Mancuso / Shabala Waterlogging Signalling and Tolerance in Plants

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-10305-6
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 294 Seiten

In the last half century, because of the raising world population and because of the many environmental issues posed by the industrialization, the amount of arable land per person has declined from 0.32 ha in 1961-1963 to 0.21 ha in 1997-1999 and is expected to drop further to 0.16 ha by 2030 and therefore is a severe menace to food security (FAO 2006). At the same time, about 12 million ha of irrigated land in the developing world has lost its productivity due to waterlogging and salinity. Waterlogging is a major problem for plant cultivation in many regions of the world. The reasons are in part due to climatic change that leads to the increased number of precipitations of great intensity, in part to land degradation. Considering India alone, the total area suffering from waterlogging is estimated to be about 3.3 million ha (Bhattacharya 1992), the major causes of waterlogging include super- ous irrigation supplies, seepage losses from canal, impeded sub-surface drainage, and lack of proper land development. In addition, many irrigated areas are s- jected to yield decline because of waterlogging due to inadequate drainage systems. Worldwide, it has been estimated that at least one-tenth of the irrigated cropland suffers from waterlogging.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mancuso, Stefano

Shabala, Sergey

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;8
3;Chapter 1: Oxygen Transport in Waterlogged Plants;19
3.1;Introduction;20
3.2;O2 Transport in Plants: Some Basic Physics, and Modelling of O2 Diffusion;21
3.3;A Survey of Methods to Study O2 Transport and Related Parameters in Higher Plants;23
3.4;Anatomical Adaptations to Flooding Stress: Barriers to Radial Oxygen Loss;26
3.5;Anatomical Adaptations to Flooding Stress: Formation of Aerenchyma;27
3.6;Mechanisms of O2 Transport in Plants;29
3.7;O2 Transport in Plants: Ecological Implications;34
3.8;Open Questions and Directions of Further Research;34
3.9;References;35
4;Chapter 2: Waterlogging and Plant Nutrient Uptake;39
4.1;Introduction;39
4.2;Effects of Hypoxia on Nutrient Uptake;42
4.2.1;Physiological Effects of Hypoxia Change Root Elongation Rate, k, and Maximal Nutrient Uptake Rate, Imax;42
4.2.2;Waterlogging Leads to Changes in the Availability, Cli, and the Effective Diffusion Coefficient, De, of Some of the Nutrients ;44
4.2.3;In Waterlogged Conditions, Some Plant Species Show More Root Hair Development, Longer and Thinner Roots and Increased Levels o;45
4.2.4;Waterlogging Decrease Evaporation and Bulk Water Flow, Vo;46
4.2.5;In Response to Waterlogging the Kinetics of Root Transport Systems, km and Imax, Can Be Modified;47
4.3;Summary and Concluding Remarks;47
4.4;References;48
5;Chapter 3: Strategies for Adaptation to Waterlogging and Hypoxia in Nitrogen Fixing Nodules of Legumes;52
5.1;Introduction: The Oxygen Diffusion BarrierOxygen Diffusion Barrier in Nodules;53
5.1.1;Nodule Morphology and the Gas Diffusion Barrier;53
5.1.2;Modulation of the Gas Diffusion Barrier;55
