Marcomini / Critto Decision Support Systems for Risk-Based Management of Contaminated Sites

1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-0-387-09722-0
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 436 Seiten

Decision Support Systems for Risk-Based Management of Contaminated Sites addresses decision making in environmental risk management for contaminated sites, focusing on the potential role of decision support systems in informing the management of chemical pollutants and their effects. Considering the environmental relevance and the financial impacts of contaminated sites all over the post-industrialized countries and the complexity of decision making in environmental risk management, decision support systems can be used by decision makers in order to have a more structured analysis of a problem at hand and define possible options of intervention to solve the problem. Accordingly, the book provides an analysis of the main steps and tools for the development of decision support systems, namely: environmental risk assessment, decision analysis, spatial analysis and geographic information system, indicators and endpoints. Sections are dedicated to the review of decision support systems for contaminated land management and for inland and coastal waters management. Both include discussions of management problem formulation and of the application of specific decision support systems. This book is a valuable support for environmental risk managers and for decision makers involved in a sustainable management of contaminated sites, including contaminated lands, river basins and coastal lagoons. Furthermore, it is a basic tool for the environmental scientists who gather data and perform assessments to support decisions, developers of decision support systems, students of environmental science and members of the public who wish to understand the assessment science that supports remedial decisions.

Andrea Critto Lecturer in Environmental Risk Assessment and research associate at Department of Environmental Sciences; senior researcher at Interdepartmental Centre for the Dynamic Interactions between Economy, Environment and Society (IDEAS), the University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Italy. His main research activity concerns Environmental Risk Assessment and Management associated with: a) development of Decision Support Systems for the integration of environmental, technological, economical and societal issues; b) formulation of Environmental Quality Standards and planning of environmental monitoring; c) selection/comparison of remedial technologies for contaminated sites. Dr. Critto received his Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences at the University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Italy, with specialization in Environmental Risk Assessment and GIS-based Decision Support Systems (DSS) for risk based environmental management. Antonio Marcomini Professor of Environmental Chemistry at the University Ca' Foscari of Venice, he has been post-doctoral fellow at the University of Toronto (Canada) and research associate at the EAWAG-ETH Institute of Water Science and Technology , Duebendorf (Switzerland). He has written extensively on the environmental behaviour (i.e. identification and determination, degradation and bioaccumulation, fate and transport, etc.) of both naturally occurring and synthetic chemicals, on impact and human health/ecological risk assessment of chemical pollutants, on environmental sustainability of degraded land/ecosystems rehabilitation, and on tools (procedures, protocols, decision support systems) for environmental decision making. He is author/coauthor of approx. 