McCorry Essentials of Human Physiology for Pharmacy, Second Edition

2. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-1-4200-4391-4
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 520 Seiten

Reihe: Pharmacy Education Series

A firm grasp of the functions of living organisms is one of the most important prerequisites to pharmacy study. The long-awaited second edition of Essentials of Human Physiology presents concepts in physiology in a way that prepares students for their subsequent study of pathophysiology, pharmacology, and pharmacotherapeutics. Thoroughly revised and updated, this text maintains the clarity of the first edition, yet provides important new information to give students a solid grounding in some of the most important aspects of pharmacy. As with the first edition, the book begins with an overview of the fundamental aspects of cell membrane physiology with particular emphasis on nerve cell function. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the two major regulatory systems in the body: the nervous system and the endocrine system. The book then continues with in-depth presentations of the reproductive, muscular, cardiovascular, immune, respiratory, digestive, and renal systems. An important focus throughout the text is how tissue and organ function are regulated in order to maintain homeostasis. New in This Edition: · All 19 chapters updated and expanded · Revised and additional subsections of pharmacy applications · New sections on medical terms with pronunciations and definitions · New chapters on the reproductive and immune systems · Additional figures and tables to clarify information. This book was written by Laurie Kelly McCorry, a professor of physiology for eighteen years. Using simple, straightforward language, the text presents the science of physiology clearly so that undergraduate students will understand the relevance of these concepts as they relate to the practice of pharmacy. By studying and mastering the principles in this text, students will develop a secure foundation in human physiology so that they are better equipped to meet the challenges in their pharmacy career.

Zielgruppe

Pharmacy and allied health students

Autoren/Hrsg.

McCorry, Laurie Kelly

Fachgebiete

• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizinische Fachgebiete Pharmakologie, Toxikologie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Vorklinische Medizin: Grundlagenfächer Anatomie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Pharmazie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

PHYSIOLOGY AND THE CONCEPT OF HOMEOSTASIS
Study Objectives
Introduction
Homeostasis
Negative feedback
Positive feedback
Medical terminology
Bibliography
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Study objectives
Introduction
Structure and function of the plasma membrane
Membrane transport

Passive diffusion through the membrane

Osmosis

Mediated transport

Medical terminology

Bibliography

MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
Study objectives

Introduction

Development of the resting membrane potential
Medical terminology
Bibliography
ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
Study objectives
Introduction
Graded potentials
Action potentials
Conduction of the action potential
Medical terminology

Bibliography
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
Study objectives

Introduction

Chemical synapses

Summation
Interconnections between neurons
Factors affecting synaptic transmission
Altered release
Altered interaction of a neurotransmitter with
its receptor
Altered removal of a neurotransmitter from the
synaptic cleft
Replacement of a deficient neurotransmitter
Medical terminology
Bibliography

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Study objectives
Introduction
Classes of neurons
Major levels of central nervous system (CNS) function
The brain
Cerebrum
Functional regions of the cerebral cortex

Basal ganglia
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Brainstem
Cerebellum
Glial cells

Blood–brain barrier
Cerebrospinal fluid
Medical terminology

Bibliography
THE SPINAL CORD
Study objectives
Introduction
Functions of the spinal cord
Composition of the spinal cord
Gray matter
White matter
Ascending tracts
Descending tracts
Spinal reflexes
Withdrawal reflex
Crossed-extensor reflex
Medical terminology
Bibliography

PAIN
Study objectives
Introduction
Nociceptors
Fast pain and slow pain
Hyperalgesia
Neurotransmitters of the nociceptive afferent fibers
Pain pathway
Endogenous analgesic system
Gate control theory
Cutaneous pain

Deep somatic pain

Tissue ischemia

Muscle spasm

Visceral pain

Referred pain

Phantom pain

Pharmacologic treatment of pain

Nonnarcotic analgesics

Opioid analgesics

Adjuvant analgesics

Medical terminology

Bibliography

The AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Study objectives

Introduction

Regulation of autonomic nervous system activity

Efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system

Divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic division

Parasympathetic division

Neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system

Termination of neurotransmitter activity

Receptors for autonomic neurotransmitters

Functions of the autonomic nervous system
Adrenal medulla

Medical terminology

Bibliography

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Study objectives

Introduction

Biochemical classification of hormones

Transport of hormones

Hormone elimination

Functional classification of hormones

Hormone interactions

Mechanisms of hormone action

The pituitary gland

Relationship between the hypothalamus and the
pituitary gland

Negative feedback control of hormone release

Hormones of the neurohypophysis

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin

Hormones of the adenohypophysis

Gonadotropins

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Prolactin (PRL)

Growth hormone (GH)

Thyroid gland

Thyroid hormones

Calcitonin

Parathyroid glands

Adrenal glands

Adrenal medulla

Adrenal cortex

Mineralocorticoids

Glucocorticoids

Adrenal androgens

Pancreas

Insulin

Glucagon

Medical terminology

Bibliography

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Study objectives

Introduction

Gametogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis

Male reproductive system

Testes

Epididymides

Vas deferens

Ejaculatory ducts

Penis

Prostate

Seminal vesicles

Bulbourethral glands

Testosterone

Female reproductive system

Ovaries

Fallopian tubes

Uterus

Vagina

Ovarian cycle

Follicular phase

Luteal phase

Hormonal regulation of the ovarian cycle

Medical terminology

Bibliography

SKELETAL MUSCLE
Study objectives

Introduction

Muscle tension and movement

Isometric versus isotonic contraction

Structure of skeletal muscle

Sarcomeres

Thick filaments

Thin filaments

Neuromuscular junction

Mechanism of contraction

Sources of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for muscle contraction

