Marschall / Foster Boron Isotopes

The Fifth Element
1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-3-319-64666-4
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 288 Seiten

Reihe: Advances in Isotope Geochemistry

This new volume on boron isotope geochemistry offers review chapters summarizing the cosmochemistry, high-temperature and low-temperature geochemistry, and marine chemistry of boron. It also covers theoretical aspects of B isotope fractionation, experiments and atomic modeling, as well as all aspects of boron isotope analyses in geologic materials using the full range of solutions and in-situ methods. The book provides guidance for researchers on the analytical and theoretical aspects, as well as introducing the various scientific applications and research fields in which boron isotopes currently play a major role. The last compendium to summarize the geochemistry of boron and address its isotope geochemistry was published over 20 years ago (Grew &Anovitz, 1996, MSA Review, Vol.33), and there have since been significant advances in analytical techniques, applications and scientific insights into the isotope geochemistry of boron. This volume in the 'Advances in Isotope Geochemistry' series provides a valuable source for students and professionals alike, both as an introduction to a new field and as a reference in ongoing research.
Chapters 5 and 8 of this book are available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com

Autoren/Hrsg.

Marschall, Horst

Foster, Gavin

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;1 Boron Isotopes in the Earth and Planetary Sciences—A Short History and Introduction;7
2.1;Abstract;7
2.2;1.1 Introduction;7
2.3;1.2 A Short History of Boron Isotope Analyses;8
2.3.1;1.2.1 The Discovery of Boron Stable Isotopes;8
2.3.2;1.2.2 Natural Abundances and Variations;8
2.3.3;1.2.3 TIMS and the Establishment of Standards;9
2.3.4;1.2.4 Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Interlaboratory Comparison;10
2.3.5;1.2.5 The Development of in Situ Techniques;11
2.3.6;1.2.6 Theoretical and Experimental Boron Isotope Fractionation;11
2.4;1.3 The Fifth Element;12
2.5;Acknowledgements;14
2.6;References;14
3;2 Boron Isotope Analysis of Geological Materials;18
3.1;Abstract;18
3.2;2.1 Introduction;19
3.3;2.2 Digestion and Purification Methods for Boron Isotope Analysis of Geologic Materials;19
3.3.1;2.2.1 Sample Digestion;19
3.3.2;2.2.2 Ion Exchange;25
3.3.3;2.2.3 Purification by Non Exchange Resin Methodologies;26
3.4;2.3 Analytical Methods for Boron Isotope Analysis of Geological Materials;26
3.4.1;2.3.1 The Isotopic Analysis of Boron in Solution Mode;26
3.4.1.1;2.3.1.1 Positive Ion Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry;26
3.4.1.2;2.3.1.2 Negative Ion Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry;27
3.4.1.3;2.3.1.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry;28
3.4.2;2.3.2 The Isotopic Analysis of Boron in Situ;29
3.4.2.1;2.3.2.1 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS);29
3.4.2.2;2.3.2.2 Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry;32
3.5;2.4 Summary and Outlook;33
3.6;Acknowledgements;33
3.7;References;33
4;3 Boron Isotope Fractionation Among Vapor–Liquids–Solids–Melts: Experiments and Atomistic Modeling;37
4.1;Abstract;37
4.2;3.1 Introduction;37
4.3;3.2 Notations;38
4.4;3.3 Controls of B-Isotopic Fractionation;39
4.5;3.4 B-Speciation in Liquids, Vapor, and Melts;40
