Marjoribanks Geological Methods in Mineral Exploration and Mining

2. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-540-74375-0
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 238 Seiten

This practical step-by-step guide describes the key geological field techniques needed by today's exploration geologists involved in the search for metallic deposits. The techniques described are fundamental to the collection, storage and presentation of geological data and their use to locate ore. This book explains the various tasks which the exploration geologist is asked to perform in the sequence in which they might be employed in an actual exploration project. Hints and tips are give. The steps are illustrated with numerous examples drawn from real projects on which the author has worked. The book emphasizes traditional skills and shows how they can be combined effectively with modern technological approaches.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Marjoribanks, Roger

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Acknowledgments;8
3;Contents;9
4;1 Prospecting and the Exploration Process;14
4.1;1.1 Definition of Terms;14
4.2;1.2 Generating New Projects and Prospects;14
4.3;1.3 Some Ways of Generating New Exploration Ideas;16
4.4;1.4 A Check-List of Negative Assumptions;17
4.5;1.5 Stages in Prospect Exploration;18
4.5.1;1.5.1 Target Generation;18
4.5.2;1.5.2 Target Drilling;19
4.5.3;1.5.3 Resource Evaluation Drilling;19
4.5.4;1.5.4 Feasibility Study;19
4.6;1.6 Maximizing Success in Exploration Programmes;20
4.7;1.7 Different Types of Exploration Strategy;22
4.8;1.8 Exploration Feedbacks;22
4.9;1.9 Breaking Occam's Razor;23
4.10;References;24
5;2 Geological Mapping in Exploration;26
5.1;2.1 General Considerations;26
5.1.1;2.1.1 Why Make a Map?;26
5.1.2;2.1.2 The Nature of a Geological Map;27
5.1.3;2.1.3 Intelligent Mapping;28
5.1.4;2.1.4 Choosing the Best Technique;31
5.1.5;2.1.5 Choosing the Best Scale;33
5.1.6;2.1.6 Measuring and Recording Structures;35
5.1.7;2.1.7 Using Satellite Navigation (GPS);36
5.2;2.2 Mapping Using Reflectance Imagery as a Map Base;38
5.2.1;2.2.1 General;38
5.2.2;2.2.2 Acquiring Air Photographs;39
5.2.3;2.2.3 Geological Interpretation;39
5.2.4;2.2.4 Determining Scale;40
5.2.5;2.2.5 Stereoscopic Image Pairs;42
5.2.6;2.2.6 Image Handling Techniques;44
5.2.7;2.2.7 Working with Enlarged Air Photographs;47
5.2.8;2.2.8 Data Transfer to Base Map;50
5.3;2.3 Mapping with a Plane Table;51
5.4;2.4 Mapping on a Pegged Grid;54
5.4.1;2.4.1 Requirements of the Grid;54
5.4.2;2.4.2 Making the Map;56
5.5;2.5 Mapping with Tape and Compass;60
5.6;References;62
6;3 Mine Mapping;63
6.1;3.1 General;63
6.2;3.2 Mapping in Open Cuts;63
6.3;3.3 Mapping Underground Openings;68
6.4;3.4 Safety in Mines;72
6.5;Reference;73
7;4 Trenching and Underground Development;74
7.1;4.1 Preamble;74
7.2;4.2 Pitting and Trenching;74
7.3;4.3 Underground Development;75
7.4;4.4 Safety and Logistics in Trenching;76
7.5;4.5 Geological Mapping;77
7.6;4.6 Geochemical Sampling;80
7.7;4.7 Examples of Successful Exploration Programmes;82
7.8;References;83
8;5 Drilling: A General Discussion the Importance of Drilling;85
8.1;5.1 Types of Drilling;85
8.2;5.2 Choosing the Right Technique;86
8.3;5.3 Targeting Holes;89
8.4;5.4 Drilling on Section;93
8.5;References;94
9;6 Rotary Percussion Drilling;95
9.1;6.1 Rotary Percussion Drilling;95
9.1.1;6.1.1 Reverse Circulation Drilling (RC);95
9.1.1.1;6.1.1.1 Geological Logging;96
9.1.1.2;6.1.1.2 Display and Storage of Cuttings;98
9.1.1.3;6.1.1.3 Sampling;100
9.1.1.4;6.1.1.4 Sampling Below the Water Table;102
9.1.1.5;6.1.1.5 Capping and Marking the Hole Collar;102
9.1.2;6.1.2 Air Core Drilling;103
9.1.3;6.1.3 Rotary Air Blast (RAB) Drilling;103
9.1.3.1;6.1.3.1 Drilling Technique;103
9.1.3.2;6.1.3.2 Geological Logging;104
9.1.3.3;6.1.3.3 Sampling;105
9.2;6.2 Auger Drilling;106
9.3;Reference;107
10;7 Diamond Drilling;108
10.1;7.1 Preamble;108
10.2;7.2 Some Definitions;109
10.3;7.3 Before You Begin;111
10.4;7.4 Setting Up a Diamond Hole;111
10.5;7.5 Geological Observation;112
10.6;7.6 Recognizing and Interpreting Structures in Core;113
10.6.1;7.6.1 Statement of the Problem;113
10.6.2;7.6.2 Planar Structures;113
10.6.3;7.6.3 Faults;114
10.6.4;7.6.4 Linear Structures;116
10.6.5;7.6.5 Folds;118
10.6.6;7.6.6 The Scale Problem;119
10.6.7;7.6.7 Vergence;121
10.7;7.7 Measuring and Recording Structures in Core;122
