteins: Versatility of Form and Function;101
8.1;6.1 Introduction;101
8.1.1;6.1.1 Anhydrobiosis and Desiccation Tolerance;101
8.1.2;6.1.2 Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance;102
8.1.3;6.1.3 Unstructured, Highly Hydrophilic Proteins;103
8.2;6.2 LEA Protein Function;105
8.2.1;6.2.1 Protein Protection;105
8.2.2;6.2.2 Membrane Protection;109
8.2.3;6.2.3 The Glassy State;111
8.3;6.3 The Versatility of LEA Proteins;112
8.4;References;114
9;Chapter 7: A Role for Molecular Studies in Unveiling the Pathways for Formation of Rotifer Resting Eggs and Their Survival During Dormancy;119
9.1;7.1 Introduction;120
9.2;7.2 Switching from Asexual to Sexual Reproduction and the Onset of Meiosis;121
9.2.1;7.2.1 The Rotifer Life Cycle;121
9.2.2;7.2.2 Formation of Resting Eggs;125
9.2.3;7.2.3 Factors Affecting the Formation of Resting Eggs;125
9.2.3.1;7.2.3.1 External Factors;126
9.2.3.2;7.2.3.2 Intrinsic Factors;126
9.2.3.3;7.2.3.3 Hormones;127
9.2.3.4;7.2.3.4 Future Directions;127
9.3;7.3 The Resting Egg and Its Morphology;128
9.4;7.4 Diapause and Hatching of Resting Eggs;130
9.5;7.5 Molecular Aspects of Rotifer Functional Biology and Dormancy;131
9.6;7.6 Conclusions and Future Directions;134
9.7;References;136
10;Chapter 8: Anhydrobiotic Abilities of Tardigrades;143
10.1;8.1 Discovery of the Tardigrades;143
10.2;8.2 Cryptobiosis;145
10.3;8.3 Longevity and Long-Term Anhydrobiotic Ability;146
10.3.1;8.3.1 Longevity in Tardigrades;146
10.3.2;8.3.2 Long-Term Anhydrobiotic Ability of Tardigrades;146
10.4;8.4 DNA Damage and Repair Mechanisms;147
10.5;8.5 Protection and Repair with Proteins;148
10.5.1;8.5.1 Heat Shock Proteins;148
10.5.2;8.5.2 LEA Proteins;149
10.6;8.6 Sugars and Vitrification;149
10.6.1;8.6.1 Hypothesis of Cell Stabilization;149
10.6.2;8.6.2 The Role of Sugars in Tardigrades;150
10.6.3;8.6.3 Vitrification in Tardigrades;151
10.7;References;152
11;Chapter 9: Cryoprotective Dehydration: Clues from an Insect;157
11.1;9.1 Introduction;157
11.2;9.2 Laboratory Induced Cold Tolerance in M. arctica;159
11.3;9.3 Trehalose as a Cryo/Anhydro Protectant;163
11.3.1;9.3.1 Duplication of TPS Genes in M. arctica;165
11.4;9.4 Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Enzymes;167
11.5;9.5 Phospholipid Fatty Acid Composition;168
11.6;9.6 Summary;169
11.7;References;170
12;Chapter 10: A Molecular Overview of Diapause in Embryos of the Crustacean, Artemia franciscana;174
12.1;10.1 Introduction;174
12.1.1;10.1.1 Diapause;174
12.1.2;10.1.2 Artemia franciscana Life History;175
12.2;10.2 Gene Expression During Diapause;177
12.2.1;10.2.1 Identification by Subtractive Hybridization of Differentially Regulated Genes in Diapause-Destined Artemia Embryos;177
12.2.2;10.2.2 Other Examples of Diapause-Dependent Gene Regulation in Arthropods;182
12.3;10.3 p8, a Transcription Co-factor Up-regulated Early in Artemia Diapause;183
12.3.1;10.3.1 Characterization of p8;183
12.3.2;10.3.2 Developmental Regulation of p8 in Artemia Embryos;184
12.3.3;10.3.3 Diapause-Related Transcription Factors in Organisms Other than Artemia;185
12.4;10.4 sHSPs and Diapause Maintenance in A. franciscana;187
12.4.1;10.4.1 Artemia sHSPs;187
12.4.2;10.4.2 sHSP Synthesis and Localization in Diapause-Destined Artemia Embryos;188
12.4.3;10.4.3 Diapause-Related sHSPs in Organisms Other than Artemia;191