4.5.1;3.4.1 B-Speciation in Aqueous Fluids;40
4.5.2;3.4.2 Boron Speciation in Vapor;40
4.5.3;3.4.3 Boron Speciation in Melt;42
4.6;3.5 Experimental Determination of B-Isotope Fractionation;43
4.6.1;3.5.1 Vapor–Liquid–Melt Boron Isotope Fractionation;43
4.6.1.1;3.5.1.1 Vapor–Liquid Boron Isotope Fractionation;43
4.6.1.2;3.5.1.2 Aqueous Fluid–Melt B-Isotope Fractionation;45
4.6.2;3.5.2 Solid–Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation;46
4.6.2.1;3.5.2.1 Low-Temperature Solid–Aqueous Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation;46
4.6.2.1.1;Carbonate–Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation;46
4.6.2.1.2;Clay Mineral–Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation;48
4.6.2.1.3;Boron-Isotope Fractionation in Other Low-Temperature Solid–Fluid Systems;49
4.6.2.2;3.5.2.2 High-Temperature Solid–Aqueous Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation;50
4.6.2.2.1;Mica–Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation;50
4.6.2.2.2;Tourmaline—Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation;53
4.7;3.6 Ab Intio Prediction of B-Isotope Fractionation;56
4.7.1;3.6.1 Computational Approach;57
4.7.1.1;3.6.1.1 The “Single Atom Approximation” Following Bigeleisen and Mayer (1947);57
4.7.1.2;3.6.1.2 Computational Technique;58
4.7.1.3;3.6.1.3 Error Estimation Technique;59
4.7.2;3.6.2 Computation of Fractionation Factors;59
4.7.2.1;3.6.2.1 Vapor;59
4.7.2.2;3.6.2.2 Aqueous Fluid;59
4.7.2.3;3.6.2.3 Pressure Dependence of the Fractionation Factor in Aqueous Fluids;61
4.7.3;3.6.3 Computationally Determined Mineral–Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation;61
4.7.3.1;3.6.3.1 Tourmaline–Neutral Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation;61
4.7.3.2;3.6.3.2 Boromuscovite–Strongly Basic Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation;64
4.7.3.3;3.6.3.3 Boromuscovite–Neutral Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation;64
4.7.4;3.6.4 B-Isotope Fractionation Among Minerals;65
4.8;3.7 Conclusions;66
4.9;References;68
5;4 Boron Incorporation into Marine CaCO3;74
5.1;Abstract;74
5.2;4.1 Introduction;75
5.3;4.2 Marine Calcium Carbonate Minerals;78
5.3.1;4.2.1 Carbonate Mineral Formation;78
5.3.1.1;4.2.1.1 Terrace-Ledge-Kink (TLK) Growth;79
5.3.1.2;4.2.1.2 Non-classical Crystal Growth;81
5.3.2;4.2.2 Impurity Incorporation in Carbonates;81
5.3.2.1;4.2.2.1 Reaction-Limited Impurity Incorporation;84
5.3.2.2;4.2.2.2 Diffusion-Limited Surface Environments;86
5.3.2.3;4.2.2.3 Impurity Incorporation in Non-classical Growth;87
5.4;4.3 Boron Incorporation in Calcium Carbonates;87
5.4.1;4.3.1 Aqueous Boron Chemistry;87
5.4.2;4.3.2 Boron in Synthetic Carbonates;88
5.4.2.1;4.3.2.1 Synthetic Aragonite;89
5.4.2.2;4.3.2.2 Synthetic Calcite;90
5.4.2.3;4.3.2.3 Differences Between Calcite and Aragonite;92
5.4.2.4;4.3.2.4 The Variability of B in Calcite: Possible Causes;93
5.4.2.5;4.3.2.5 The Variability of B in Calcite: A Surface Kinetic Explanation?;94
5.5;4.4 Boron in Carbonate Biominerals;101
5.6;Acknowledgements;103
5.7;References;103
6;5 Boron Isotopes in Foraminifera: Systematics, Biomineralisation, and CO2 Reconstruction;109
6.1;Abstract;109
6.2;5.1 Introduction;110
6.2.1;5.1.1 Aqueous Boron Isotope Systematics;110
6.2.2;5.1.2 The Carbonate ?11B-pH Proxy;112
6.3;5.2 Methods of Boron Isotope Analysis in Foraminifera;114
6.3.1;5.2.1 Samples;114
6.3.1.1;5.2.1.1 Sample Size and Preparation;114