5.1.3;Control of the Gas Diffusion Barrier in Response to Sub-Ambient O2 and Flooding;55
5.1.4;Mechanism of Regulation of the Gas Diffusion Barrier in Response to pO2;56
5.2;Developmental and Morphological Adaptations of Nitrogen-Fixing Nodules to Low Oxygen Stress;58
5.2.1;Secondary AerenchymaSecondary Aerenchyma Formation;58
5.2.2;The Inner CortexInner Cortex and Infected ZoneInfected Zone;59
5.2.3;Influence of Adaptive Changes on Nitrogen Fixation Under Altered Rhizosphere pO2 Conditions;60
5.3;Strategies of Adaptation: Flood-Tolerant Legumes and Oxygen Diffusion;61
5.3.1;Tropical Wetland Legumeswetland legumes;61
5.3.1.1;Nodulation of Submerged Stems and Roots: Increased Porosity Mechanisms;62
5.3.1.2;Aerial Nodulation of Stems and Adventitious Roots: Avoidance Mechanisms;63
5.3.2;Lotus uliginosus: A Temperate Wetland Legume;64
5.4;Strategies of Adaptation: Alternate Nodulationnodulation Pathways for Flooding Tolerant Legumes;65
5.4.1;Intercellular-Based Mechanism of Nodulation: The Lateral Root Boundary Pathway;65
5.4.2;Sesbania rostrata: A Model Legume for Aquatic Nodulation;66
5.5;Summary and Concluding Remarks;68
5.6;References;70
6;Chapter 4: Oxygen Transport in the Sapwood of Trees;75
6.1;Brief Anatomy of a Woody Stem;76
6.2;Atmosphere Inside a Stem: Gas Composition and its Effects on Respiration;77
6.3;Gas Transport and Diffusion;80
6.4;Radial and Axial Oxygen Transport to Sapwood;82
6.5;Sapwood Respiration;84
6.6;References;87
7;Chapter 5: pH Signaling During Anoxia;91
7.1;Introduction;91
7.2;pH, Signal and Regulator;93
7.2.1;pH as Systemic Signal;94
7.2.2;The Nature of pH Transmission;95
7.2.3;What is the Information?;95
7.3;Anoxic Energy Crisis and pH Regulation;97
7.3.1;The Davis-Roberts-Hypothesis: Aspects of pH Signaling;97
7.3.2;Cytoplasmic Acidification, ATP and Membrane Potential;98
7.3.3;Cytoplasmic pH (Change), An Error Signal?;99
7.4;pH Interactions Between the (Major) Compartments During Anoxia;100
7.4.1;The pH Trans-Tonoplast pH Gradient;100
7.4.2;Cytoplasm and Apoplast;102
7.4.3;The Apoplast Under Anoxia;102
7.5;Anoxia Tolerance and pH;103
7.5.1;pH as a Stress Signal - Avoidance of Cytoplasmic Acidosis;104
7.6;pH as Signal for Gene Activation;105
7.7;pH Signaling and Oxygen Sensing;106
7.8;Conclusions;106
7.9;References;107
8;Chapter 6: Programmed Cell Death and Aerenchyma Formation Under Hypoxia;111
8.1;Introduction;112
8.2;Description of Aerenchyma Formation: Induced and Constitutive;114
8.3;Evidence for PCD During Lysigenous Aerenchyma Formation;115
8.4;Description of the Sequence of Events Leading to Induced Lysigenous Aerenchymalysigenous aerenchyma Formation;116
8.4.1;Stimuli for Lysigenous Aerenchyma Development (Low Oxygen, Cytosolic Free Calciumfree calcium, Ethyleneethylene, P, N, and S S;117
8.4.1.1;Oxygen Deprivation;117
8.4.1.2;Free Cytoplasmic Calcium;118
8.4.1.3;Ethylene;119
8.4.1.4;P, N, and S Starvation;120
8.4.1.5;Energy and Redox Status of the Cell;120
8.4.2;PCD and the Clearing of the Cell Debris;122
8.4.2.1;Cellular Degrading Enzyme Activities;123
8.4.2.2;Sequence of Events Leading to Lysigenous Cavity Formation;124
8.4.3;What Determines the Architecture of Aerenchyma? - Targeting and Restricting PCD;124
