Matthews / Fisher Quantitative and Statistical Approaches to Geography

A Practical Manual
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7880-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 218 Seiten, Web PDF

Quantitative and Statistical Approaches to Geography: A Practical Manual is a practical introduction to some quantitative and statistical techniques of use to geographers and related scientists. This book is composed of 15 chapters, each begins with an outline of the purpose and necessary mechanics of a technique or group of techniques and is concluded with exercises and the particular approach adopted. These exercises aim to enhance student's ability to use the techniques as part of the process by which sound judgments are made according to scientific standards while tackling complex problems. After a brief introduction to the principles of quantitative and statistical geography, this book goes on dealing with the topics of measures of central tendency; probability statements and maps; the problem of time-dependence, time-series analysis, non-normality, and data transformations; and the elements of sampling methodology. Other chapters cover the confidence intervals and estimation from samples, statistical hypothesis testing, analysis of contingency tests, and non-parametric tests for independent and dependent samples. The final chapters consider the evaluation of correlation coefficients, regression prediction, and choice and limitations of statistical techniques. This book is of value to undergraduate geography students.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Matthews, John A.

Fisher, W. B.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Quantitative and Statistical Approaches to Geography: A Practical Manual;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;12
5;Preface;8
6;Acknowledgements;10
7;Chapter 1. Introduction.Quantification in a Context;16
7.1;Exercise 1. Problems of measurement in the invention of shape indices for landforms.;22
7.2;Exercise 2. Scientific method in the analysis of the Roman road network in England and Wales.;25
8;Chapter 2. Measures of Central Tendency;28
8.1;Exercise 3. Application of histograms and use of the mode in the reconstruction and dating of glacier fluctuations in Swedish Lappland.;31
8.2;Exercise 4. Comparison of measures of central tendency in the study of a fan of erratics in the Central Lowlands of Scotland.;34
9;Chapter 3. Measures of Dispersion;39
9.1;Exercise 5: Application of dispersion diagrams and measures of dispersion in the study of British rainfall patterns.;45
10;Chapter 4. Probability Statements and Probability Maps;49
10.1;Exercise 6: Use of tables of the normal distribution function for making elementary probability statements.;53
10.2;Exercise 7: Construction of a probability map of atmospheric pollution for north-west Europe.;57
11;Chapter 5. The Problem of Time-dependence and Time-series Analysis;61
11.1;Exercise 8: Running means and the analysis of birth and death rates in pre-industrial Norway.;64
12;Chapter 6. The Problem of Non-normality and Data Transformations;68
12.1;Exercise 9: Use of transformations and probability paper in the analysis of the wealth of nations at a world scale.;73
13;Chapter 7. Elements of Sampling Methodology;77
13.1;Exercise 10: Application of sampling techniques in the extraction of information from soil maps in north Wales.;81
14;Chapter 8. Confidence Intervals and Estimation from Samples;85
14.1;Exercise 11: Use of tables of the t distribution and the calculation of confidence intervals around sample means.;91
14.2;Exercise 12: Use of confidence intervals in the evaluation of models of vegetation succession in the Jotunheimen Mountains of southern Norway.;93
15;Chapter 9. Statistical Hypothesis Testing Based on Student's t;98
15.1;Exercise 13: Hypothesis testing about the upper limit of agriculture on the North York Moors [north-east England] using Student's t-tests.;104
16;Chapter 10. x2 Tests and the Analysis of Contingency Tables;109
16.1;Exercise 14: Hypothesis testing about the location of Eskimo settlements on the coast of Baffin Island, Canada, using x2 tests.;114
16.2;Exercise 15: Analysis of spatial variation of water quality in the River Exe drainage basin (south-west England) using x2 tests.;118
17;Chapter 11. Further Non-parametric Tests for Independent Samples;123
17.1;Exercise 16: A comparative study of hobby farms and commercial farms in Ontario,Canada, using Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests.;131
17.2;Exercise 17: Do regions exist? Testing the distinctiveness of planning regions in South Wales using Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance by ranks.;133
18;Chapter 12. Non-parametric Tests for Dependent (matched) Samples;139
18.1;Exercise 18: Form and origin of saw-tooth moraines in Bödalen,Norway, investigated by Wilcoxon tests and Mann-Whitney tests.;144
18.2;Exercise 19: Recent trends in causes of death in some advanced Western societies characterized by application of Friedman analysis of variance by ranks.;147
19;Chapter 13. The Strength of Relationships:Correlation Coefficients;153
19.1;Exercise 20: An investigation into the processes forming modern beach ridges on Jura, Scottish Inner Hebrides, using Pearson's correlation coefficient;163
19.2;Exercise 21: Analysis of indicators of economic development for Latin American countries by application of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.;167
20;Chapter 14. The Form of Relationships and Prediction by Regression;170
20.1;Exercise 22: Prediction of annual temperatures from sea-ice conditions off Iceland using regression analysis.;179
20.2;Exercise 23: Application of regression to the description and analysis of urban population densities in London and Chicago.;182
21;Chapter 15. Conclusion: Choice and Limitations of Statistical Techniques;186
21.1;Exercise 24: Choosing an appropriate technique for particular purposes.;191
22;Further Reading;195
23;References;196
24;Answers to Numerical Questions;198
25;Appendix: Statistical Tables;202
26;Index;216