Marcus MD / Feldman / Nelson Fundamentals of Osteoporosis

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-12-375108-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 552 Seiten

Fundamentals of Osteoporosis offers a concise yet comprehensive source of all the latest basic research related to osteoporosis in one reference work. Experts from all areas of osteoporosis research expose readers to genomic and proteomic analysis, and histopathology and imaging, as well cellular and molecular mechanisms relevant to assay development and drug discovery.
Presents a concise yet comprehensive source of all the latest basic research related to osteoporosis in one reference work Experts from all areas of osteoporosis research expose readers to genomic and proteomic analysis, histopathology and imaging, as well cellular and molecular mechanisms relevant to assay development and drug discovery Clear, concise presentations by bone biologists of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying osteoporosis

Autoren/Hrsg.

Marcus MD, Robert

Feldman, David

Nelson, Dorothy

Rosen, Clifford

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Fundamentals of Osteoporosis;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;6
5;Contributors;10
6;Preface;12
7;Chapter 1 The Bone Organ System: Form and Function;14
7.1;I. Introduction;14
7.2;II. Composition and Organization of Bone;14
7.3;III. Cellular Components of Bone;22
7.4;IV. Bone Homeostasis;25
7.5;V. Bone Mechanics;28
7.6;VI. Summary;33
8;Chapter 2 The Nature of Osteoporosis;38
8.1;I. Defining Osteoporosis;38
8.2;II. Material and Structural Basis of Skeletal Fragility;39
8.3;III. Conclusions;44
9;Chapter 3 Skeletal Heterogeneity and the Purposes of Bone Remodeling: Implications for the Understanding of Osteoporosis;48
9.1;I. Introduction;48
9.2;II. Skeletal Heterogeneity;49
9.3;III. The Purposes of Bone Remodeling;51
9.4;IV. Implications for Understanding Osteoporosis;56
10;Chapter 4 Osteoblast Biology;68
10.1;I. Overview;68
10.2;II. Embryonic Development of the Osteoblast Phenotype: Lessons for Bone Formation in the Postnatal Skeleton;68
10.3;III. Developmental Sequence of Osteoblast Phenotype Development;75
10.4;IV. Phenotypic Properties of Osteogenic Lineage Cells;81
10.5;V. Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Progression of Osteoblast Growth and Differentiation;91
10.6;VI. Conclusion;103
11;Chapter 5 Osteoclast Biology;126
11.1;I. Introduction;126
11.2;II. Key Osteoclast Differentiation Pathways;126
11.3;III. The Fully Differentiated Osteoclast: Mechanisms of Bone Degradation;129
11.4;IV. Bone Resorption Coordinated by Intermediate Proteins;132
11.5;V. Osteoclast Death;133
11.6;VI. Mechanistic Approaches to Modification of Osteoclastic Activity In Vivo;133
11.7;VII. Regulation of Osteoclastic Differentiation and Activity In Vivo;135
11.8;VIII. Interaction of Hormonal and Local Signals with Osteoclast Activity;136
11.9;IX. Diseases with Altered Bone Resorption;137
12;Chapter 6 Osteocytes;144
12.1;I. Introduction;144
12.2;II. Osteocyte Ontogeny;144
12.3;III. Osteoid-Osteocytes;145
12.4;IV. Osteocyte Selective Genes/Proteins and their Potential Functions;146
12.5;V. Morphology of Osteocytes: Lacunocanalicular System and Dendrite Formation;147
12.6;VI. Osteocyte Cell Models;149
12.7;VII. Mechanisms and Response of Osteocytes to Mechanical Forces;149
12.8;VIII. Osteocyte Signals for Bone Formation;152
12.9;IX. Osteocyte Signals for Bone Resorption;153
12.10;X. Osteocyte Apoptosis;154
12.11;XI. Osteocyte Modification of Its Microenvironment;154
12.12;XII. Osteocyte Density;155
12.13;XIII. Role of Gap Junctions and Hemichannels in Osteocyte Communication;155
12.14;XIV. Osteocytes in the Embryonic and the Adult Skeleton;156
12.15;XV. The Implications of Osteocyte Biology for Bone Disease;157
12.16;XVI. Conclusions;158
13;Chapter 7 The Regulatory Role of Matrix Proteins in Mineralization of Bone;166
13.1;I. Introduction;166
13.2;II. Collagenous Proteins;168
13.3;III. Intermediate Cartilage Matrix;170
13.4;IV. Bone-Enriched Matrix Proteins;176
13.5;V. The Mineralization of Bone Matrix;194
14;Chapter 8 Development of the Skeleton;216
14.1;I. Introduction;216
14.2;II. Patterning the Skeleton;216
14.3;III. Endochondral Bone Formation;225
14.4;IV. Intramembranous Bone Formation;236
15;Chapter 9 Mouse Genetics as a Tool to Study Bone Development and Physiology;246
15.1;I. Introduction: Historical Perspective and Significance;246
15.2;II. Introduction To Mouse Skeletal Physiology;247
15.3;III. Inbred Strains of Mice;248
15.4;IV. Recombinant Inbred strains;250
15.5;V. Congenic Strains;251
15.6;VI. Recombinant Congenic Strains;254
15.7;VII. Summary;255
16;Chapter 10 Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein;258
16.1;I. Introduction;258
16.2;II. Secretion of Parathyroid Hormone;258
16.3;III. Metabolism of Parathyroid Hormone;259
16.4;IV. Bone Resorbing Action of Parathyroid Hormone;260
16.5;V. Effects of Parathyroid Hormone on Bone Formation;261
16.6;VI. Renal Actions of Parathyroid Hormone;263