12.5;10.5 Conclusions;192
12.6;References;192
13;Chapter 11: An Exploratory Review on the Molecular Mechanisms of Diapause Termination in the Waterflea, Daphnia;197
13.1;11.1 Introduction;197
13.2;11.2 Ecological and Evolutionary Implications of Diapause;198
13.3;11.3 Characteristics of the Diapause State;200
13.3.1;11.3.1 Metabolic Rate and Energy Reserves;200
13.3.2;11.3.2 Proteins and RNA;200
13.4;11.4 Diapause Termination and Hatching;201
13.4.1;11.4.1 Light and Photoreceptors;202
13.4.2;11.4.2 Oxidation;203
13.4.3;11.4.3 Downstream Cellular Activation;204
13.4.4;11.4.4 pH;206
13.5;11.5 Research Perspectives;206
13.6;References;207
14;Chapter 12: Metabolic Dormancy and Responses to Environmental Desiccation in Fish Embryos;211
14.1;12.1 Introduction;211
14.2;12.2 Delayed Hatching;212
14.2.1;12.2.1 Advanced Hatching: The Case of F. heteroclitus Embryos;214
14.3;12.3 Embryonic Diapause;215
14.3.1;12.3.1 Evolutionary History of Diapause in Annual Killifish;216
14.3.2;12.3.2 The Life History of Annual Killifish;217
14.3.3;12.3.3 Diapause I;217
14.3.4;12.3.4 Diapause II;218
14.3.5;12.3.5 Diapause III;218
14.3.6;12.3.6 Environmental Control of Diapause II;219
14.3.7;12.3.7 Alternate Developmental Pathways Associated with Escape Embryos;219
14.4;12.4 Diapause and Tolerance to Environmental Stress;221
14.4.1;12.4.1 Temperature Tolerance;222
14.4.2;12.4.2 Salinity Tolerance;223
14.4.3;12.4.3 Anoxia Tolerance;224
14.4.4;12.4.4 Dehydration Tolerance;224
14.4.4.1;12.4.4.1 Role of Aquaporins During Dehydration Resistance;227
14.5;12.5 Future Prospects;228
14.6;References;229
15;Chapter 13: Mammalian Hibernation: Physiology, Cell Signaling, and Gene Controls on Metabolic Rate Depression;235
15.1;13.1 Metabolic Depression in Hibernation;235
15.1.1;13.1.1 Endocrine Signaling;239
15.2;13.2 Metabolic Regulation by Reversible Phosphorylation;240
15.3;13.3 Metabolic Signaling in Hypometabolic States;241
15.3.1;13.3.1 The AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) System;243
15.3.2;13.3.2 AMPK in Hypometabolic States;244
15.3.3;13.3.3 AMPK in Mammalian Hibernation;245
15.4;13.4 Transcriptional Silencing and Epigenetic Mechanisms;246
15.5;13.5 Regulation of mRNA Transcripts: The New Frontier of microRNA;249
15.6;13.6 Transcription Factors and Hibernation-Responsive Gene Expression;250
15.7;13.7 Concluding Remarks;254
15.8;References;254
16;Chapter 14: Lessons from Natural Cold-Induced Dormancy to Organ Preservation in Medicine and Biotechnology: From the ``Backwoods to the Bedside";261
16.1;14.1 Introduction;261
16.2;14.2 Organ Injury from Hypoxia;263
16.3;14.3 Effects of Cooling and Hypothermic Preservation on Mammalian Cells;264
16.4;14.4 History of Organ Preservation for Transplantation;267
16.5;14.5 Cold Survival Strategies: The Links Between Medicine and Nature;268
16.6;14.6 Application of Cooling and Additional Hypometabolism by Manipulation of Preservation Solutions;270
16.7;14.7 Hypothermic Machine Perfusion Preservation;273
16.8;14.8 New Areas of Research in Organ Preservation;277
16.8.1;14.8.1 Towards a Single Preservation Solution;277
16.8.2;14.8.2 Novel Modulation of the Hypometabolic State;277
16.8.3;14.8.3 A Role for Other Bioactive Gases;278
16.8.4;14.8.4 Oxygen Supply at Hypothermia;278
16.9;14.9 Summary;281
16.10;References;281
17;Index;287