Martín Alternative Energy Sources and Technologies

Process Design and Operation
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-319-28752-2
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 511 Seiten

Presenting a comprehensive analysis of the use of alternative sources of energy and technologies to produce fuels and power, this book describes the energy value chain from harvesting the raw material, (i.e solar, wind, biomass or shale gas) followed by analysis of the processing steps into power, fuels and/or chemicals and finally the distribution of the products.
Featuring an examination of the techno-economic processes and integration opportunities which can add value to by-products or promote the use of different sources of energy within the same facility, this book looks at the tools that can make this integration possible as well as utilising a real world case study. The case study of the operation of 'El hierro' island is used as an example of the current effort towards more efficient use of the resources available. 
Tackling head on the open challenges of the supply, the variability of the source and its prediction, the description of novel processes that are being developed and evaluated for their transformation as well as how we can distribute them to the consumer and how we can integrate the new chemicals, fuels and power within the current system and infrastructure, the book takes a process based perspective with such an approach able to help us in the use and integration of these sources of energy and novel technologies.

Mariano Martín is an Assistant professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Salamanca and is Erasmus Visiting Professor at the University of Leeds (March 2014).
He was a Fulbright Postdoctoral Research fellow at CMU, advised by Prof. Ignacio E. Grossmann 2009-2011, a postdoctoral engineer at Procter and Gamble, Newcastle Technical Centre, 2008-2009, and obtained his PhD in Chemical Engineering in 2008 from the University of Salamanca.
Mariano Martín has published over 49 journal papers and is author of over 13 book chapters as well as leading 49 conference presentations throughout his career.
Awarded the Fulbright postdoctoral research fellowship 2009-2011 he is also a Senior Member of the American Institute Chemical Engineers professional society since 2013.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Martín, Mariano

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Prologue;5
2;Contents;6
3;Contributors;8
4;Part IAlternative Energy Sources;11
5;1 Nonconventional Fossil Energy Sources: Shale Gas and Methane Hydrates;12
5.1;Abstract;12
5.2;1 Introduction;12
5.3;2 Shale Gas;13
5.3.1;2.1 Gas Extraction;14
5.3.2;2.2 Composition;16
5.3.3;2.3 Shale Gas Production Cost;17
5.4;3 Methane Hydrates;18
5.4.1;3.1 Availability of Methane Hydrates;18
5.4.2;3.2 Methane Hydrates Extraction;18
5.4.3;3.3 Production Cost of Natural Gas from Hydrates;21
5.5;4 Natural Gas Market. Effect of Unconventional Gas;21
5.6;References;23
6;2 Renewable Energy Sector;26
6.1;1 Introduction;26
6.2;2 Solar Thermal Energy;27
6.2.1;2.1 Low and Medium/High Solar Thermal Energy;27
6.2.1.1;2.1.1 Low Temperature Systems;27
6.2.1.1.1;Flat Plate Collector;27
6.2.1.2;2.1.2 Medium/High Temperature Systems;28
6.2.1.2.1;Vacuum Tube Collector;28
6.2.1.2.2;Cylindrical-Parabolic Collector;28
6.2.2;2.2 High Temperature Solar Energy. Solar Thermal Power Plants;29
