Maathuis / Demidchik Ion Channels and Plant Stress Responses

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-10494-7
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 237 Seiten

Plants live in a constantly changing environment from which they cannot physically escape. Plants therefore need signalling and response mechanisms to adapt to new local conditions. The ef?cacy of such mechanisms underlies the plant performance during stress and therefore also impacts greatly on agricultural productivity. M- ulation of ion channel activity not only provides a means for rapid signal generation 2+ but also allows adjustment of cellular physiology. For example, Ca permeable ion 2+ channels can transduce environmental stimuli into Ca -encoded messages which can modify the gene expression. Furthermore, ion channel activity is essential to control cellular ion homeostasis that impacts on plant responses to drought, salinity, pathogens, nutrient de?ciency, heavy metals, xenobiotics and other stresses. This volume focuses on the crucial roles of different types of ion channel in plant stress responses. Functions of ion channels are discussed in the context of mechanisms to relay external and endogenous signals during stress and as mechanisms to regulate cellular ion homeostasis and enzymatic activities in the context of biotic and abiotic stress. The chapters presented cover cation and anion channels located in various cellular compartments and tissues.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Maathuis, Frans

Demidchik, Vadim

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;7
3;Ion Channels and Plant Stress: Past, Present, and Future;9
3.1;Introduction;10
3.2;Plasma Membrane K+ Channels in Guard Cells;12
3.2.1;Characterization of K+ Channel and Transporter cDNAs;13
3.3;Critical Roles of Plasma Membrane Anion Channels in Plant Stress Responses;14
3.4;Roles of Anion Channels in Stress Responses and Identification of Anion Channel Gene Families;15
3.5;Ca2+ Channels and Intracellular Ca2+ Elevations;16
3.6;Gene Candidates for Plasma Membrane Ca2+ Channels;17
3.7;Properties of Vacuolar Cation Channels;18
3.8;Sodium Transport Systems in Plants;18
3.9;Future Prospects;21
3.10;References;22
4;The Role of Ion Channels in Plant Salt Tolerance;31
4.1;Introduction;32
4.2;The Role of Ion Channels in Na+ Uptake: A Simple Model;33
4.2.1;Electrochemical Gradients and Fluxes;33
4.2.2;Fundamental Characteristics of Different Channel Types;35
4.2.3;Contribution of Different Channel Types to Na+ Uptake;37
4.3;The Role of Ion-Channels in Salt Tolerance: Experimental Evidence;43
4.3.1;Ion Channels and Salt Tolerance in Crops;43
4.3.2;Ion Channels and Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana;44
4.3.3;Ion Channels and Salt Tolerancesalt tolerance in Halophytic Higher Plants;45
4.3.4;Ion Channels and Salt Tolerance in Charophytescharophytes;47
4.4;Summary and Conclusions;50
4.5;References;50
5;Cation Channels and the Uptake of Radiocaesium by Plants;55
5.1;Background;56
5.2;Historical Studies;57
5.3;Caesium Transport Proteins in Root Cells;58
5.4;Molecular Mechanisms for Cs Uptake by Roots of Non-Mycorrhizal Plants;63
5.4.1;K-Replete Plants;63
5.4.2;K-Starved Plants;65
5.4.3;Differences between Plant Species;66
5.5;Molecular Mechanisms for Cs Uptake by Roots of Mycorrhizal Plants;67
5.6;Prospects for the Generation of Safer Crops;68
5.7;References;69
6;Ion Channels in Plant Development;76
6.1;Ion Channels in Plant Development;77
