Mackowiak Fluid Dynamics of Packed Columns

Principles of the Fluid Dynamic Design of Columns for Gas/Liquid and Liquid/Liquid Systems
2010
ISBN: 978-3-540-88781-2
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 355 Seiten

Reihe: Chemische Technik / Verfahrenstechnik

The?rstGermanedition of thebook'Fluiddynamicsofpackedcolumns with modern random and structured packings for gas/liquid systems' was published in 1991. It sold out within a few years. Added to this were numerous enquiries, in particular within the industry, prompting me to publish a second, extended edition. A packed column remains the core element of any diffusional separation process. This underlines the need for basic design principles for packed columns, which enhance the design process by making it more accurate and reliable. The SBD (suspended bed of droplets) model introduced in the ?rst German edition of the book was well received by the experts and is now used by a large number of com- nies in the industry, as it offers improved reliability in the ?uid dynamic design of packed columns. For the purpose of facilitating the design process, the SBD model was in- grated into the simulation programme ChemCAD. The software programme FDPAK, which is available for Windows, has certainly contributed to the widespread use of the SBD model. The programme is very user-friendly and the calculation results are p- sented in tabular as well as graphic form, showing ?ood load, pressure drop and hold-up diagrams in the entire operating range.

Dr.-Ing. habil. Jerzy Mackowiak studied at Wroclaw University of Technology (Poland) where he gained his degree (Dipl.-Ing., 1970) and doctorate (Dr.-Ing., 1975) in Chemical Engineering. He subsequently studied Mathematics at Wroclaw University. From 1976 to 1989, he worked at the Institute for Thermal Separation Processes of Bochum University, where his final post was as Academic Director. During this time, he created a database containing fluid dynamics and mass transfer data for the design of packed and tray columns. Since 1989, he has been Managing Director of Envicon Engineering GmbH, now Envimac Engineering GmbH, in Oberhausen, Germany and Envimac Polska Sp. z o.o., Poland. He completed his habilitation at Wroclaw University in 1991. Since 2004 he has been working as an external lecturer at the Institute of Fluid Separation Processes of the Technical University in Dortmund. He is the author/co-author of more than 120 publications and holds 15 patents.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mackowiak, Jerzy

