Marijnissen / Gradon Nanoparticles in medicine and environment

Inhalation and health effects
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-2632-3
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 287 Seiten

A huge effort is put into the science of nanoparticles and their production. In many cases it is unavoidable that nanoparticles are released into the environment, either during the production processes or during the use of a product made from these particles. It is also realized that combustion processes like traffic and power plants release nanoparticles into the atmosphere. However it is not known how nanoparticles interact with the human body, especially upon inhalation. At the same time research activities are devoted to understand how nano-sized medicine particles can be used to administer medicines via inhalation. In any case it is absolutely necessary to know how the nanoparticles interfere with the inhalation system, how they deposit and affect on the human system.

Three main themes are discussed:

• Nanoparticle sources and production
• Nanoparticle inhalation and deposition
• Toxicological and medical consequences of nanoparticles

Each theme is covered comprehensively, starting at nano-quantum effects up to technical and medical applications such as measuring equipment and inhalation instrumentation. This book brings together all sub-disciplines in the field related to aerosol nanoparticles. Each chapter is written by a world expert, giving the state of the art information and challenging open questions. The last chapter summarizes in an interdisciplinary way what is already known and what still is ahead of us.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Marijnissen, J. C.

Gradon, Leon

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;187900_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF;1
2;187900_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF;11
2.1;Chapter Chapter 1: The Origin and Production of Nanoparticles in Environment and Industry;11
2.1.1;Introduction;11
2.1.2;Particulate Matter (PM10), Sources and Composition;12
2.1.3;Particles from Diesel Engines;15
2.1.4;Partilces from Other Combustion Sources;18
2.1.4.1;Spark Ignition Engines;18
2.1.4.2;Wood Combustion;18
2.1.4.3;Waste Incineration;20
2.1.4.4;Boilers and Furnaces;21
2.1.5;Noncombustion Particles;21
2.1.6;Occupational Exposition;22
2.1.7;Nanoparticles in Ambient Air;24
2.1.8;Conclusions;25
2.1.9;References;25
3;187900_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF;28
3.1;Chapter Chapter 2: Characterization of Combustion and Engine Exhaust Particles;28
3.1.1;Introduction;28
3.1.2;How Sampling Impacts PM Measurement;30
3.1.2.1;Conventional Approach - Dilution Tunnels;31
3.1.2.2;Direct Sampling Methods;32
3.1.3;Particles Formed by Combustion;33
3.1.3.1;Size and Morphology;34
3.1.3.2;Effective Density;35
3.1.4;Nuclei Mode Characterization;38
3.1.4.1;Particle Volatility;39
3.1.4.2;Particle Electrical Charge;41
3.1.5;Discussion and Conclusion;43
3.1.6;References;44
4;187900_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF;47
4.1;Chapter Chapter 3: Medicine Nanoparticle Production by EHDA;47
4.1.1;Introduction;47
4.1.2;Electro Hydrodynamic Atomization and the Production of Nanoparticles;48
4.1.2.1;Experimental;50
4.1.2.2;Capillary-Plate Set-Up;50
4.1.2.3;Aerosol Reactor Set Up;51
4.1.2.4;Results of Pt Particles Production;53
4.1.3;Medicine Nano- and Micro-Particles Produced with EHDA;53
4.1.3.1;Slow Release and Low Density Particles;54
4.1.3.2;Different Shapes;57
4.1.4;Bipolar Coagulation and Carrier Particles;57
4.1.5;Production Equipment;60
4.1.6;Future of EHDA - Out Scaling;62
4.1.7;References;64
5;187900_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF;66
5.1;Chapter Chapter 4: Electrospray and Its Medical Applications;66
