Mays Ancient Water Technologies

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-8632-7
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 280 Seiten

There is no more fundamental resource than water. The basis of all life, water is fast becoming a key issue in today's world, as well as a source of conflict. This fascinating book, which sets out many of the ingenious methods by which ancient societies gathered, transported and stored water, is a timely publication as overextraction and profligacy threaten the existence of aquifers and watercourses that have supplied our needs for millennia. It provides an overview of the water technologies developed by a number of ancient civilizations, from those of Mesopotamia and the Indus valley to later societies such as the Mycenaeans, Minoans, Persians, and the ancient Egyptians. Of course, no book on ancient water technologies would be complete without discussing the engineering feats of the Romans and Greeks, yet as well as covering these key civilizations, it also examines how ancient American societies from the Hohokams to the Mayans and Incas husbanded their water supplies. This unusually wide-ranging text could offer today's parched world some solutions to the impending crisis in our water supply. 'This book provides valuable insights into the water technologies developed in ancient civilizations which are the underpinning of modern achievements in water engineering and management practices. It is the best proof that 'the past is the key for the future.'
Andreas N. Angelakis, Hellenic Water Supply and Sewerage Systems Association, Greece 'This book makes a fundamental contribution to what will become the most important challenge of our civilization facing the global crisis: the problem of water. Ancient Water Technologies provides a complete panorama of how ancient societies confronted themselves with the management of water. The role of this volume is to provide, for the first time on this issue, an extensive historical and scientific reconstruction and an indication of how traditional knowledge may be employed to ensure a sustainable future for all.'
Pietro Laureano, UNESCO expert for ecosystems at risk, Director of IPOGEA-Institute of Traditional Knowledge, Italy

About the Author: Larry W. Mays, Ph.D., P.E., P.H., D. WRE, is Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Arizona State University, and former chair of the department. He was formerly Director of the Center for Research in Water Resources at the University of Texas at Austin, where he held an Engineering Foundation-endowed professorship. A registered professional engineer in several states, and a registered professional hydrologist, he has served as a consultant to many organizations. Professor Mays is the author of Water Resources Engineering (published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) and Optimal Control of Hydrosystems (published by Marcel Dekker), and co-author of Applied Hydrology and Hydrosystems Engineering and Management (both from McGraw-Hill)and Groundwater Hydrology (published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc). He was editor-in-chief of Water Resources Handbook, Water Distribution Systems Handbook, Urban Water Supply Management Tools, Stormwater Collection Systems Design Handbook, Urban Water Supply Handbook, Urban Stormwater Management Tools, Hydraulic Design Handbook, and Water Supply Systems Security, and Water Resources Sustainability, all published by McGraw-Hill. In addition, he is editor-in-chief of Reliability Analysis of Water Distribution Systems and co-editor of Computer Methods of Free Surface and Pressurized Flow. Professor Mays' most recent book is Urban Water Management in Arid and Semi-arid Regions, published by Taylor and Francis. This book was the result of volunteer work for the United Nations UNESCO-IHP in Paris. Professor Mays has published extensively in refereed journal publications and papers in the proceedings of national and international conferences, many of which were invited papers, and many invited chapters in books that he did not author or edit. Among his honors is a distinguished alumnus award from the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana and he is a Diplomate, Water Resources Engineering of the American Academy of Water Resources Engineering. He is also a Fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers and the International Water Resources Association. Professor Mays lives in Mesa, Arizona and Pagosa Springs, Colorado.