Weitere Mitwirkende

Hall, Claudia

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword by Prof. Górak, Technical University of Dortmund;4
2;Foreword by Prof. Dr. Ing. A. Mersmann, TechnicalUniversity of Munich;6
3;Preface;8
4;Summary;11
5;Structure;12
6;Acknowledgments;14
7;Contents;15
8;Part 1 Principles of the Fluid Dynamic Design of Packed Columns for Gas/Liquid Systems;18
8.1;Formula Variables, Latin Letters;19
8.2;Formula Variables, Greek Letters;23
8.3;Dimensionless Numbers;24
8.4;Indices;25
8.5;Mathematical Operator Symbols;25
8.6;Abbreviations;25
8.7;Material Designation;26
9;1 Introduction;27
9.1;1.1 General Information on Packed Columns;27
9.2;1.2 Development of Packed Columns and Their Significance in Rectification and Absorption Technology;30
9.3;1.3 Brief Overview of Existing Monographs and/or Complex Reviews on Packed Column Design;33
9.4;1.4 Conclusion Chapter 1;37
9.5;References Chapter 1;37
10;2 Two-Phase Flow and Operating Range;40
10.1;2.1 Hydraulic Processes in Packed Columns;40
10.2;2.2 Flooding Point;44
10.2.1;2.2.1 Flooding Mechanisms;44
10.2.2;2.2.2 Droplet Formation in Packed Columns;46
10.2.2.1;Droplet Formation;46
10.2.2.2;Droplet Entrainment;48
10.2.2.3;Estimating the Lower Limit, Which Allows Droplet Formation from Films and Runlets in Packed Columns;48
10.2.3;2.2.3 Literature Overview -- Status of Knowledge;49
10.2.3.1;Conclusions Paragraph 2.2.3 -- Literature Overview;56
10.2.4;2.2.4 New Model of Suspended Bed of Droplets (SBD) for Determining Gas Velocity u V,Fl at Flooding Point;59
10.2.4.1;2.2.4.1 Effective Falling Velocity of a Single Droplet in the Packing u T ;63
10.2.4.2;2.2.4.2 Droplet Size and Range of Droplet Movement;67
10.2.4.3;2.2.4.3 Analogy Between the Falling Process of Particles in Fluidised Beds and the Droplet Fall in Random Packings;69
10.2.4.4;2.2.4.4 Evaluation of Experimental Results for the Range of Low and Moderate Phase Flow Ratios 0 0 at Flooding Point;75
10.2.4.5;2.2.4.5 Influence of Packing Size on Droplet Velocity u 0 ;82
10.2.4.6;2.2.4.6 Deriving the Final Equation for Gas Velocity at Flooding Point u V,Fl ;84
10.2.4.7;2.2.4.6 Influence of the Flow Channel Angle 0 on the Gas Velocity at the Flooding Point u V,Fl ;90
10.2.4.8;2.2.4.7 Comparing Experimental Flooding Point Data and SBD Model Acc. to Eq. ( 2-67 );92
10.2.4.9;2.2.4.7 Evaluation of Experimental Flooding Point Data for the Range of Vacuum Rectification and Normal Pressure Range;92
10.2.4.10;2.2.4.7 Evaluation of Experimental Flooding Point Data for the Pressure Range;99
10.2.4.11;2.2.4.8 New Dimensionless Correlation for Gas Velocity at Flooding Point Based on SBD Model;100
10.2.4.12;2.2.4.9 Evaluation of Experimental Data Using Mersmann0s Film Model [ 3 ];102
10.2.4.13;2.2.4.10 New Equation for Calculating Individual Droplet Velocity u T ;103
10.2.5;2.2.5 Conclusions Chapter 2.2;103
10.3;2.3 Determining Column Diameter;108
10.4;2.4 Lower Loading Line;108
10.4.1;2.4.1 Conclusions Section 2.4 ;109
10.4.1.1;List of Numerical Examples '' Chapter 2 ''Flooding Point'';110
10.4.1.2;Numerical Example 2.1 0 Sections 2.2 .4 and 2.3;110
10.4.1.3;Solution ;111
10.4.1.4;Numerical Example 2.2 -- Chapter 2;114
10.4.1.5;Solution ;114
10.4.1.6;Example 2.3 -- Chapter 2;116
10.4.1.7;Solution;116
10.4.1.8;Numerical Example 2.4 -- Chapter 2;118
10.4.1.9;Solution;119
10.4.1.10;Note;120
10.4.1.11;Numerical Example 2.5 -- Chapter 2;121
10.4.1.12;Solution ;121
10.4.1.13;Note ;124
10.5;2.5 Annex Chapter 2;125