160 publications appeared in peer reviewed international journals, as well as of book chapters. Coordinator/scientific responsible of several international and national projects, his current research work focuses on characterization and risk assessment of emerging pollutants, especially nanoparticles and nanomaterials. Glenn W. Suter II Glenn W. Suter II is Science Advisor in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Center for Environmental Assessment-Cincinnati, and was formerly a Senior Research Staff Member in the Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S.A. He has a Ph.D. in Ecology from the University of California, Davis, and 30 years of professional experience including 25 years of experience in ecological risk assessment. He is the principal author of three texts in the field of ecological risk assessment, editor of two other books and author of more than a hundred open literature publications. He is Associate Editor for Ecological Risk of Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, and Reviews Editor for the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC). He has served on the International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis Task Force on Risk and Policy Analysis, the Board of Directors of SETAC, an Expert Panel for the Council on Environmental Quality, and the editorial boards of five journals. He is the recipient of numerous awards and honors; most notably, he is an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; and he received SETAC's Global Founder's Award, their award for career achievement, and the EPA's Level 1 Scientific and Technical Achievement Award. His research experience includes development and application of methods for ecological risk assessment and ecological epidemiology, development of soil microcosm and fish toxicity tests, and environmental monitoring. His work is currently focused on the development of methods for determining the causes of biological impairments.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Marcomini, Antonio

Critto, Andrea

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;10
4;Introduction;14
5;Basic Steps for the Development of Decision Support Systems;19
5.1;1.1 Introduction;20
5.2;1.2 Types of Decision Support System;21
5.3;1.3 Functionality;23
5.3.1;1.3.1 Information-Based DSS;25
5.3.1.1;1.3.1.1 Structures in an Information-Based DSS;25
5.3.1.2;1.3.1.2 Software Implementation of an Information-Based DSS;27
5.3.2;1.3.2 Model-Based DSSs;29
5.3.2.1;1.3.2.1 Structures in a Model-Based DSS;30
5.3.2.2;1.3.2.2 Expert Systems;31
5.3.2.3;1.3.2.3 Uncertainty;32
5.3.2.4;1.3.2.4 Utility or Value Judgments;34
5.3.2.5;1.3.2.5 Bayesian Statistical Decision Analysis;35
5.3.3;1.3.3 Software Implementation of a Model-Based DSS;36
5.4;1.4 Stakeholder Involvement;37
5.5;1.5 Environmental DSS Vision and Philosophy;40
5.6;1.6 Conclusion;43
5.7;References;43
6;Environmental Risk Assessment;46
6.1;2.1 Introduction;46
6.2;2.2 Historical Development;48
6.3;2.3 The Role of Risk Assessment in Environmental Management;49
6.4;2.4 Overview of Risk Assessment Frameworks and Approaches;50
6.4.1;2.4.1 The Tiered Approach: Screening and Definitive Risk Assessment;53
6.4.2;2.4.2 Weight of Evidence Approaches and Triad Schemes;55
6.4.3;2.4.3 Spatial Risk Assessment Approaches;57
6.5;2.5 Challenges and New Direction of Environmental Risk Assessment;60
6.5.1;2.5.1 Integration of Risk Assessment and Risk Management;60
6.5.2;2.5.2 Dealing with Scales;62
6.5.3;2.5.3 Harmonization of Methodologies and Tools;62
6.5.4;2.5.4 Analysing Uncertainties;63
6.5.5;2.5.5 Risk Communication;64
6.6;2.6 Conclusions;64
6.7;References;65
7;Decision Support Systems and Environment: Role of MCDA;69
7.1;3.1 Introduction;69
7.2;3.2 Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA);75
7.3;3.3 Multi-Attribute Decision Analysis;78
7.3.1;3.3.1 MAUT/MAVT;78
7.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Simple Additive Weighting;79