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mays, L.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;4
2;Contents;6
3;Contributors;8
4;About the Editor;10
5;1 A Brief History of Water Technology During Antiquity: Before the Romans;12
5.1;1.1 Introduction;12
5.2;1.2 Hydraulic Technology for Irrigation;12
5.2.1;1.2.1 The Mesopotamians;12
5.2.2;1.2.2 Lift Irrigation;13
5.2.3;1.2.3 Persia and the Qanats;14
5.3;1.3 Hydraulic Technology for Early Urban Centers;15
5.3.1;1.3.1 Indus Valley Civilization;16
5.3.2;1.3.2 Mesopotamia;16
5.4;1.4 The Early Greeks;18
5.4.1;1.4.1 Minoans;18
5.4.2;1.4.2 The Mycenaeans;21
5.5;1.5 Greeks;23
5.5.1;1.5.1 Archaic and Classical Periods;23
5.5.2;1.5.2 Hellenistic Period;25
5.5.3;1.5.3 Greek Water Management;27
5.5.4;1.5.4 Greek Hydraulic Technology of Devices;27
5.5.5;1.5.5 Water Clocks;28
5.6;1.6 Water Supply at the Urartian Capital of Tuspa;28
5.7;1.7 Nabataean City of Petras Water Supply;31
5.7.1;1.7.1 The Siq;33
5.7.2;1.7.2 Water Sources;35
5.8;1.8 Conclusions;37
5.9;References;37
6;2 Water Technology in Ancient Mesopotamia;40
6.1;2.1 Introduction;40
6.2;2.2 Applied Hydraulics;45
6.3;2.3 Sanitary Engineering;49
6.4;2.4 Irrigation;52
6.5;2.5 Silting and Salinization;57
6.6;2.6 Conclusion;60
6.7;References;61
7;3 Water Technology in Ancient Egypt;63
7.1;3.1 Introduction: The Nile River;63
7.2;3.2 Water Engineering: Predynastic;65
7.3;3.3 Water Engineering: Dynastic;66
7.3.1;3.3.1 Artificial Basin Irrigation;66
7.3.2;3.3.2 Lift Irrigation;67
7.3.3;3.3.3 Sadd-el-Kafara Dam;68
7.3.4;3.3.4 Faiyum Depression;70
7.4;3.4 Water Management: Graeco-Roman Period;70
7.4.1;3.4.1 Irrigation;71
7.4.2;3.4.2 Reclamation of the Faiyum Depression;73
7.5;3.5 Measurement and Long-Term Records of the Nile;74
7.6;3.6 Concluding Remarks;74
7.7;References;75
8;4 Ancient Greek Lavatories: Operation with Reused Water;76
8.1;4.1 Introduction;76
8.2;4.2 Terms Etymology;76
8.3;4.3 Written Sources;77
8.3.1;4.3.1 Aristofanes;77
8.3.2;4.3.2 Other Sources;77
8.4;4.4 Emergence of the Type and its Time Frame;78
8.5;4.5 Description of the Typical Lavatory;79
8.5.1;4.5.1 Public and Private Lavatories;81
8.5.2;4.5.2 Pipe Network -- Sewerage;82
8.5.3;4.5.3 Typical Features of Lavatory;85
8.5.3.1;4.5.3.1 Perimetric Ditch;85
8.5.3.2;4.5.3.2 Lavatory Seats;85
8.5.3.3;4.5.3.3 Defecation Openings;86
8.5.3.4;4.5.3.4 Auxiliary Elements;87
8.5.3.5;4.5.3.5 The Layout of the Ground Plan;88
8.5.4;4.5.4 Public Lavatories;88
8.5.5;4.5.5 Private Lavatories;90
8.6;4.6 Operation with Reused Water;91
8.7;4.7 Simultaneous Usage by Numerous People;92
8.8;4.8 Conclusions;93
8.9;References;94
9;5 Water Resource Management for Irans Persepolis Complex;96
9.1;5.1 Introduction;96
9.2;5.2 Water Resource Management in Achaemenid Era;98
9.3;5.3 The Water Supply System of the Persepolis;101
9.4;5.4 The Runoff and Sewer Networks of Persepolis;103
9.5;5.5 Rainfall-Runoff Evaluation of Persepolis;106
9.6;5.6 A Brief Reflection;108
9.7;5.7 Conclusions;110
9.8;References;110
10;6 A Web Based Information System for the Inspection ofINTtie;theINTtie;Hydraulic Works;112
10.1;6.1 Introduction;112
10.2;6.2 Information System;113
10.3;6.3 Historical Evolution of Hydraulic Works;117
10.4;6.4 Discussion;120
10.5;6.5 Summary and Conclusion;122
10.6;References;123
11;7 A Brief History of Roman Water Technology;124
11.1;7.1 Introduction;124
11.2;7.2 Water Sources and Transmission;125