6.2.3;2.3 Other Solar Thermal Technologies;30
6.3;3 Photovoltaic Solar Energy;31
6.4;4 Biomass;33
6.4.1;4.1 The Use of Biomass;33
6.4.2;4.2 Biogas;34
6.4.2.1;4.2.1 Biogas from Agricultural Holding;35
6.4.2.2;4.2.2 Biogas from Wastes;36
6.5;5 Wind Energy;36
7;Part II Infrastructure Design for Various Energy Sources;40
8;3 Development Planning of Offshore Oilfield Infrastructure;41
8.1;Abstract;41
8.2;1 Introduction;42
8.3;2 Literature Review;43
8.3.1;2.1 Deterministic Approaches for Oil/Gas Field Development Planning;43
8.3.2;2.2 Incorporating Complex Fiscal Rules;45
8.3.3;2.3 Incorporating Uncertainties in the Development Planning;46
8.4;3 Background;49
8.5;4 Problem Description;53
8.6;5 Basic Deterministic Model;59
8.7;6 Incorporating Fiscal Contracts in Oilfield Planning;66
8.8;7 Incorporating Endogenous Uncertainty in Oilfield Development Planning;68
8.8.1;7.1 Multistage Stochastic Formulation;68
8.8.2;7.2 Standard Lagrangian Decomposition Approach;71
8.8.2.1;7.2.1 Limitations;73
8.8.3;7.3 Proposed Lagrangian Decomposition Approach;74
8.9;8 Examples;79
8.9.1;8.1 Instance 1: Deterministic Case;80
8.9.2;8.2 Instance 2: Development Planning with Complex Fiscal Rules;84
8.9.3;8.3 Instance 3: Stochastic Case;88
8.10;9 Conclusions;92
8.11;Acknowledgments;92
8.12;References;92
9;4 Emerging Optimal Control Models and Solvers for Interconnected Natural Gas and Electricity Networks;96
9.1;Abstract;96
9.2;1 Motivation;96
9.3;2 Optimal Control Formulations;99
9.3.1;2.1 Transport Equations;99
9.3.2;2.2 Constraints;101
9.3.3;2.3 Initial State;101
9.3.4;2.4 Objective Function;102
9.3.5;2.5 Integrated Gas–Electric Formulations;103
9.3.6;2.6 Stochastic Formulations;107
9.4;3 Economic and Resiliency Issues;107
9.5;4 Computational Issues;114
9.5.1;4.1 Emerging Model Structures;114
9.5.2;4.2 Dealing with Negative Curvature;117
9.5.3;4.3 Open Issues;118
9.6;5 Conclusions;120
9.7;Acknowledgments;121
9.8;References;121
10;Part III Processing of Alternatives Raw Materials;123
11;5 Equation-Based Design, Integration, and Optimization of Oxycombustion Power Systems;124
11.1;Abstract;124
11.2;1 Introduction;125
11.2.1;1.1 Process Overview;125
11.2.1.1;1.1.1 Air Separation;128
11.2.1.2;1.1.2 Furnace;129
11.2.1.3;1.1.3 Power Island;131
11.2.1.4;1.1.4 Pollution Controls and Flue Gas Recycle Strategies;132
11.2.1.5;1.1.5 CO2 Processing (Polishing) Unit;133
11.2.2;1.2 Key Design Decisions and Assumptions;134
11.2.3;1.3 Review of Systems Engineering Literature;135
11.3;2 Proposed Equation-Based Optimization Methodology;136
11.4;3 Air Separation Unit Optimization Case Study;139
11.5;4 CO2 Processing Unit Optimization Case Study;142
11.6;5 Steam Cycle Optimization;146
11.6.1;5.1 Hybrid 1D/3D Boiler Model;147
11.6.2;5.2 Trust Region Optimization Algorithm;148
11.6.3;5.3 Case Study;150
11.7;6 Conclusions and Outlook;154
11.8;Acknowledgements;156
11.9;References;156
12;6 Wind Energy;164
12.1;Abstract;164
12.2;1 Introduction;164
12.3;2 Wind Energy;166
12.3.1;2.1 Wind Resources;166
12.3.2;2.2 Wind Power Technology;169
12.3.3;2.3 Wind Power and Electricity System Integration;170
12.3.3.1;2.3.1 Wind Plant Power Generation;171
12.3.3.2;2.3.2 Grid Integration of Wind Power;173
12.4;3 Electrolytic Production of Hydrogen from Wind Energy;177
12.5;4 Wind for the Production of Hydrogen-Bearing Fuels;178
12.6;5 Conclusions;180
12.7;References;181
13;7 Solar Energy as Source for Power and Chemicals;186
13.1;Abstract;186