8.5;Future Prospects;125
8.6;References;125
9;Chapter 7: Oxygen Deprivation, Metabolic Adaptations and Oxidative Stress;131
9.1;Introduction;132
9.2;Anoxia: Metabolic Events Relevant for ROS Formation;133
9.2.1;``Classic´´ Metabolic Changes Under Oxygen Deprivation Related to ROS Formation;133
9.2.2;Changes in Lipid Composition and Role of Free Fatty Acids Under Stress;136
9.2.3;Modification of Lipids: LPlipid peroxidation;137
9.3;ROS and RNS Chemistry Overview and Sources of Formation Under Lack of Oxygen;138
9.3.1;Reactive Oxygen Species;138
9.3.2;Reactive Nitrogen SpeciesReactive nitrogen species;139
9.3.3;Plant Mitochondria as ROS Producers: Relevance for Oxygen Deprivation Stress;141
9.4;O2 Fluxes in Tissues and Factors Affecting O2 Concentration In Vivo;143
9.5;Microarray Experiments in the Study of Hypoxia-Associated Oxidative Stress;144
9.6;Update on Antioxidant Protection;145
9.6.1;Low Molecular Weight Antioxidants;146
9.6.1.1;GlutathioneGlutathione;146
9.6.1.2;Ascorbic acidAscorbic acid;146
9.6.1.3;Tocopherol (Vitamin E)Tocopherol (Vitamin E);147
9.6.1.4;Phenolic CompoundsPhenolic compounds as Antioxidants;148
9.6.2;Enzymes Participating in Quenching ROS;148
9.6.2.1;Superoxide Dismutase;148
9.6.2.2;CatalasesCatalases, Peroxidasesperoxidases and Ascorbate Peroxidasesascorbate peroxidases;149
9.6.2.3;Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione PeroxidasePhospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase;150
9.7;Concluding Remarks;150
9.8;References;151
10;Chapter 8: Root Water Transport Under Waterlogged Conditions and the Roles of Aquaporins;161
10.1;Introduction;161
10.2;Variable Root Hydraulic Conductance (Lr);162
10.3;Changes in Root Morphology and Anatomy;163
10.3.1;Root Death and Adventitious Roots;163
10.3.2;Barriers to Radial Flow;164
10.3.3;Varying the Root or Root Region Involved in Water Uptake;167
10.4;Volatile and Toxic Compounds in Anaerobic Soils;168
10.5;Water Permeability of Root Cells and Aquaporins;168
10.5.1;Plant Aquaporins;169
10.5.2;Responses at the Cell Level Affecting Water Permeability and Potential Mechanisms;171
10.5.2.1;Changes in Water Potential;172
10.5.2.2;Decreased ATP, Implications for Transport and Interactions with Aquaporins;172
10.5.2.3;Decrease in Cytosolic pH;175
10.5.2.4;Increase in Cytosolic Free Ca2+;178
10.5.2.5;Increase in ROS;178
10.5.3;Other Changes Under Oxygen Deficiency that Could Affect Water Transport;179
10.5.4;Transport of Other Molecules Besides Water Through MIPs Relevant to Flooding;180
10.6;Signalling;181
10.7;Conclusion and Future Perspectives;182
10.8;References;183
11;Chapter 9: Root Oxygen Deprivation and Leaf Biochemistry in Trees;191
11.1;Introduction;192
11.2;Root O2 Deprivation;193
11.2.1;Root O2 Deprivation: Effects on Leaves;195
11.3;The Role of ADH;195
11.4;Carbon Recovery;196
11.5;Differential mRNA Translation;198
11.6;Effects on Cell Metabolism;199
11.7;Conclusions;201
11.8;References;202
12;Chapter 10: Membrane Transporters and Waterlogging Tolerance;206
12.1;Introduction;207
12.2;Waterlogging and Plant Nutrient Acquisition;207
12.2.1;Root Ion Uptake;207
12.2.2;Transport Between Roots and Shoots;208
12.2.3;Ionic Mechanisms Mediating Xylem Loading;209