16.7;VII. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein as a Mediator of Malignancy-Associated Hypercalcemia;264
16.8;VIII. Physiological Roles of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein;264
16.9;IX. Mechanism of Action of Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein;269
17;Chapter 11 Vitamin D: Biology, Action, and Clinical Implications;292
17.1;I. Introduction;292
17.2;II. Vitamin D Synthesis and Metabolism;293
17.3;III. Pathways of Activation and Inactivation of Vitamin D;301
17.4;IV. Mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D Action;306
17.5;V. Nongenomic Actions of Vitamin D;316
17.6;VI. Physiology: Regulation of Serum Calcium;317
17.7;VII. Genetic Disorders;319
17.8;VIII. 1,25(OH)2D3 Analogs with Decreased Calcemic Activity;321
17.9;IX. Actions of Vitamin D in Classical Target Organs to Regulate Mineral Homeostasis;323
17.10;X. Actions of 1,25(OH)2D in Nonclassical Target Organs;329
17.11;XI. Vitamin D and Osteoporosis;335
18;Chapter 12 Regulation of Bone Cell Function by Estrogens;358
18.1;I. Introduction;358
18.2;II. What is an Estrogen?;358
18.3;III. Estrogen Receptors;358
18.4;IV. ERa and ERß Knockout Mice (ERKO and ßERKO);367
18.5;V. Estrogens and Bone;367
18.6;VI. Estrogen Receptors in Bone Cells;368
18.7;VII. Estrogenic Responses in Bone Cells;373
18.8;VIII. Estrogen-Related Receptor-a and Osteopontin Gene Expression;385
18.9;IX. Nongenomic Actions of Estrogens in Bone Cells;385
18.10;X. Conclusion;386
19;Chapter 13 Androgens and Skeletal Biology: Basic Mechanisms;400
19.1;I. Introduction;400
19.2;II. Androgens and the Role of Androgen Metabolism;400
19.3;III. Cellular Biology of the Androgen Receptor in the Skeleton;403
19.4;IV. The Consequences of Androgen Action in Bone Cells;408
19.5;V. The Skeletal Effects of Androgen: Animal Studies;412
19.6;VI. Animal Models of Altered Androgen Responsiveness;415
19.7;VII. Effects on the Periosteum: The Role of Androgen Receptor versus Aromatization of Testosterone;416
19.8;VIII. Summary;417
20;Chapter 14 Phosphatonins;426
20.1;I. Introduction;426
20.2;II. Phosphorus Homeostasis;426
20.3;III. Phosphatonins;429
20.4;IV. Fibroblast Growth Factor 23;429
20.5;V. Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 4;435
20.6;VI. Matrix Extracellular Phosphoglycoprotein;435
20.7;VII. Fibroblast Growth Factor 7;436
20.8;VIII. Summary;437
21;Chapter 15 Wnt Signaling in Bone;442
21.1;I. Wnts;442
21.2;II. The Wnt/ß-Catenin Signaling Pathway;443
21.3;III. Other Wnt Pathways;448
21.4;IV. Mutations in Wnt Pathway Components and Altered Bone Mass;450
21.5;V. Wnt Signaling and Bone Cell Function;452
21.6;VI. Wnt Signaling and the Bone Response to Mechanical Loading;455
21.7;VII. Conclusions and Future Directions;456
22;Chapter 16 Cytokines and Bone Remodeling;466
22.1;I. Introduction;466
22.2;II. Evidence for a Role of Cytokines in Osteoclastic Bone Resorption;467
22.3;III. The Osteoclast as a Cell Source of Cytokines Involved in Osteoclastic Resorption;468
22.4;IV. The Osteoblast as a Cell Source of Cytokines Involved in Osteoclastic Resorption;468
22.5;V. Rank Ligand and Its Signaling Receptor, RANK;469
22.6;VI. Osteoprotegerin;472
22.7;VII. Macrophage–Colony-Stimulating Factor and Its Receptor, C-fms;473
22.8;VIII. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor;475
22.9;IX. Tumor Necrosis Factor;475
22.10;X. Interleukin-6 (IL-6);476
22.11;XI. Interleukin-15 (IL-15), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), and Interleukin-18 (IL-18);477
22.12;XII. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins;478
22.13;XIII. Hedgehog (Hh) Signaling Molecules;484
22.14;XIV. Sclerostin;486
22.15;XV. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide (Pthrp);486
22.16;XVI. Neuronal Regulation of Bone Remodeling;487
22.17;XVII. Conclusion;490
23;Chapter 17 Skeletal Growth Factors;504
23.1;I. Introduction;504
23.2;II. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor;504
23.3;III. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor;506
23.4;IV. Fibroblast Growth Factor;507
23.5;V. Transforming Growth Factor Beta;508
23.6;VI. Bone Morphogenetic Protein;509
23.7;VII. Insulin-Like Growth Factor;510
23.8;VIII. Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins;512
23.9;IX. Hepatocyte Growth Factor;513
24;Chapter 18 Intercellular Communication during Bone Remodeling;522
24.1;I. Introduction;522
24.2;II. Sequence of Cellular Events in Bone Remodeling;523
24.3;III. Cell Interactions Early in Remodeling;523
24.4;IV. Interaction of Osteoblast Lineage Cells with Osteoclasts;524
24.5;V. Factors Proposed to Mediate the Coupling of Bone Formation to Resorption;525
24.6;VI. Osteoclast Products in the Coupling Process;527
24.7;VII. Similarities between Bone Remodeling and Inflammation;528
24.8;VIII. Bone Mass Homeostasis;529
24.9;IX. The Role of Mechanical Function (Strain) in the Coupling of Bone Resorption to Bone Formation;529
24.10;X. Integrated View of the Coupling of Bone Resorption and Bone Formation;530
25;Index;536