13.2;1 Introduction: Solar Energy;186
13.3;2 Types of Solar Capturing Technologies;190
13.3.1;2.1 PV Solar;190
13.3.1.1;2.1.1 Solar Gathering;190
13.3.1.2;2.1.2 Power Production;192
13.3.2;2.2 Solar Thermal;193
13.3.2.1;2.2.1 Solar Gathering;193
13.3.2.2;2.2.2 Heat Production;194
13.3.3;2.3 Solar Thermoelectric or Concentrated Solar Power (CSP);195
13.3.3.1;2.3.1 Solar Gathering;195
13.3.3.2;2.3.2 Thermal Energy Storage Energy (TES);199
13.3.3.3;2.3.3 Power Production;201
13.4;3 Chemicals and Power Production Process Evaluation;202
13.4.1;3.1 CSP Power;202
13.4.2;3.2 Production of Methane, Methanol;204
13.4.3;3.3 Solar Augmented Processes;206
13.5;References;208
14;8 Biomass as Source for Chemicals, Power, and Fuels;212
14.1;Abstract;212
14.2;1 Introduction and Method;212
14.3;2 Individual Processes;213
14.3.1;2.1 Grain Based;213
14.3.2;2.2 Oil Based;215
14.3.3;2.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass;217
14.3.3.1;2.3.1 The Biomass;217
14.3.3.2;2.3.2 The Pretreatment;218
14.3.3.3;2.3.3 Sugar-Based Products;220
14.3.3.4;2.3.4 Syngas-Based Products;223
14.3.4;2.4 Algae;225
14.3.5;2.5 Wastes: Biogas;227
14.4;3 Integrated Processes;227
14.4.1;3.1 First and Second Generation Bioethanol;227
14.4.2;3.2 Algae-Based Fuels;228
14.4.2.1;3.2.1 Ethanol and Biodiesel;229
14.4.2.2;3.2.2 Use of Glycerol;229
14.4.3;3.3 Multiproduct Processes from Lignocellulosic Biomass;231
14.4.4;3.4 Integrated Solar, Wind, and Biomass;233
14.5;4 Conclusions;235
14.6;References;235
15;9 CO2 Carbon Capture, Storage, and Uses;239
15.1;Abstract;239
15.2;1 CO2 Properties and Associated Uses;239
15.2.1;1.1 Thermodynamic Properties of CO2;240
15.2.2;1.2 Solubility in Liquids and Lean Acid Properties of CO2;245
15.2.3;1.3 Chemical Properties and Associated Uses of CO2;246
15.2.4;1.4 CO2 Oxidant Properties;248
15.2.5;1.5 Use of CO2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery (E.O.R.);252
15.3;2 CO2 Capture;253
15.3.1;2.1 Introduction;253
15.3.2;2.2 CO2 Capture Technologies;254
15.3.3;2.3 Postcombustion Capture;257
15.3.4;2.4 Precombustion Capture;259
15.3.5;2.5 Oxy-Combustion;259
15.4;3 CO2 Transportation;263
15.5;4 CO2 Storage;263
15.5.1;4.1 Introduction;263
15.5.2;4.2 Trapping Mechanism;265
15.5.3;4.3 Capacity Estimation for CO2 Storage;266
15.5.4;4.4 Effects of Impurities;266
15.5.5;4.5 Monitoring;268
15.6;References;268
16;10 Optimal Design of Macroscopic Water and Energy Networks;270
16.1;Abstract;270
16.2;1 Introduction;274
16.3;2 Model Design;275
16.3.1;2.1 Equations for Existing Power Plants and New Power-Desalination Plants;275
16.3.2;2.2 Water Balances in Natural Resources;278
16.3.3;2.3 Water Balance in Distribution Stations;279
16.3.4;2.4 Pumping Cost;280
16.3.5;2.5 Piping Costs;281
16.3.6;2.6 Water Demands and Energy Demands;284
16.3.7;2.7 Equations for Storage Tanks;285
16.3.8;2.8 Objective Function;286
16.4;3 Case Study;287
16.4.1;3.1 Domestic Users;287
16.4.2;3.2 Agricultural Users;289
16.4.3;3.3 Industrial Users;290
16.4.4;3.4 Surface Water;290
16.4.5;3.5 Aquifers;291
16.4.6;3.6 Existing Power Plants and New Power-Desalination Plants;292
16.5;4 Optimization Results;293
16.6;5 Concluding Remarks;294
16.7;References;295
17;Part IVOperations;297
18;11 Retrofit of Total Site Heat Exchanger Networks by Mathematical Programming Approach;298
18.1;Abstract;298
18.2;1 Introduction;299
18.3;2 Total Site Integration;301
18.4;3 Approaches for Total Site Integration;304
18.4.1;3.1 Pinch Technology;304