7.3.1.2;3.3.1.2 Ordered Weighted Average (OWA);80
7.3.1.3;3.3.1.3 Non-Additive Measures and the Choquet Integral;81
7.3.1.4;3.3.1.4 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP);82
7.3.1.5;3.3.1.5 The Ideal Point Methods;83
7.3.2;3.3.2 Outranking Methods;84
7.3.3;3.3.3 Interactive Methods;84
7.3.3.1;3.3.3.1 Final Remarks and Conclusion;84
7.4;References;86
8;Spatial Analytical Techniques for Risk Based Decision Support Systems;90
8.1;4.1 Introduction;90
8.2;4.2 Geographical Information Systems;92
8.3;4.3 State of the Art - Spatially Explicit Exposure/Risk Models;97
8.4;4.4 Conclusions;105
8.5;References;106
9;Indicators and Endpoints for Risk-Based Decision Processes with Decision Support Systems;109
9.1;5.1 Introduction;110
9.2;5.2 Indicators for Environmental Analysis;114
9.2.1;5.2.1 Environmental Assessment Endpoints;114
9.2.2;5.2.2 Environmental Quality Indicators;116
9.2.3;5.2.3 Human Health Indicators;119
9.3;5.3 Indicators for Overall Management and Decision-Making;121
9.4;5.4 Conclusions;123
9.5;References;123
10;Contaminated Land: A Multi-Dimensional Problem;127
10.1;6.1 Introduction;127
10.1.1;6.1.5 What is Contaminated Land?;127
10.1.1.1;6.1.1.1 Contaminated Land in the European Union;127
10.1.1.2;6.1.1.2 Contaminated Land in the United States;128
10.1.2;6.1.1 What is a Brownfield?;129
10.1.3;6.1.1 What is Remediation?;130
10.2;6.2 Contaminated Land: A Multi-Dimensional Problem;131
10.2.1;6.2.1 The Liability Dimension;131
10.2.2;6.2.2 The Risk Dimension;132
10.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 Three Applications of Risk Assessment;133
10.2.3;6.2.3 The Technological Dimension;134
10.2.3.1;6.2.3.1 The Remedial Technology Selection Process;135
10.2.3.2;6.2.3.2 Technologies Applied in the European Union;137
10.2.3.3;6.2.3.3 Technologies Applied in Germany;139
10.2.3.4;6.2.3.4 Technologies Applied in the United Kingdom;139
10.2.3.5;6.2.3.5 Technologies Applied in the United States;140
10.2.4;6.2.4 The Socio-Economic Dimension;141
10.2.4.1;6.2.4.1 The Brownfields Problem;142
10.2.4.2;6.2.4.2 The Situation in Europe;143
10.2.4.3;6.2.4.3 The Situation in the US;144
10.2.5;6.2.5 The Stakeholder Dimension;145
10.3;6.3 The Need and Role of Decision Support Systems;146
10.4;References;148
11;Decision Support Systems for Contaminated Land Management: A Review;150
11.1;7.1 Introduction;150
11.2;7.2 The Process of Complex Contaminated Sites Management;151
11.3;7.3 Decision Support Systems for Contaminated Sites Management;154
11.4;7.4 Comparison of Selected Decision Support Systems;157
11.5;7.5 Conclusions;166
11.6;References;167
12;A Spatial Decision Support System for the Risk-Based Management of Contaminated Sites: The DESYRE DSS;170
12.1;8.1 General Introduction;171
12.2;8.2 Description of Framework and Functionalities;172
12.3;8.3 Application of DESYRE to a Case Study;175
12.3.1;8.3.1 The Socio-Economic Module;176
12.3.2;8.3.2 Characterization Module;176
12.3.3;8.3.3 Risk Assessment Module;178
12.3.4;8.3.4 Technological Module;183
12.3.5;8.3.5 Decision Module;187
12.4;8.4 Conclusion;190
12.5;References;190
13;SMARTe: An MCDA Approach to Revitalize Communities and Restore the Environment;192
13.1;9.1 Introduction;193
13.2;9.2 Description of Framework and Functionalities;195
13.2.1;9.2.1 Content;196
13.2.1.1;9.2.1.1 Getting Started;196
13.2.1.2;9.2.1.2 Site Description;197
13.2.1.3;9.2.1.3 Future Land Use;198
13.2.1.4;9.2.1.4 Community Involvement;199
13.2.1.5;9.2.1.5 Environmental Management;199
13.2.1.6;9.2.1.6 Liability;200
13.2.1.7;9.2.1.7 Financial Analysis;200
13.2.1.8;9.2.1.8 Sources of Money;201
13.2.1.9;9.2.1.9 Project Schedule;202
13.2.2;9.2.2 Tools and Checklists;202
13.2.3;9.2.3 Creating a Revitalization Plan with SMARTe Using My Project;204
13.3;9.3 Technical Structure of the System;206
