Machado Brain Death

A Reappraisal
1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-0-387-38977-6
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 223 Seiten

This text provides an overview of the processes of brain death, exploring the concepts and historical approach of human death, clinical examinations of brain-dead patients, ancillary tests in coma and brain death, bioethical discussions of brain death and its relationship with some consciousness disturbances, and the legal considerations of human death. Unlike other, narrow-focus reference this book encompasses a wide spectrum of issues including medical, legal, bioethical and historical aspects.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Machado, C.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;Preface;7
3;The Concept of Brain Death Did Not Evolve to Benefit Organ Transplants;8
3.1;Historical Evolution of the Brain Death Concept;8
3.2;Resuscitation and Techniques for Restoring or Substituting Heartbeat and Lung Functions;9
3.3;Historical Accounts of Brain Death;12
3.4;History of Transplantation;17
3.5;Summary and Conclusions;21
3.6;References;22
4;The First Organ Transplant from a Brain- Dead Donor;28
4.1;Alexandre's Personal History;29
4.2;The Ciba Symposium;30
4.3;Evolution of an Idea;36
4.4;References;36
5;Conceptual Approach to Human Death on Neurological Grounds;39
5.1;Introduction;39
5.2;Mechanisms of Consciousness Generation;40
5.3;Brain Oriented Standards of Death;49
5.4;The Whole Brain Standard;49
5.5;The Brainstem Death Standard;51
5.6;The Higher Brain Standard Figure 3.9;53
5.7;New Standard of Human Death;55
5.8;Conclusion;62
5.9;References;62
6;Clinical Diagnosis of Brain Death;78
6.1;Signs of Death;79
6.2;Signs I and II: Irreversible Loss of Respiratory and Cardiocirculatory Functions;79
6.3;Sign III: Algor Mortis;80
6.4;Sign IV: Livor Mortis;81
6.5;Sign V: Rigor Mortis;81
6.6;Sign VI: Cadaveric Spasm;82
6.7;Sign VII: Loss of Muscle Contraction;82
6.8;Sign VIII: Putrefaction;82
6.9;Sign IX: Irreversible Loss of Brain Functions;83
6.10;References;95
7;Ancillary Tests in Brain Death Confirmation;109
7.1;Tests to Demonstrate a Complete Cessation of Brain Circulation;109
7.2;Cerebral Angiography;111
7.3;Cerebral Intravenous Digital Subtraction Angiography;112
7.4;Intravenous Radionuclide Angiography;113
7.5;Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography;113
7.6;Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography;114
7.7;Other Techniques to Detect Absent Brain Circulation;117
7.8;Confirmatory Tests to Demonstrate Loss of Bioelectrical Activity ;118
7.9;Electroencephalogram;118
7.10;Digital EEG and Neuromonitoring;120
7.11;Multimodality Evoked Potentials and Electroretinography;122
7.12;Visual Evoked Potentials and Electroretinography;122
7.13;Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials;124
7.14;Short Latency Somatosensory Evoked Potentials;128
7.15;Multimodality Evoked Potentials;131
7.16;Heart Rate Variability;134
7.17;Heart Rate Variability Calculation;134
7.18;Heart Rate Variability in Brain Death and Coma;136
7.19;References;138
8;Brain Death in Children;165
8.1;Apnea Test;167
8.2;Brain Death Determination in the Newborn;167
8.3;Anencephalics;168
8.4;Fetal Brain Death;170
8.5;References;170
9;Vegetative and Minimally Conscious States and Other Disturbances of Consciousness;176
9.1;Clinical Findings in Persistent Vegetative State Patients;177
9.2;Comparison of Brain Death, Coma, Vegetative State, Minimally Conscious State, and Locked- in Syndrome ;179
9.3;Brain Death;179
9.4;Coma;179
9.5;Locked-In Syndrome;179
9.6;Minimally Conscious State;179
9.7;Pathophysiological Explanation;182
9.8;Neuroimaging Techniques;185
9.9;Neurophysiological Techniques;188
9.10;Recuperation in the Persistent Vegetative State;190
9.11;Do Vegetative State Patients Suffer?;191
9.12;References;192
10;Brain Death and Organ Transplantation: Ethical Issues;207
10.1;Death as a Biological Notion;207
10.2;Irreversibility and Potentiality;208
10.3;Death: Event vs. Process?;209
10.4;Brain Death and Organ Transplants;209
10.5;References;210
11;Legal Considerations on the Determination and Certification of Human Death;215
11.1;Cuban Law for the Determination of Death ;216
11.2;The Civil Code;216
11.3;Distinguishing Features of Article 26.1 of the Current Cuban Civil Code13,56,57;216
11.4;Law Within a Ministry;217
11.5;Diagnosis of Death;218
11.6;Conclusion;218
11.7;References;218