6.1.1;Molecular Identification of K+- and Anion Channels in Plant Development;77
6.1.2;Molecular Identification of Mechanosensitive Channels;78
6.1.3;Glutamate Receptor-Like Channels and Cyclic-Nucleotide Gated Channels;79
6.2;Ion Channels Acting in Concert;82
6.2.1;Ion Channels in Root Hair Development;82
6.2.2;Ion Channels in Pollen Tube Growth;84
6.2.3;Ion Channels in Algal Development;86
6.2.4;Ion Channels in Nodule Development;86
6.3;Conclusions;87
6.4;References;88
7;Potassium and Potassium-Permeable Channels in Plant Salt Tolerance;94
7.1;Introduction;95
7.1.1;Salinity as an Issue;95
7.1.2;Physiological Constraints Imposed by Salinity;96
7.2;Potassium Homeostasis in Plants;96
7.2.1;Potassium Essentiality and Functions in Plants;96
7.2.2;Tissue- and Organelle-Specific Potassium Compartmentation;97
7.2.3;Major Potassium Transport Systems: A Brief Overview;98
7.2.4;Potassium and Potassium-Permeable Channels;98
7.3;Regulation of K+ Channel Activity Under Saline Conditions;99
7.3.1;K+ Channels and ``Osmotic´´ and ``Ionic´´ Components of Salt Stress;99
7.3.2;GORK and AKT Channels as Downstream Targets of Salinity Effects;101
7.3.3;Voltage Gating and the Role of H+-ATPases;102
7.3.4;Maintaining the Optimal Cytosolic K+/Na+ Ratio;102
7.3.5;Long-term Salinity Exposure and Regulation of K+ Transport;103
7.3.6;Tonoplast (Vacuolar) Channels;105
7.3.6.1;Properties of K+-Permeable Vacuolar Channels;105
7.3.6.2;Vacuolar Channels and Cytosolic K+ Homeostasis;106
7.3.6.3;Regulation of Vacuolar Channel Activity Under Saline Conditions;106
7.3.7;Chloroplasts and Mitochondria;108
7.3.7.1;Salinity and Photosynthesis;108
7.3.7.2;Photosynthetic Activity, Stromal pH, and Membrane Transport in Chloroplasts;108
7.3.7.3;Role of the Envelope K+(Na+)/H+ Antiport in Salt Tolerance;109
7.3.7.4;Mitochondrial Channels;109
7.4;Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects;110
7.5;References;111
8;Regulation of Ion Channels by the Calcium Signaling Network in Plant Cells;118
8.1;Introduction;118
8.2;CDPKs, Plant Calcium ``Sensor-Responders´´ that Regulate Ion Channels;120
8.2.1;Structural Diversity and Regulation of CDPK Superfamily;121
8.2.2;Functional Diversity of CDPKs and CCaMKs;122
8.2.3;Ion Channel Regulation by CDPKs;124
8.3;Calmodulins : Small Calcium Sensors that Target a Family of Ion Channels (CNGCs);124
8.3.1;Plant Genomes Encode a Large Number of CaMs and CaM-Related Proteins;124
8.3.2;Calmodulin Targets a Large Array of Proteins Including Ion Channels;126
8.3.3;Regulation of Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels by CaMs;128
8.4;The CBL-CIPK Network;129
8.4.1;Plant CBLs are Related to Calcineurin B but have Significantly Diverged into a Group of Proteins with New Functions;129
8.4.2;The CBL-Type Calcium Sensors Target a Family of Protein Kinases-a Shift-of-Paradigm from Calcineurin in Yeast and Anima;130
8.4.3;Physiological Pathways Involving CBL-CIPK Signaling Modules that Regulate Ion Channels and Transporters;132
8.5;Plant Calcium Signaling Network in Response to Abiotic Stresses;133
8.6;References;135
9;The Role of Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels in Cation Nutrition and Abiotic Stress;143
9.1;Introduction;144
9.2;Molecular Characteristics of Plant CNGCs;146
9.2.1;Transport of Monovalent and Divalent Cations;146
9.2.2;Regulation by CN Monophosphates;149
9.2.3;Regulation by Calmodulin;150
9.3;CNGC Expression and Subcellular Localization;151