6.3.1.2;5.2.1.2 Preservation and Diagenesis;114
6.3.2;5.2.2 Cleaning of Foraminiferal Samples;114
6.3.3;5.2.3 Chemical Purification;115
6.3.3.1;5.2.3.1 Column Chromatography;115
6.3.3.2;5.2.3.2 Microsubliation;115
6.3.4;5.2.4 Mass Spectrometry;116
6.3.4.1;5.2.4.1 NTIMS;116
6.3.4.2;5.2.4.2 MC-ICPMS;116
6.3.4.3;5.2.4.3 In Situ Analysis;116
6.4;5.3 Boron Isotope Systematics in Modern Foraminifera;116
6.4.1;5.3.1 Results of Boron Isotope Calibration Studies on Modern Foraminifera;117
6.4.1.1;5.3.1.1 Deep Sea Benthic Foraminifera—A Model System?;117
6.4.1.2;5.3.1.2 Planktic Foraminifera—Key Proxy Carriers;118
6.4.1.3;5.3.1.3 Other Benthic Foraminifera—Enigmatic Signals in High-Mg Calcite and Aragonite;121
6.4.2;5.3.2 Discussion of Boron Isotope Calibration on Modern Foraminifera;121
6.4.2.1;5.3.2.1 Boron Incorporation in Foraminifera;121
6.4.2.2;5.3.2.2 Boron Isotope Fractionation in Foraminifera;122
6.4.2.3;5.3.2.3 Boron Isotope Constraints on Biomineralisation;125
6.5;5.4 ?11B-Derived pH and CO2;128
6.5.1;5.4.1 pH from ?11B;129
6.5.1.1;5.4.1.1 ?11B of Borate and pH;129
6.5.1.2;5.4.1.2 KB;130
6.5.1.3;5.4.1.3 ?11B of Seawater;130
6.5.2;5.4.2 CO2 from pH;133
6.6;5.5 Proxy Application: Examples;137
6.6.1;5.5.1 Glacial-Interglacial CO2;137
6.6.2;5.5.2 pH and CO2 Beyond the Ice Cores;138
6.7;5.6 Summary and Outlook;139
6.8;Acknowledgements;139
6.9;References;140
7;6 Boron Isotopic Systematics in Scleractinian Corals and the Role of pH Up-regulation;146
7.1;Abstract;146
7.2;6.1 Introduction;147
7.3;6.2 Calcification in Scleractinian Corals;148
7.4;6.3 Boron Isotopic Systematics;149
7.5;6.4 Boron Isotopic Compositions of Scleractinian Corals;151
7.6;6.5 Experimental Constraints on the Relationship Between Calcifying Fluid pH and Seawater pH;151
7.7;6.6 Cold-Water Corals;154
7.8;6.7 pH Up-Regulation in the Natural Environment;155
7.8.1;6.7.1 Corals Under Free Ocean Carbon Enrichment (FOCE) Conditions;155
7.8.2;6.7.2 Corals Under Natural Conditions of Seasonal Forcing;157
7.9;6.8 Summary and Conclusions;159
7.10;Acknowledgements;161
7.11;References;161
8;7 Boron in the Weathering Environment;164
8.1;Abstract;164
8.2;7.1 The Main Fractionating Mechanisms of Boron on Terrestrial Surfaces;165
8.2.1;7.1.1 The Crystallochemistry of Boron;165
8.2.2;7.1.2 Interaction of Dissolved Boron with Mineral Surfaces;166
8.2.3;7.1.3 Coprecipitation of Boron into Solids;168
8.2.4;7.1.4 Behavior of Boron During Evaporation and Condensation Processes;170
8.2.5;7.1.5 Behavior of Boron in Biological Processes;171
8.3;7.2 Biogeochemistry of Boron in the Critical Zone;172
8.3.1;7.2.1 Boron Isotopes in Precipitation;172
8.3.2;7.2.2 Boron Isotopes in Soil Profiles;173
8.3.3;7.2.3 Boron Isotopes at the Catchment Scale;174
8.3.4;7.2.4 Boron Isotopes in Groundwaters;176
8.3.5;7.2.5 Boron Isotopes in River Systems;178
8.3.6;7.2.6 Partitioning of Boron Isotopes Between Water and Modern Day River Sediments;180
8.3.7;7.2.7 Boron Isotopes in Lakes;181
8.4;7.3 The Riverine Input of Boron to the Ocean and Secular Evolution of the Ocean;182
8.4.1;7.3.1 The Riverine Input of Boron to the Ocean;182
8.4.2;7.3.2 Boron as an Integrated Tracer of Global Weathering and Erosion;183
8.4.3;7.3.3 The Secular Evolution of Boron Isotopes in the Ocean;184
8.5;7.4 Conclusion;185
8.6;Acknowledgements;185
8.7;References;185
9;8 Boron Isotopes in the Ocean Floor Realm and the Mantle;190
9.1;Abstract;190
9.2;8.1 Introduction;190