18.4.2;3.2 Mathematical Programming;306
18.4.3;3.3 Hybrid Approaches Combining Pinch Analysis and Mathematical Programming;310
18.5;4 Software Tools for Total Site Integration;312
18.6;5 Retrofitting of Existing Heat Exchanger Networks Within Total Site;315
18.6.1;5.1 Extraction of Data;317
18.6.2;5.2 Targeting and Identification of Potential for Heat and Total Site Integration;319
18.6.3;5.3 Identification and Selection of Modifications;320
18.6.4;5.4 Verification of Modifications;321
18.6.5;5.5 Synthesis of the Final Heat Exchanger Network;322
18.7;6 Illustrative Examples;322
18.7.1;6.1 Retrofit of a Small-Scale Total Site;322
18.7.2;6.2 Retrofit of an Existing Refinery Total Site;325
18.8;7 Concluding Remarks;330
18.9;8 Sources of Further Information;330
18.10;Acknowledgments;332
18.11;Chap11;333
18.12;References;335
19;12 Improving Energy Efficiency in Batch Plants Through Direct Heat Integration;342
19.1;Abstract;342
19.2;1 Introduction;342
19.3;2 Problem Definition;346
19.4;3 Heat Integration Model;347
19.4.1;3.1 Constraints Featuring Binary Variables;348
19.4.2;3.2 Linear Constraints;350
19.5;4 Scheduling Model;352
19.6;5 Linking the Two Models;353
19.7;6 Multi-objective Optimization;354
19.7.1;6.1 Computational Environment;356
19.8;7 Choosing the Number of Temperature-Changing Stages;356
19.9;8 Makespan Versus Utility Consumption;358
19.9.1;8.1 Influence on Optimal Schedule and Heat Exchanger Network;359
19.10;9 Conclusions;361
19.11;Acknowledgments;362
19.12;References;362
20;13 Life Cycle Algal Biorefinery Design;364
20.1;Abstract;364
20.2;1 Introduction;364
20.3;2 A Framework for Sustainable Process Design and Synthesis;365
20.3.1;2.1 Life Cycle Analysis;365
20.3.2;2.2 Life Cycle Optimization;366
20.4;3 Process Design and Synthesis of Algal Biorefineries;368
20.5;4 Superstructure of an Algal Biorefinery;370
20.5.1;4.1 The Role of Superstructure Optimization;370
20.5.2;4.2 Technology Alternatives of an Algal Biorefinery;371
20.6;5 Cultivation;371
20.7;6 Harvesting;372
20.8;7 Lipid Extraction;373
20.9;8 Remnant Treatment;374
20.10;9 Biogas Utilization;374
20.11;10 Biofuel Production;375
20.12;11 Life Cycle Design of an Algal Biorefinery;376
20.13;12 Future Directions;377
20.13.1;12.1 Modeling Details;377
20.13.2;12.2 Life Cycle Considerations;378
20.14;13 Conclusions;378
20.15;Acknowledgement;378
20.16;References;379
21;14 Planning and Scheduling for Industrial Demand Side Management: Advances and Challenges;383
21.1;Abstract;383
21.2;1 Introduction;383
21.3;2 Definition of Demand Side Management;386
21.4;3 Characteristics of Industrial DSM;388
21.5;4 Optimization of Planning and Scheduling for Industrial DSM;389
21.5.1;4.1 Modeling Operational Flexibility;391
21.5.2;4.2 Integration of Production and Energy Management;398
21.5.3;4.3 Decision-Making Across Multiple Time Scales;400
21.5.4;4.4 Optimization Under Uncertainty;401
21.6;5 Case Studies;405
21.6.1;5.1 Scheduling of Process Networks with Various Power Contracts;405
21.6.2;5.2 Risk-Based Integrated Production Scheduling and Electricity Procurement;407
21.7;6 Future Developments and Challenges;409
21.8;7 Concluding Remarks;410
21.9;Acknowledgments;410
21.10;References;410
22;15 Industrial Tools and Needs;415
22.1;Abstract;415
22.2;1 Background;415
22.3;2 Industrial Processes;417
22.4;3 Value of a Better Energy Optimization;419
22.4.1;3.1 Energy Optimization;420
22.5;4 Industrial Tools and Solutions;423