9.3.1;Tissue-Specific Expression Patterns;151
9.3.2;Responses to Abiotic Stress;153
9.3.3;Subcellular Localization;155
9.4;Physiological Roles in Plant Nutrition;156
9.4.1;Cation Uptake and Homeostasis;156
9.4.2;Ca2+ Signaling;158
9.5;Conclusions and Future Perspectives;159
9.6;References;160
10;The Function of Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels in Biotic Stress;164
10.1;Introduction;165
10.2;CNGC Structure and Function8.2 CNGC structure and function;166
10.3;Ca2+ Signaling, CNGCs, and Pathogen Defense Responses8.3 Ca2+ signaling, CNGCs, and pathogen defense responses.;169
10.4;CaM and Ca2+ Signaling During Pathogen Defense Responses8.4 CaM and Ca2+ signaling during pathogen defense responses.;171
10.5;Activation of CNGCs During Immune Signaling Cascades8.5 Activation of CNGCs during immune signaling cascades.;173
10.6;Cyclic Nucleotide Generation and Its Role in Biotic Stress Responses8.6 Generation of cyclic nucleotides in plants.;173
10.7;Summary and Perspectives for the Future8.7 Summary and perspectives for the future.;175
10.8;ReferencesReferences;176
11;New Approaches to Study the Role of Ion Channels in Stress-Induced Signalling: Measuring Calcium Permeation in Plant Cells and;180
11.1;Introduction;181
11.2;Plant Cell Impalement;182
11.2.1;Aequorin;182
11.2.2;Fura-2;184
11.2.3;Green-Fluorescent-Protein-Based Calcium Indicators;185
11.3;Patch-Cl185
11.3.1;Whole-Cell Measurements;186
11.3.2;Fluorescence Combined with Excised Patch (FLEP);186
11.4;New Prospects in Investigating Calcium Permeable Channels;189
11.4.1;Voltage-Clamp and TIRF;189
11.4.2;Voltage-Sensitive Dyes;190
11.4.3;Voltage-Clamp Fluorometry;190
11.4.4;Far-Field Fluorescence Nanoscopy;190
11.5;Conclusion;191
11.6;References;191
12;Vacuolar Ion Channels: Roles as Signalling Mechanisms and in Plant Nutrition;196
12.1;Introduction;197
12.1.1;The Role of Vacuoles in Plant Nutrition;197
12.1.2;Vacuoles and Signalling;198
12.1.3;The Role of Vacuoles in Detoxification;198
12.1.4;TonoplastTonoplast Membrane Transporters;199
12.1.5;The Slow Vacuolar Channel;201
12.1.6;The Vacuolar K+ Channel;203
12.1.7;The Fast Vacuolar Channel;206
12.1.8;Ligand-Gated Vacuolar Cation Channels;206
12.1.9;Vacuolar Anion Channels;208
12.2;Concluding Remarks;208
12.3;References;209
13;Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress and Plant Ion Channels;212
13.1;Introduction;213
13.2;Synthesis of ROS and Free Radicals and Their Effect on Ion Channels;215
13.2.1;Oxygen and Radicals;215
13.2.2;Singlet Oxygen;216
13.2.3;Superoxide Radical;217
13.2.3.1;The Chemistry of Superoxide;217
13.2.3.2;Superoxide Generation during Stress Conditions;218
13.2.3.3;Superoxide and Ca2+ Channels Form a Stress Signalling ``Hub´´ in Plant Cells;220
13.2.4;Hydroxyl Radical;220
13.2.5;Hydrogen Peroxide;222
13.2.6;Transition Metals;223
13.3;Properties of Plant Ion Channels Regulated by ROS and Free Radicals;224
13.3.1;Physiological Properties and Involvement in Stress Responses;224
13.3.1.1;Transition Metal-Activated Cation Channels in Green Algae;225
13.3.1.2;Hydroxyl Radical-Activated Channels in Roots of Higher Plants;225
13.3.1.3;Hydrogen Peroxide-Activated Channels in Roots and Leaves;226
13.3.1.4;ROS-Activated NSCCs Could be Constitutive Hyperpolarisation-Activated Ca2+ Channels Involved in Stress Reactions;228
13.3.1.5;ROS-Activated K+ Efflux Channels and Their Role in Plant Stress Response;228
13.3.2;Molecular Properties;230
13.4;Concluding Remarks;231
13.5;References;231
14;Index;238