10.8;7.8 Core Logging Systems;125
10.8.1;7.8.1 Prose Logging;125
10.8.2;7.8.2 Graphical Scale Logging;126
10.8.3;7.8.3 Analytical Spreadsheet Logging;128
10.9;7.9 Down-Hole Surveying;132
10.9.1;7.9.1 Procedure;132
10.9.2;7.9.2 Using Down-Hole Survey Data to Plot Sections and Plans;133
10.9.2.1;7.9.2.1 Plotting an Approximate Section;135
10.9.2.2;7.9.2.2 Plotting an Exact Plan and Section;135
10.10;7.10 When Should Core Be Oriented;136
10.11;7.11 Sampling and Assaying;136
10.12;7.12 Core Handling;139
10.13;7.13 Core Photography;144
10.14;References;145
11;8 Satellite Imagery;146
11.1;8.1 General Discussion;146
11.2;8.2 How Earth Observation Satellites Work;148
11.3;8.3 Display of Satellite Images;149
11.4;8.4 Geological Interpretation;149
11.5;8.5 Analysis of Reflectance Data;151
11.6;References;151
12;9 Geophysical and Geochemical Methods;152
12.1;9.1 General Discussion;152
12.2;9.2 Magnetic Surveys;155
12.3;9.3 Gravity Surveys;158
12.4;9.4 Radiometric Surveys;159
12.5;9.5 Electromagnetic EM Surveys;159
12.6;9.6 Electrical Surveys;160
12.7;9.7 Hybrid Electrical and Magnetic Surveys;161
12.8;9.8 Advances in Instrumentation and Data Modelling;162
12.9;9.9 Stream Sediment Sampling;164
12.10;9.10 Soil Sampling;166
12.11;9.11 Heavy Mineral Concentrate HMC Sampling;167
12.12;9.12 Rock Chip Sampling;169
12.13;9.13 Laterite Sampling;170
12.14;References;171
13;10 Geographical Information Systems and Exploration Databases;173
13.1;10.1 Definition;173
13.2;10.2 The Need for Digital Exploration Databases;173
13.3;10.3 GIS Storage of Map Data;176
13.3.1;10.3.1 Digitised Line Format;176
13.3.2;10.3.2 Polygon or Vector Format;178
13.3.3;10.3.3 Raster Format;178
13.4;10.4 Validation;178
13.5;10.5 Georeferencing;179
13.5.1;10.5.1 Geographical Coordinates;179
13.5.2;10.5.2 Cartesian Coordinates;179
13.5.3;10.5.3 Map Datums;180
13.5.4;10.5.4 Map Registering;181
13.6;10.6 Manipulation of GIS Data;181
13.7;10.7 Presentation of GIS Data;182
14;Appendix A Notes on the Use of Graphical Scale Logging;186
14.1;A.1 Column 1 (Hole Depth);187
14.2;A.2 Column 2 (Core Recovery);187
14.3;A.3 Column 3 (Core Quality);187
14.4;A.4 Column 4 (Sample No.);187
14.5;A.5 Column 5 (Assay Results);187
14.6;A.6 Column 6 (Mapping Logs);187
14.7;A.7 Column 7 (Histogram Logs);188
14.8;A.8 Column 8 (Geology Notes);189
14.9;A.9 Column 9 (Summary Log);189
14.10;A.10 Remarks Area;189
15;Appendix B Oriented Drill Core: Techniques and Procedures;190
15.1;B.1 Techniques for Orienting Drill Core;190
15.1.1;B.1.1 Non-mechanical Means;190
15.1.2;B.1.2 Mechanical Means;190
15.2;B.2 How toHandle Oriented Core;195
15.3;B.3 How to Measure Structures in Oriented Core;197
15.3.1;B.3.1 Before You Measure;197
15.3.2;B.3.2 How Many Measurements Are Needed?;198
15.3.3;B.3.3 Using a Core Frame;199
15.3.4;B.3.4 Using Internal Core Angles;202
15.3.4.1;B.3.4.1 The Angles that Define Planar Structure;202
15.3.4.2;B.3.4.2 The Angles that Define Linear Structure;203
15.3.4.3;B.3.4.3 How to Measure Internal Core Angles;204
15.3.4.4;B.3.4.4 Converting Internal Core Angles to Strike and Dip Measurements;206
15.3.4.5;B.3.4.5 Mathematical Reduction;207
15.3.4.6;B.3.4.6 Reduction Using Stereonet;207
15.3.4.7;B.3.4.7 Problems with the Internal Core Angle Method;207
15.3.5;B.3.5 Discussion on the Best Measuring Technique;208
15.3.6;B.3.6 Plotting Structure Measurements on Drill Section;209
15.3.7;References;211
16;Appendix C Calculating Strike and Dip from Multiple Diamond Drill Holes;212
16.1;C.1 The Three Point Problem;212
16.2;C.2 Solution Using Structure Contours;212
16.3;C.3 Solution Using a Stereonet;213
16.4;C.4 An Elegant Solution to Determining the Attitude of Planes in Non-oriented Core;215
16.5;References;217
17;Appendix D How to Use a Stereo Net to Convert Internal Core Angles to Geographic Coordinates;218
17.1;D.1 The Solution for Planar Structures;218
17.2;D.2 The Solution for Linear Structures;220
18;Appendix E Practical Field Techniques;222
18.1;E.1 Choosing the Right Compass;222
18.2;E.2 Understanding Your Compass;222
18.3;E.3 Measuring the Strike and Dip of Planes;224
18.4;E.4 Measuring the Trend and Plunge of Lineations;225
19;Appendix F Suggested Further Reading;229
19.1;General;229
19.2;Chapter 1;229
19.3;Chapter 2;230
19.4;Chapter 4;231
19.5;Chapter 5;231
19.6;Chapter 6;232
19.7;Chapter 7;232
19.8;Chapter 8;232
19.9;Chapter 9;233
19.10;Chapter 10;234
20;Acronyms and Abbreviations;235
21;Color Plate;237
22;Index;238