13.3.1;9.3.1 Content;206
13.3.2;9.3.2 Technical Documentation;207
13.3.3;9.3.3 Databases;207
13.3.4;9.3.4 Technical Analysis;207
13.3.5;9.3.5 Expert Systems;208
13.3.6;9.3.6 User Interface;208
13.4;9.4 SMARTe Decision Structure Including Stakeholder Involvement;208
13.5;9.5 Case Study;212
13.6;9.6 Conclusions;216
13.7;References;217
14;DSS-ERAMANIA: Decision Support System for Site-Specific Ecological Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites;218
14.1;10.1 Introduction;219
14.2;10.2 DSS-ERAMANIA Framework and Functionalities;220
14.3;10.3 Developed Methodology and Implemented Software System;221
14.3.1;10.3.1 Module 1: Comparative Tests Tables;221
14.3.1.1;10.3.1.1 Software System: DSS-ERAMANIA Module 1;223
14.3.2;10.3.2 Module 2: Integrated Ecological Risk Indexes;224
14.3.2.1;10.3.2.1 Software System: DSS-ERAMANIA Module 2;226
14.4;10.4 Case Study Application;226
14.5;10.5 Conclusions;247
14.6;References;248
15;SADA: Ecological Risk Based Decision Support System for Selective Remediation;251
15.1;11.1 General Introduction;251
15.2;11.2 Description of Framework and Functionalities;253
15.3;11.3 Structure of the System;254
15.4;11.4 Decision Aspects and Involvement of Stakeholders;258
15.5;11.5 Case Study Application;259
15.6;11.6 Future Development;263
15.7;11.7 Conclusions;264
15.8;11.8 Availability;265
15.9;References;265
16;Decision Evaluation for Complex Risk Network Systems (DECERNS) Software Tool;269
16.1;12.1 Introduction;269
16.2;12.2 DECERNS Framework;270
16.2.1;12.2.1 GIS Tools;272
16.2.2;12.2.2 Decision Support Tools;273
16.2.2.1;12.2.2.1 Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) and Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA);274
16.2.2.2;12.2.2.2 Multi Attribute Decision Methods (MADM);275
16.2.2.3;12.2.2.3 Multi-Objective Decision Methods (MODM);276
16.2.2.4;12.2.2.4 Group Decision Making Methods;276
16.2.3;12.2.3 Environmental Models;277
16.2.4;12.2.4 Software Implementation;278
16.3;12.3 DECERNS Application Case Study;278
16.4;12.4 Conclusions and Future Directions;284
16.5;References;284
17;Decision Support Systems (DSSs) for Contaminated Land Management - Gaps and Challenges;287
17.1;13.1 Introduction;287
17.2;13.2 Gaps - What is Missing from Existing Tools?;288
17.3;13.3 Additional Challenges;289
17.3.1;13.3.1 Balancing Complex, Technical Information with User-Friendly Interfaces and Results Presentation;289
17.3.2;13.3.2 Involving Users in Development;290
17.3.3;13.3.3 Group Decision Support;290
17.3.4;13.3.4 Continued Operation and Maintenance;291
17.3.5;13.3.5 Data Accuracy and Quality;291
17.3.6;13.3.6 Flexibility and Adaptability;291
17.3.7;13.3.7 Integration of Tools;292
17.4;13.4 Conclusions;292
17.5;References;292
18;Use of Decision Support Systems to Address Contaminated Coastal Sediments: Experience in the United States;293
18.1;14.1 Introduction;293
18.2;14.2 Management Goals and Problem Formulation for Coastal Areas;296
18.3;14.3 Regulatory Guidance Related to Decision Making;302
18.3.1;14.3.1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency;303
18.3.2;14.3.2 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps);306
18.3.3;14.3.3 Private-Sector Initiatives;306
18.4;14.4 DSS Tools Without Preferences or Weighting;308
18.4.1;14.4.1 Comparative Risk Analysis;309
18.4.2;14.4.2 Relative Risk Model;311
18.4.3;14.4.3 Net Environmental Benefits Analyses;313
18.5;14.5 DSS Tools that Incorporate Preferences or Weighting;315
18.6;14.6 Conclusions;319
18.7;References;320
19;Review of Decision Support Systems Devoted to the Management of Inland and Coastal Waters in the European Union;323
19.1;15.1 Introduction;324
19.2;15.2 Legislative and Management Issues;325
19.3;15.3 Examples of Decision Support Systems for Fresh and Marine Waters;330
19.3.1;15.3.1 Description of DSSs;330
19.3.2;15.3.2 Comparison Discussion;335