10.5.1;2.4.1 Flood Load Diagrams for Various Random and Structured Packings;125
10.6;References Chapter 2;133
11;3 Pressure Drop of Dry Packed Columns;137
11.1;3.1 Introduction;137
11.2;3.2 Law of Resistance for Single-Phase Flow in Packed Columns;137
11.2.1;Deriving the Equation;137
11.2.2;3.2.1 Determining the Resistance Coefficient for Pall Rings;141
11.2.3;3.2.2 Determining the Resistance Coefficient for Other Random Packings;145
11.2.4;3.2.3 Determining the Resistance Coefficient for Structured Packings;147
11.2.4.1;Influence of the Column Diameter;147
11.2.4.2;Influence of Perforation and Flow Channel Angle in Packing Elements on the Single Flow Pressure Drop;151
11.2.4.3;Law of Resistance;151
11.3;3.3 Introducing a Channel Model Based on Partially Perforated Channel Walls;154
11.3.1;3.3.1 Determining the Resistance Coefficient for Non-perforated Packing Elements;156
11.3.2;3.3.2 Determining the Pressure Drop in Single-Phase Flow -- Final Equation;157
11.3.3;3.3.3 Evaluation of Results;157
11.4;3.4 Conclusions Chapter 3;158
11.4.1;1. Random Packings;159
11.4.2;2. Structured Packings;161
11.4.3;Numerical Examples;162
11.4.4;Numerical Example 3.1;162
11.4.5;Solution;162
11.4.6;Numerical Example 3.2;163
11.4.7;Solution;163
11.4.8;Conclusion;164
11.4.9;Numerical Example 3.3;164
11.4.10;Solution;165
11.4.11;Numerical Example 3.4;165
11.4.12;Solution;166
11.5;3.5 Diagrams for Single-Phase Flow in Packed Columns - Law of Resistance ;175
11.6;References Chapter 3;187
12;4 Pressure Drop of Irrigated Random and Structured Packings;189
12.1;4.1 Introduction and Literature Overview;189
12.1.1;4.1.1 Significance of Pressure Drop for Packed Column Design;189
12.1.2;4.1.2 Literature Overview;190
12.1.2.1;Deriving the Correlation for the Quotient 0p/0p 0 Based on the Channel Model;194
12.1.2.2;Conclusions-- Literature Overview;196
12.2;4.2 Liquid Hold-Up;197
12.2.1;4.2.1 Basic Terms;198
12.2.2;4.2.2 Static Liquid Hold-Up;198
12.2.3;4.2.3 Dynamic Liquid Load Below the Loading Line;199
12.2.4;4.2.4 Analysing the Influence of Various Parameters on Liquid Hold-Up, Based on Literature Data;202
12.2.5;4.2.5 Test Method, Systems and Packing Elements;204
12.2.6;4.2.6 Experimental Results;204
12.2.6.1;4.2.6.1 Liquid Hold-Up Below the Loading Line;205
12.2.6.2;4.2.6.1 Discussion of Experimental Results -- Turbulent Liquid Flow;208
12.2.6.3;4.2.6.1 Discussion of Experimental Results -- Laminar Liquid Flow;213
12.2.6.4;4.2.6.2 Liquid Hold-Up h L,S Above the Loading Line and Below the Flooding Point;216
12.2.7;4.2.7 Conclusions Section 4.2 ;218
12.2.7.1;Numerical Examples for Section 4.2 -- Liquid Hold-Up;220
12.2.7.2;Example 1;220
12.2.7.3;Solution ;220
12.3;4.3 Model for Determining the Pressured Drop of Irrigated Random and Structured Packings, Based on the Known Resistance Coefficient for Single-Phase Flow and the Dimensionless Pressure Drop p/p 0 ;221
12.3.1;4.3.1 Deriving the Model;221
12.3.2;4.3.2 Comparing Calculated and Experimental Values for Laminar Liquid Flow, Re L < 2;223
12.3.3;4.3.3 Determining the Parameter C B for Turbulent Liquid Flow;225
12.3.3.1;4.3.3.1 Determining the Parameter C B,Fl for Operating Conditions at Flooding Point;225
12.3.3.2;4.3.3.2 Determining the Parameter C B Below the Loading Line;226
12.3.3.3;4.3.3.3 Determining the Parameter C B,S for the Operating Range Above the Loading Line and Below the Flooding Point to Calculate the Pressure Drop, acc. to Eq. ( 4-48 );228
12.3.4;4.3.4 Comparing Calculated and Experimental Values for Turbulent Liquid Flow;228