5.1.1;Introduction;66
5.1.2;Basics of Single- and Dual-Capillary Electrospray;68
5.1.2.1;Basics for Single-Capillary ES;68
5.1.2.2;Dual-Capillary ES;71
5.1.3;Examples of Medical/Biological Applications Using Electrspray;72
5.1.3.1;Drug Reformulation;72
5.1.3.2;Nanoparticle Dispersion for Toxicity Study;73
5.1.3.3;Electrospray Inhaler for Asthma Patient;75
5.1.3.4;Polymer Coating for the Control of Drug Release Rate;76
5.1.3.5;Coating of Medical Devices;77
5.1.3.6;Formation of Nano-Gradient Growth Factor for Guided Neuron Growth;78
5.1.3.7;Gene Transfection Using the Electrospray Technique;78
5.1.4;Summary;79
5.1.5;References;80
6;187900_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF;83
6.1;Chapter Chapter 5: Generation of Nanoparticles from Vapours in Case of Exhaust Filtration;83
6.1.1;Introduction;83
6.1.2;Detection of Nanoparticles;84
6.1.3;Aerosol Generation Methods;87
6.1.4;Aerosol Formation and the Effect of Filtration;88
6.1.5;Conclusions;92
6.1.6;References;93
7;187900_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF;96
7.1;Chapter Chapter 6: Measurement and Characterization of Aerosol Nanoparticles;96
7.1.1;Introduction;96
7.1.2;Measurement of Particle Size Distribution and Number Concentration;98
7.1.2.1;Electrostatic Particle Manipulation and Quantification of a Nanoparticle Ensamble;99
7.1.2.1.1;Particle Generation and Charge Conditioning;101
7.1.3;Measurement of Particle Surface with Surface Area Monitoring Devices;105
7.1.4;Mass Measurement of Single Aerosol Particles;106
7.1.4.1;Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer (APMA, Mod. APM-10);109
7.1.4.1.1;Grouping of Differential Mobility and Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer;110
7.1.4.1.2;Grouping of Differential Mobility Analyzer with Mass Spectrometer;110
7.1.5;Summary;112
7.1.6;References;114
8;187900_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF;118
8.1;Chapter 7: Inhalation and Deposition of Nanoparticles: Fundamentals, Phenomenology and Practical Aspects;118
8.1.1;Introduction;118
8.1.2;Geometry of the Human Respiratory System;118
8.1.2.1;Upper Airways;118
8.1.2.1.1;Nose;119
8.1.2.1.2;Oral Cavity Air Passages;119
8.1.2.2;Airway System of Bronchial Region;120
8.1.2.3;Pulmonary Region;121
8.1.3;Gas Flow in the Respiratory Tracts;121
8.1.4;Particles;124
8.1.5;Classification of Diffusional Particle Deposition Models;127
8.1.5.1;Single Particle Trajectory Concept (Lagrangian Approach);128
8.1.5.2;Eulerian Approach;130
8.1.6;The Results of Recent Modeling of Nanoparticles Deposition;131
8.1.6.1;Practical Issues of Ex-vivo Studies of Particle Deposition in Models of Human Airways;134
8.1.6.2;In Silico and In Vitro Studies of the Extrathoracic Region;135
8.1.6.3;In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Bronchial Bifurcation;140
8.1.6.4;In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Pulmonary Region;142
8.1.7;Interaction of Deposited Particles with the Lung Surfactant;142
8.1.8;Conclusions;146
8.1.9;References;147
9;187900_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF;150
9.1;Chapter Chapter 8: Dosimetry of Inhaled Nanoparticles;150
9.1.1;Introduction;150
9.1.2;Methods;151
9.1.2.1;Macroscopic Methods of Particle Dosimetry;151
9.1.2.1.1;Quantitative Nanoparticle Biokinetics;151
9.1.2.1.2;Animals and Organ Preparation;152
9.1.2.2;Ultrastructural Analyses;153
9.1.2.2.1;Lung Fixation;153
9.1.2.2.2;Recovery of Phagocytic Cells by Bronchoalveolar Lavage;155
9.1.2.2.3;Representative Tissue Sampling and Quantitative Morphologic Analysis;155
9.1.2.2.4;Morphological Characterization and Elemental Microanalysis of Nanoparticles;158
9.1.3;Nanoparticle Dosimetry;160
9.1.3.1;Particle Deposition;160
9.1.3.2;Particle Retention and Relocation Pathways within the Lungs;162