Muscle fatigue

Oxygen debt

Types of muscle fibers

Muscle mechanics

Number of muscle fibers contracting

Amount of tension developed by each contracting
muscle fiber

Medical terminology

Bibliography

Smooth muscle
Study objectives

Introduction

Structure of smooth muscle

Calcium and the mechanism of contraction
Smooth muscle contraction is slow and prolonged
Types of smooth muscle
Factors influencing the contractile activity of smooth muscle
Length–tension relationship
Hyperplasia
Medical terminology
Bibliography
CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY
Study objectives

Introduction

Functional anatomy of the heart

Myocardial wall

Electrical activity of the heart
Electrocardiogram
Cardiac cycle
Ventricular filling
Isovolumetric contraction
Ejection

Isovolumetric relaxation

Medical terminology

Bibliography
CARDIAC OUTPUT
Study objectives
Introduction
Control of heart rate

Control of stroke volume

Effect of exercise on cardiac output

Medical terminology

Bibliography

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Study objectives

Introduction
The blood vessels

Blood pressure throughout the systemic circulation
Blood flow through a vessel
Regulation of arterial pressure
Autonomic nervous system

Vasomotor center

Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Low-pressure receptors
Vasoactive substances
Vasoconstrictors

Vasodilators

Venous return
Blood volume

Sympathetic stimulation of the veins

Skeletal muscle activity

Respiratory activity

Effects of gravity on the circulatory system

Regulation of blood flow through tissues
Active hyperemia
Autoregulation

Effects of acute exercise on the circulatory system

Capillary exchange
Medical terminology
Bibliography
BLOOD AND HEMOSTASIS
Study objectives
Introduction
Plasma
Erythrocytes

Blood types

Leukocytes

Platelets

Hemostasis

Vascular constriction

Formation of a platelet plug

Blood coagulation
Positive feedback nature of clot formation

Clot dissolution

Prevention of blood clotting and platelet aggregation in
the normal vascular system
Medical terminology
Bibliography
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Study objectives
Introduction
Agents of infectious disease
Effector cells of the immune system
Immune responses
Innate immune system
Inflammation
Defense by tissue macrophages
Localized vasodilation
Increased capillary permeability
Localized edema
Walling off of the inflamed area

Infiltration of phagocytes

Opsonization

Phagocytosis

Interferon

Natural killer cells

Complement system

Adaptive immune system

Antibody-mediated immunity

Classification of antibodies

Structure of antibodies

Actions of antibodies

Clonal selection theory

Primary versus secondary responses

Active versus passive immunity

Cell-mediated immunity

Types of T cells
Actions of T cells

MHC molecules

Medical terminology

Bibliography

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Study objectives

Introduction
Blood–gas interface
Airways

Epithelium

Cartilage

The pleura
Mechanics of breathing
Thoracic volume
Inspiration
Expiration
Lung volume
Pulmonary pressures
Elastic behavior of the lungs

Interdependence
Airway resistance
Lung volume
Airway obstruction
Bronchial smooth muscle tone
Ventilation
Standard lung volumes
Total ventilation
Alveolar ventilation
Dead space
Diffusion
Partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Ventilation–perfusion matching
Gas transport in the blood

Transport of oxygen
Factors affecting the transport of oxygen
Transport of carbon dioxide
Regulation of ventilation
Chemoreceptor response to decreased arterial PO

Chemoreceptor response to increased arterial PCO
Chemoreceptor response to increased arterial
hydrogen ion concentration

Ventilatory response to exercise

Medical terminology

Bibliography

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Study objectives

Introduction

The digestive tract wall
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

Regulation of gastrointestinal function

Intrinsic nerve plexuses
Extrinsic autonomic nerves
Gastrointestinal hormones

Mouth

Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Gastric motility
Gastric secretion
Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Transport of bile and pancreatic juice to the small intestine

Small intestine

Motility of the small intestine

Digestion and absorption in the small intestine

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Water and electrolytes

Large intestine

Motility of the large intestine
Secretion of the large intestine
Medical terminology
Bibliography
THE RENAL SYSTEM
Study objectives
Introduction
Functional anatomy of the kidneys
Vascular component
Tubular component

Basic renal processes

Glomerular filtration

Filtration barrier

Determinants of filtration

Tubular reabsorption

Sodium reabsorption

Chloride reabsorption
Water reabsorption
Production of urine of varying concentrations

Vasa recta
Tubular secretion
Potassium ion secretion
Hydrogen ion secretion
Plasma clearance
Renal blood flow
Autoregulation
Myogenic mechanism
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Resistance of the afferent arteriole
Sympathetic nerves
Angiotensin II
Prostaglandins
Control of sodium excretion: regulation of plasma volume
Control of water excretion: regulation of plasma osmolarity
Medical terminology
Bibliography
INDEX