12.3.5;4.3.5 Conclusions Section 4.3 ;237
12.3.5.1;Numerical Example 4.1;241
12.3.5.2;Solution ;242
12.3.5.3;Numerical Example 4.2;243
12.3.5.4;Solution ;243
12.3.5.5;Numerical Example 4.3;245
12.3.5.6;Solution ;246
12.3.5.7;Note;246
12.4;References Chapter 4;258
13;5 Pressure Drop of Irrigated Random and Structured Packings Based on the Law of Resistance for Two-Phase Flow;261
13.1;5.1 Introduction;261
13.2;5.2 Deriving the Model for Determining the Pressure Drop of Irrigated Random and Structured Packings;261
13.3;5.3 Law of Resistance VL = f(Re L ) for Packed Columns with Two-Phase Flow Deriving the Model;262
13.4;5.4 Deriving the Equation for the Calculation of the Pressure Drop of Irrigated Random Packings;263
13.5;5.5 Comparing Calculated and Experimental Values Throughout the Entire Operating Range of Packed Columns;263
13.6;5.6 Evaluation of Results;264
13.6.1;Numerical Example 5.1;278
13.6.2;Solution;278
13.7;References Chapter 5;288
14;6 Fluid Dynamics of Packed Columns for Gas/Liquid Systems -- Summary of Results;289
14.1;6.1 General Information;289
14.2;6.2 Determining the Flooding Point;295
14.3;6.3 Liquid Hold-Up at Flooding Point;295
14.4;6.4 Pressure Drop and Liquid Hold-Up;296
14.4.1;6.4.1 Pressure Drop Below the Loading Line;297
14.4.2;6.4.2 Liquid Hold-Up Below the Loading Line;298
14.4.3;6.4.3 Pressure Drop and Liquid Hold-Up in the Range Between the Loading Line and the Flooding Point;299
14.4.4;6.4.4 Pressure Drop at Flooding Point;300
14.5;6.5 Pressure Drop Calculation Acc. to the VL Model Presented in Chapter 5 ;300
14.6;6.6 Notes on Tables Containing Technical Data of Random and Structured Packings as Well as Model Parameters Fl / Fl,m for Determining Flooding Point and Pressure Drop;301
14.7;6.7 Validity Range of Correlations;302
14.8;6.8 FDPAK Programme for Fluid Dynamic Design of Columns with Modern Random and Structured Packings;303
14.8.1;6.8.1 Programme Information;303
14.8.2;6.8.2 Conclusions;309
15;Part 2 Principles of the Fluid Dynamic Design of Packed Columns for Liquid/Liquid Systems;323
15.1;Formula Variables, Latin letters;324
15.2;Formula Variables, Greek Letters;325
15.3;Dimensionless Numbers;325
15.4;Indices;297
15.5;Abbreviations;298
16;7 Basic Principles of Packed Column Design for Liquid/Liquid Systems;327
16.1;7.1 Introduction;327
16.2;7.2 Two-Phase Flow and Operating Ranges;329
16.2.1;7.2.1 Dispersed Phase Hold-Up in Packed Columns Containing Random and Structured Packings;329
16.2.2;7.2.2 Droplet Diameter;336
16.3;7.3 Determining the Flooding Point;337
16.3.1;7.3.1 Introduction;339
16.3.2;7.3.2 Rising and Falling Velocity of Droplets in Packings - New Model;343
16.3.3;7.3.3 Modified Flooding Point Diagram [ 15 ];345
16.3.3.1;Case1: Curve 1 in Figure 7-16 Pure Components and Ternary Systems C D;346
16.3.3.2;Case2: Curve 2 in Figure 7-16 Ternary Systems D C;346
16.3.3.3;Case3: Curve 3 in Figure 7-16 ;347
16.3.4;7.3.4 Model for Determining the Specific Flow Rate of the Dispersed Phase at Flooding Point for Liquid/Liquid Systems;347
16.3.4.1;Comparison of the Model Based on Eqs. ( 7-21 ) and ( 7-19 ) with Literature Data;348
16.3.4.2;Dispersed Phase Hold-Up at the Flooding Point x Fl ;350
16.4;7.4 Conclusions;350
16.4.1;Numerical Examples Chapter 7;352
16.4.2;Numerical Example 7.1;352
16.4.3;Solution;352
16.4.4;Numerical Example 7.2;353
16.4.5;Solution;353
16.4.6;Numerical Example 7.3;354
16.4.7;Solution;354
16.5;References Chapter 7;362
17;Index;363