11.2.1;7.2.1 Sources;125
11.2.2;7.2.2 Aqueduct System;125
11.2.3;7.2.3 Siphons;129
11.3;7.3 Vitruvius and Frontinus;129
11.4;7.4 Urban Water Distribution Systems;130
11.4.1;7.4.1 Water Distribution;130
11.4.2;7.4.2 Cisterns;132
11.4.3;7.4.3 Fountains, Ornamental Pools, and Baths;135
11.5;7.5 Roman Mega Water Projects;137
11.6;7.6 Other Types of Water Technology;141
11.6.1;7.6.1 Roman Hydraulic Devices;141
11.6.2;7.6.2 Water Mills;143
11.7;7.7 Conclusions;144
11.8;References;144
12;8 Analysis of the Water System of the Ancient RomanINTnl; City ofINTtie;Apamea;147
12.1;8.1 Introduction;147
12.1.1;8.1.1 A Brief History of Apamea;147
12.1.2;8.1.2 Excavations in the North Eastern Area of the City;149
12.1.2.1;8.1.2.1 Phase 1;149
12.1.2.2;8.1.2.2 Phase 2;149
12.1.2.3;8.1.2.3 Phase 3;150
12.1.3;8.1.3 Objectives of this Work;152
12.2;8.2 Methodology;157
12.2.1;8.2.1 Flow in the Inner Aqueduct;158
12.2.2;8.2.2 Flow in the Derivations;158
12.3;8.3 Energy Losses in the Different Elements of the Derivations;159
12.3.1;8.3.1 Rooms of Visit;159
12.3.1.1;8.3.1.1 Derivation 1;159
12.3.1.2;8.3.1.2 Derivation 2;161
12.3.2;8.3.2 Canalizations;161
12.3.3;8.3.3 Bend in Derivation 1;163
12.3.4;8.3.4 Decanter in Derivation 2;164
12.4;8.4 Numerical Description of the Flow in the Third Hydraulic System;165
12.4.1;8.4.1 Inner Aqueduct;166
12.4.2;8.4.2 First Derivation;166
12.4.3;8.4.3 Second Derivation;167
12.5;8.5 Analysis of the Flow in the Third Hydraulic System;168
12.5.1;8.5.1 Inner Aqueduct;168
12.5.2;8.5.2 First Derivation;169
12.5.3;8.5.3 Second Derivation;170
12.6;8.6 Conclusion;171
12.7;8.7 Notation;172
12.7.1;8.6.0 Greek Letters;173
12.7.2;8.6.0 Subscript;173
12.8;8.7 Appendix 1: Methodology for the Characterization of the Third Hydraulic System;173
12.8.1;8.6.0 Global Description of the Flow in a Derivation;173
12.8.2;8.6.0 Computational Fluid Dynamics of Turbulent Flows;175
12.9;References;177
13;9 Water Technology in the Ancient American Societies;178
13.1;9.1 Introduction;178
13.2;9.2 American Southwest;178
13.2.1;9.2.1 The Hohokam (A.D. 1--1450);179
13.2.2;9.2.2 The Chaco Anasazi (A.D. 600--1200);184
13.3;9.3 Mesoamerica;186
13.3.1;9.3.1 Teotihuacan Empire (300--600 A.D.);186
13.3.2;9.3.2 Xochicalco (A.D. 650--900);187
13.3.3;9.3.3 The Maya;187
13.3.4;9.3.4 The Aztec Empire (A.D. 1150--1519);191
13.4;9.4 The Inca;195
13.5;References;205
14;10 Ground Water Resources and Earthquake Hazards: Ancient and Modern Perspectives;208
14.1;10.1 Introduction;208
14.2;10.2 Modern Perspective;210
14.2.1;10.2.1 Examples of Water Supply Loss Due to Earthquakes;210
14.2.2;10.2.2 Geological Background;212
14.3;10.3 Ancient Perspective;214
14.4;10.4 Discussion;217
14.5;10.5 Conclusions;218
14.6;References;219
15;11 Lessons from the Ancients on Water Resources Sustainability;223
15.1;11.1 Introduction: Todays Water Crisis;223
15.2;11.2 Water Resources Sustainability;224
15.3;11.3 Ancient Water Conflicts;225
15.3.1;11.3.1 Conflicts Over Water in Ancient History;225
15.3.2;11.3.2 Ancient Jerusalem's Water Supply Systems;225
15.3.3;11.3.3 Security and Sustainable Design;227
15.4;11.4 Societies Do Fail and Collapse;228
15.4.1;11.4.1 Some that Failed or Collapsed;228
15.4.2;11.4.2 Diamond's Framework, Mesoamerica and the Southwestern U.S.;230
15.5;11.5 The Ancient Egyptian Civilization Never Lost Sight of the Past;232
15.6;11.6 Ancient Lessons for Modern Times: The Ancient Greeks;232
15.7;11.7 Ancient Water Technology for Sustainability;233
15.7.1;11.7.1 Traditional Knowledge;233
15.7.2;11.7.2 Sassi of Matera: Example of Traditional Use of Water Resources;235
15.8;11.8 Romes Water System: Contribution to Success and Failure;236
15.8.1;11.8.1 The Aqueduct System;236
15.8.2;11.8.2 Observations of Frontinus;238
15.8.3;11.8.3 Unsustainability of Rome's Water Supply System;240
15.9;11.9 The Failure of Angkor: An Ancient Megacity;240
15.10;11.10 Conclusions;243
15.11;References;243
16;Appendix;246
17;Index;280