22.5.1;4.1 Measurement and Metering;423
22.5.2;4.2 Monitoring and Visualization;423
22.5.3;4.3 Analysis and Reporting;424
22.5.4;4.4 Forecasting and Optimization;425
22.6;5 Systematical View of Putting All Together;426
22.7;6 Industrial Case Studies;428
22.7.1;6.1 Integration of Chemicals Production—BASF’s “Verbund” Concept;428
22.7.2;6.2 Stainless-Steel Batch Production;429
22.7.3;6.3 Pulp and Paper Production;433
22.7.4;6.4 Other Industrial Success Stories;435
22.8;7 Concluding Thoughts;436
22.9;References;437
23;16 Renewable-Based Self-sustainable Operation of Isolated Islands;439
23.1;Abstract;439
23.2;1 Background;439
23.3;2 Island Description;441
23.4;3 Electricity Sector;443
23.4.1;3.1 The Electric System of El Hierro;445
23.5;4 Historical Approach of the Self-sustainable System in El Hierro;446
23.5.1;4.1 European Context;447
23.6;5 Wind-Pumped Hydro Power Plant in El Hierro;448
23.7;6 The Technical Idea;450
23.7.1;6.1 The Decision-Making Process;450
23.7.2;6.2 The Components of the System;455
23.7.2.1;6.2.1 Wind Plant: 11.5 MW Power Plant (Fig. 9);455
23.7.2.2;6.2.2 Water Storage System/Lower Deposit;456
23.7.2.3;6.2.3 Water Storage System/Pumping Station (6 MW);457
23.7.2.4;6.2.4 Water Storage System/Upper Deposit;457
23.7.2.5;6.2.5 Hydraulic Turbine Station;458
23.7.2.6;6.2.6 Electrical Substation;458
23.7.3;6.3 Civil Works and Other Concerns in the Power Plant;459
23.7.4;6.4 Renewable Penetration and Generation Unit Price;459
23.8;7 Benefits and Further Initiatives;461
23.9;8 Conclusions;461
23.10;References;462
24;Part VEnergy Distribution;463
25;17 Multi-objective Optimisation Incorporating Life Cycle Assessment. A Case Study of Biofuels Supply Chain Design;464
25.1;Abstract;464
25.2;1 Introduction;464
25.2.1;1.1 Development of Supply Chain Optimisation;465
25.2.2;1.2 Green Supply Chain Optimisation;467
25.2.2.1;1.2.1 Incorporation of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA);468
25.2.2.2;1.2.2 Biofuel Green Supply Chains;470
25.3;2 Problem Statement;471
25.3.1;2.1 Mathematical Formulation;473
25.3.2;2.2 Estimation of Economic and Environmental Objectives;476
25.3.3;2.3 Solution Method;479
25.4;3 Case Study;480
25.5;4 Conclusions;488
25.6;References;489
26;18 Large-Scale Stochastic Mixed-Integer Programming Algorithms for Power Generation Scheduling;492
26.1;Abstract;492
26.2;1 Stochastic Unit Commitment Model;492
26.2.1;1.1 Logical Constraints for Commitment, Startup, and Shutdown Decisions;493
26.2.2;1.2 Generation Limits, Spinning Reserve Requirements, and Ramping Constraints;494
26.2.3;1.3 Flow Balance and Transmission Line Capacity Constraints;495
26.2.4;1.4 Piecewise Linear Objective Function;495
26.2.5;1.5 Stochastic Mixed-Integer Programming Formulation;496
26.2.6;1.6 Technical Challenges of SMIP;496
26.3;2 Scenario Decomposition;497
26.3.1;2.1 Dual Decomposition;497
26.3.1.1;2.1.1 Subgradient Method;498
26.3.1.2;2.1.2 Cutting-Plane Method;499
26.3.1.3;2.1.3 Variants of the Cutting-Plane Method;500
26.3.1.3.1;Interior-Point Cutting-Plane Method;500
26.3.1.3.2;Bundle Method;502
26.3.2;2.2 Progressive Hedging;503
26.3.3;2.3 Incorporating Benders-Type Cutting-Plane Procedure;504
26.3.3.1;2.3.1 Feasibility Cuts;504
26.3.3.2;2.3.2 Optimality Cuts;505
26.4;3 Numerical Example;506
26.4.1;3.1 Lower and Upper Bounds from Dual Decomposition;507
26.4.2;3.2 Upper Bounds from Progressive Hedging;509
26.5;4 Summary;510
26.6;Acknowledgments;510
26.7;References;510