12.2.4;Control of Xylem Ion Loading Under Hypoxia;210
12.3;Oxygen Sensing in Mammalian Systems;210
12.3.1;Diversity and Functions of Ion Channels as Oxygen Sensorsoxygen sensors;210
12.3.2;Mechanisms of Hypoxic Channel Inhibition;212
12.3.3;The Molecular Mechanisms of Oxygen Sensing in Plant Systems Remain Elusive;212
12.4;Impact of Anoxia and Hypoxia on Membrane Transport Activity in Plant Cells;213
12.4.1;Oxygen Deficiency and Cell Energycell energy Balance;213
12.4.2;H+ and Ca2+ Pumps;213
12.4.3;Ca2+-Permeable Channels;214
12.4.4;K+-Permeable Channels;215
12.5;Secondary Metabolites Toxicity and Membrane Transport Activity in Plant Cells;215
12.5.1;Waterlogging and Production of Secondary Metabolitessecondary metabolites;215
12.5.2;Secondary Metabolite Production and Plant Nutrient Acquisition;216
12.6;Secondary Metabolites and Activity of Key Membrane Transporters;217
12.6.1;Pumps;217
12.6.2;Carriers;218
12.6.3;Channels;218
12.7;Breeding for Waterlogging Tolerance by Targeting Key Membrane Transporters;220
12.7.1;General Trends in Breeding Plants for Waterlogging Tolerance;220
12.8;Improving Membrane TransportersXe ;220
13;Chapter 11: Ion Transport in Aquatic Plants;229
13.1;Introduction;229
13.2;Morphological and Physiological Adaptations of Aquatic Plants;230
13.3;Ion Transport;232
13.3.1;Cation Transport Systems;236
13.3.2;Anion Transport Systems;238
13.4;Root Versus Leaf Uptake;238
13.5;Molecular Characterisation of Transporter Genes;240
13.6;The Relevance of Aquatic Plants to Terrestrial Plants in Regards to Waterlogging and Inundation Stresses;241
13.7;Conclusions;241
13.8;References;242
14;Chapter 12: Genetic variabilityGenetic Variability and Determinism of Adaptation of Plants to Soil water-loggingWaterlogging;248
14.1;Introduction;249
14.2;Diversity Among PopulationsXe ;253
14.2.1;Genetic Control of Traits Related to hypoxiaHypoxia Tolerance;256
14.2.2;Genetic Determinism of Tolerance to water-loggingWaterlogging and Identification of the Involved Genome Regions;257
14.2.2.1;Methodology of the Detection of QTLQTLQTL for hypoxiaHypoxia Tolerance: Caution and Strategies;258
14.2.2.1.1;SubmergenceSubmergence Tolerance and water-loggingWaterlogging Tolerance;258
14.2.2.1.2;QTLQTLQTL Detection for Constitutive Traits of Tolerance;262
14.2.2.1.3;Comparison with a Control Environment;262
14.2.2.2;Major QTLlociLoci Detected for hypoxiaHypoxia Tolerance;263
14.2.2.2.1;QTLQTLQTL for Traits Submitted to Natural Selection Pressure in Hypoxic Environments;263
14.2.2.2.2;QTLQTLQTL Detection for Breeding Purposes;264
14.2.2.2.3;QTLQTLQTL Detection for Tolerance to hypoxiaHypoxia;264
14.2.3;Conclusions;267
14.2.4;References;267
15;Chapter 13: Improvement of Plant Waterlogging Tolerance;273
15.1;Introduction;273
15.2;Genetic ResourcesGenetic resources of the Tolerance;274
15.3;Selection CriteriaSelection criteria;277
15.4;Genetic StudiesGenetic studies on Waterlogging Tolerance;279
15.5;Marker-Assisted SelectionMarker assisted selection;281
15.5.1;QTLQTL Controlling Waterlogging Tolerance;281
15.5.2;Accurate Phenotypingphenotyping is Crucial in Identifying QTLs for Waterlogging Tolerance;284
15.6;References;287
16;Index;292