19.4;15.4 Conclusions;339
19.5;References;340
20;MODELKEY: A Decision Support System for the Assessment and Evaluation of Impacts on Aquatic Ecosystems;342
20.1;16.1 Introduction;343
20.2;16.2 The MODELKEY Decisional Framework;345
20.3;16.3 The MODELKEY DSS Conceptual Framework;347
20.4;16.4 The MODELKEY DSS Technical Structure;352
20.4.1;16.4.1 Databases Organization;354
20.4.2;16.4.2 Models Interactions and Connection Techniques;355
20.4.3;16.4.3 GIS Interfaces;356
20.4.4;16.4.4 Users;357
20.5;16.5 Decisional Issues and Involvement of End Users;357
20.6;16.6 Conclusions;358
20.7;References;359
21;CADDIS: The Causal Analysis/Diagnosis Decision Information System;362
21.1;17.1 Introduction;363
21.2;17.2 Content;364
21.2.1;17.2.1 The Step-by-Step Guide to Stressor Identification;364
21.2.1.1;17.2.1.1 Choosing the Most Appropriate Frame or Scope for the Analysis;365
21.2.1.2;17.2.1.2 Collecting and Organizing Information;370
21.2.1.3;17.2.1.3 Reaching Conclusions;373
21.2.1.4;17.2.1.2 Obtaining Feedback on the Decision;375
21.2.2;17.2.2 Information and Tools;375
21.2.2.1;17.2.2.1 Candidate Causes;376
21.2.2.2;17.2.2.2 Analyzing Data;377
21.2.2.3;17.2.2.3 Databases;379
21.3;17.3 Structure;380
21.4;17.4 Case Studies;380
21.5;17.5 Future Directions;381
21.5.1;17.5.1 Multiple Stressors;381
21.5.2;17.5.2 CADDIS and Risk Assessment;381
21.5.3;17.5.3 CADDIS and Criteria Setting;382
21.5.4;17.5.4 CADDIS as a Platform for Collaborative Information Sharing;383
21.6;17.6 Conclusions;384
21.7;References;384
22;BASINS: Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources;386
22.1;18.1 Introduction;387
22.2;18.2 History and Context;389
22.3;18.3 Design Considerations;390
22.4;18.4 Using a Lightweight, Open-Source GIS Foundation;394
22.5;18.5 BASINS Data;396
22.5.1;18.5.1 The BASINS Data Holdings;396
22.5.2;18.5.2 Base Cartographic Data;396
22.5.3;18.5.3 Environmental Background Data;396
22.5.4;18.5.4 Environmental Monitoring Data;397
22.5.5;18.5.5 Point Source/Loading Data;397
22.5.6;18.5.6 Dynamically Downloaded Data;398
22.6;18.6 BASINS Models;399
22.6.1;18.6.1 HSPF;400
22.6.2;18.6.2 SWAT;401
22.6.3;18.6.3 Pollutant Loading Estimator (PLOAD);402
22.6.4;18.6.4 AGWA;402
22.7;18.7 Postprocessing and Analysis;403
22.8;18.8 Users Support and Training;406
22.9;18.9 Case Studies;406
22.10;18.10 Conclusions;408
22.11;References;409
23;A Decision Support System for the Management of the Sacca di Goro (Italy);410
23.1;19.1 Introduction;410
23.1.1;19.1.3 The IWRM Approach;411
23.1.2;19.1.3 The DITTY Project;413
23.2;19.2 The DITTY DSS;415
23.2.1;19.2.1 Terminology and Logic;415
23.2.2;19.2.2 Structure of the Decision Support System;417
23.2.2.1;19.2.2.1 Control Options;418
23.2.2.2;19.2.2.2 External Factors;418
23.2.2.3;19.2.2.3 Models;419
23.2.2.4;19.2.2.4 Data Storage;420
23.2.2.5;19.2.2.5 Multicriteria Analysis;420
23.2.2.6;19.2.2.6 Decision;420
23.2.3;19.2.3 Multicriteria Analysis;420
23.2.3.1;19.2.3.1 A General Framework for Multicriteria Analysis;421
23.2.3.2;19.2.3.2 The Analytic Hierarchy Process;423
23.3;19.3 DSS Application to the Sacca di Goro (Italy);424
23.3.1;19.3.1 Decision Problem Definition;425
23.3.2;19.3.2 Site Model;426
23.3.2.1;19.3.2.1 External Factors;426
23.3.3;19.3.3 DSS Results;427
23.3.3.1;19.3.3.1 Varying the Criteria Weights;427
23.3.3.2;19.3.3.2 Varying the External Factors;429
23.4;19.4 Conclusions;431
23.5;References;432
24;Decision Support Systems (DSSs) for Inland and Coastal Waters Management - Gaps and Challenges;434
24.1;20.1 Introduction;434
24.2;20.2 Gaps;434
24.3;20.3 Challenges;435
24.3.1;20.3.1 Effective Presentation of DSSs;435
24.3.2;20.3.2 Involvement of Users;435
24.3.3;20.3.3 Flexibility;436
24.3.4;20.3.4 Degree of Automation;436
24.3.5;20.3.5 Additional Obstacles in Using DSSs;436
24.4;20.4 Conclusions;437
25;Index;438