9.3;8.2 The Oceanic Crust;191
9.4;8.3 Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts;192
9.5;8.4 Ocean Island Basalts;194
9.6;8.5 The Mantle;197
9.7;8.6 Hydrothermal Alteration and Weathering;198
9.7.1;8.6.1 Alteration of the Igneous Crust;199
9.7.2;8.6.2 Serpentinization;203
9.7.3;8.6.3 Hydrothermal Vent Fluids;204
9.7.4;8.6.4 Subaerial Hydrothermal Alteration;205
9.8;8.7 Oceanic Sediments;205
9.9;8.8 Paleo-Ocean Chemistry of Boron;207
9.10;8.9 Summary and Outlook;210
9.11;Acknowledgements;211
9.12;References;211
10;9 Boron Isotopes as a Tracer of Subduction Zone Processes;217
10.1;Abstract;217
10.2;9.1 Introduction;217
10.3;9.2 Metamorphic Processes in the Subducting Slab;218
10.3.1;9.2.1 Physical and Thermal Geometry of Subduction Zones;219
10.3.2;9.2.2 Subduction Metamorphism: Sediments Including Their Pore Waters;220
10.3.3;9.2.3 Subduction Metamorphism: Altered Oceanic Crust;223
10.3.4;9.2.4 Serpentinized Oceanic Floor and Mantle;224
10.4;9.3 Mantle Wedge Processes and the Subduction Interface;227
10.4.1;9.3.1 Boron Isotope Composition of Mantle Wedge Serpentinites;227
10.4.2;9.3.2 Role of the Subduction Interface in B Recycling;227
10.5;9.4 Modelling of B Isotope Fractionation During Subduction;228
10.6;9.5 Boron Isotope Signature of Volcanic Arcs;230
10.6.1;9.5.1 Global Boron Isotopic Database from Volcanic Arcs;231
10.6.2;9.5.2 Variations of Boron Isotope Signatures with Subducting Slab Parameters;232
10.6.3;9.5.3 Variations of Boron Isotope Signatures with Geochemical Proxies;234
10.7;9.6 Deep B Recycling;238
10.8;9.7 Outstanding Issues and Future Work Needed;239
10.9;Acknowledgements;241
10.10;References;241
11;10 Boron Isotopes in the Continental Crust: Granites, Pegmatites, Felsic Volcanic Rocks, and Related Ore Deposits;248
11.1;Abstract;248
11.2;10.1 Introduction;249
11.3;10.2 Boron in the Continental Crust;249
11.4;10.3 B-Isotope Systematics in Crustal Processes;251
11.4.1;10.3.1 Metamorphism and Partial Melting;252
11.4.2;10.3.2 Boron in Granitic Magmas;256
11.4.2.1;10.3.2.1 Boron in I-Type Magmas;258
11.4.2.2;10.3.2.2 Processes Affecting B-Isotope Composition in I-Type Magmas: Differentiation, Assimilation, Degassing;258
11.4.2.3;10.3.2.3 Boron in S-Type Magmas;259
11.4.2.4;10.3.2.4 Implications for B-Isotope Composition of the Continental Crust;260
11.4.3;10.3.3 Late-Stage Granites and Pegmatites: The Magmatic-Hydrothermal Transition;260
11.4.3.1;10.3.3.1 B-Isotope Variations in Early- to Late-Magmatic Tourmaline;261
11.4.4;10.3.4 Boron Isotopes in Magmatic-Hydrothermal Ore Deposits;263
11.4.4.1;10.3.4.1 Ore Deposits with I-Type Association;264
11.4.4.2;10.3.4.2 Ore Deposits with S-Type Association;264
11.5;10.4 Summary;265
11.6;Acknowledgements;266
11.7;References;266
12;11 The Cosmochemistry of Boron Isotopes;272
12.1;Abstract;272
12.2;11.1 Basics of Boron Isotopes;272
12.2.1;11.1.1 Boron Nucleosynthesis;272
12.2.2;11.1.2 Cosmochemistry of Boron;275
12.3;11.2 Boron Isotopes in the Galaxy;277
12.3.1;11.2.1 Boron Abundances in Stars;277
12.3.2;11.2.2 Boron in the Interstellar Medium;278
12.4;11.3 Boron Isotopes in the Early Solar System;279
12.4.1;11.3.1 Mass Spectrometry for B Isotope Measurements;279
12.4.2;11.3.2 B Isotopes in Chondritic Meteorites;280
12.4.3;11.3.3 B Isotopes in CAIs and Implications for Early Solar System Irradiation;281
12.4.4;11.3.4 B Isotopes in Chondrules;284
12.5;11.4 Concluding Remarks;285
12.6;Acknowledgements;285
12.7;References;285