9.1.3.3;Particle Clearance Towards the Larynx and to Regional Lymph Nodes;163
9.1.3.3.1;Airways;163
9.1.3.3.2;Alveoli;165
9.1.3.4;Translocation of Nanoparticles to the Blood and Their Subsequent Accumulation in Secondary Target Organs;167
9.1.3.4.1;Experimental Translocation Studies;169
9.1.4;References;172
10;187900_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF;177
10.1;Chapter Chapter 9: Particles of Biomedical Relevance and Their Interactions: A Classical and Quantum Mechanistic Approach to a ;177
10.1.1;Introduction;177
10.1.2;Theoretical Approaches;178
10.1.2.1;Basics of Quantum Chemistry;178
10.1.2.2;Molecular Mechanics and Molecular Dynamics;180
10.1.2.3;Phenomenological Approaches;181
10.1.3;Selected Theoretical Case-Studies for Systems of Biological Importance;183
10.1.3.1;Iron-Containing Enzymes;183
10.1.3.2;Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship;185
10.1.3.3;Miscellaneous Examples of Atomistic Simulation for Biosystems;186
10.1.4;Conclusions;187
10.1.5;References;188
11;187900_1_En_10_Chapter_OnlinePDF;191
11.1;Chapter Chapter 10: Health Effects of Nanoparticles (Inhalation) from Medical Point of View/Type of Diseases;191
11.1.1;Introduction;191
11.1.2;Nanoparticle Toxicity;195
11.1.3;Screening for Toxicity;197
11.1.4;Nanoparticles for Therapy;199
11.1.5;References;203
12;187900_1_En_11_Chapter_OnlinePDF;207
12.1;Chapter Chapter 11: Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Diesel Exhaust on the Innate Immune Function of the Airway Epithelium;207
12.1.1;Introduction;207
12.1.2;Host Defense Against Infection in the Lung;208
12.1.3;Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Role of Cigarette Smoking and Air Pollution in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Disease;210
12.1.4;Modulation of Host Defense;210
12.1.5;Concluding Remarks and Directions for Further Research;212
12.1.6;References;213
13;187900_1_En_12_Chapter_OnlinePDF;215
13.1;Chapter Chapter 12: The Potential Harmful and Beneficial Effects of Nanoparticles in Children;215
13.1.1;Introduction;215
13.1.2;Why Are Children Not Small Adults;216
13.1.2.1;Exposure Differences;216
13.1.2.2;Differences in Developmental Biology;217
13.1.2.3;Normal Lung Development;218
13.1.3;The Role of the Placenta;218
13.1.4;Enzyme Systems;219
13.1.5;Repair After Injury;219
13.1.6;Neural Development and Oxidative Stress;220
13.1.7;The Immune System;221
13.1.8;Pre- and Postnatal Exposure;222
13.1.9;Beneficial Aspects of Nanoparticles in Children;224
13.1.10;References;226
14;187900_1_En_13_Chapter_OnlinePDF;231
14.1;Chapter Chapter 13: Targeting Drugs to the Lungs - The Example of Insulin;231
14.1.1;Introduction;231
14.1.2;Physical Methods for Aerosol Administration;232
14.1.2.1;Nebulisers;232
14.1.2.2;Dry Powder Inhalers (DPI);233
14.1.2.3;Metered Dose Inhalers (MDI);234
14.1.3;History of Insulin Inhalation;234
14.1.3.1;Devices for Insulin Inhalation;235
14.1.3.2;Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Insulin;236
14.1.3.3;Factors Affecting the Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Insulin;244
14.1.3.4;Safety of Inhaled Insulin;248
14.1.4;Conclusions;249
14.1.5;References;250
15;187900_1_En_14_Chapter_OnlinePDF;254
15.1;Chapter Chapter 14: Protection of the Respiratory System Against Nanoparticles Inhalation;254
15.1.1;Introduction;254
15.1.2;Classical Single Fiber Theory;255
15.1.3;Brownian Dynamics Method;258
15.1.4;Filtration of Nanoparticles in Electret Filters;262
15.1.5;Filtration of Fractal-like Nanoaggregates;266
15.1.6;Aerosol Filtration in Nanofibrous Filters;269
15.1.7;Filtration of Nanoparticles in Polydisperse Filters;278
15.1.8;Summary;279
15.1.9;References;280
16;187900_1_En_15_Chapter_OnlinePDF;281
16.1;Chapter 15: Overview and Discussion;281
17;187900_1_En_BookBackmatter_OnlinePDF;287
17.1;: Index;287