Mehrer Diffusion in Solids

Fundamentals, Methods, Materials, Diffusion-Controlled Processes
2007
ISBN: 978-3-540-71488-0
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 155, 654 Seiten

Reihe: Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences

Diffusion is a vital topic in solid-state physics and chemistry, physical metallurgy and materials science. Diffusion processes are ubiquitous in solids at elevated temperatures. A thorough understanding of diffusion in materials is crucial for materials development and engineering. This book first gives an account of the central aspects of diffusion in solids, for which the necessary background is a course in solid state physics. It then provides easy access to important information about diffusion in metals, alloys, semiconductors, ion-conducting materials, glasses and nanomaterials. Several diffusion-controlled phenomena, including ionic conduction, grain-boundary and dislocation pipe diffusion, are considered as well.

Graduate students in solid-state physics, physical metallurgy, materials science, physical and inorganic chemistry or geophysics will benefit from this book as will physicists, chemists, metallurgists, materials engineers in academic and industrial research laboratories.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mehrer, Helmut

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Acknowledgements;9
3;Contents;10
4;1 History and Bibliography of Diffusion;19
4.1;1.1 Pioneers and Landmarks of Diffusion;20
4.2;References;34
4.3;1.2 Bibliography of Solid-State Diffusion;36
5;Fundamentals of Diffusion;42
5.1;2 Continuum Theory of Diffusion;43
5.1.1;2.1 Fick’s Laws in Isotropic Media;43
5.1.2;2.2 Diffusion Equation in Various Coordinates;47
5.1.3;2.3 Fick’s Laws in Anisotropic Media;49
5.1.4;References;51
5.2;3 Solutions of the Diffusion Equation;53
5.2.1;3.1 Steady-State Diffusion;53
5.2.2;3.2 Non-Steady-State Diffusion in one Dimension;55
5.2.3;3.3 Point Source in one, two, and three Dimensions;68
5.2.4;References;69
5.3;4 Random Walk Theory and Atomic Jump Process;70
5.3.1;4.1 Random Walk and Diffusion;71
5.3.2;4.2 Atomic Jump Process;79
5.3.3;References;81
5.4;5 Point Defects in Crystals;83
5.4.1;5.1 Pure Metals;84
5.4.2;5.2 Substitutional Binary Alloys;94
5.4.3;5.3 Ionic Compounds;97
5.4.4;5.4 Intermetallics;100
5.4.5;5.5 Semiconductors;102
5.4.6;References;105
5.5;6 Diffusion Mechanisms;108
5.5.1;6.1 Interstitial Mechanism;108
5.5.2;6.2 Collective Mechanisms;110
5.5.3;6.3 Vacancy Mechanism;111
5.5.4;6.4 Divacancy Mechanism;113
5.5.5;6.5 Interstitialcy Mechanism;113
5.5.6;6.6 Interstitial-substitutional Exchange Mechanisms;115
5.5.7;References;116
5.6;7 Correlation in Solid-State Diffusion;118
5.6.1;7.1 Interstitial Mechanism;120
5.6.2;7.2 Interstitialcy Mechanism;120
5.6.3;7.3 Vacancy Mechanism of Self-diffusion;121
5.6.4;7.4 Correlation Factors of Self-diffusion;128
5.6.5;7.5 Vacancy-mediated Solute Diffusion;129
5.6.6;7.6 Concluding Remarks;135
5.6.7;References;137
5.7;8 Dependence of Diffusion on Temperature and Pressure;139
5.7.1;8.1 Temperature Dependence;139
5.7.2;8.2 Pressure Dependence;144
5.7.3;8.3 Correlations between Diffusion and Bulk Properties;153
5.7.4;References;159
5.8;9 Isotope Effect of Diffusion;162
5.8.1;9.1 Single-jump Mechanisms;162
5.8.2;9.2 Collective Mechanisms;166
5.8.3;9.3 Isotope Effect Experiments;166
5.8.4;References;170
5.9;10 Interdiffusion and Kirkendall Effect;171
5.9.1;10.1 Interdiffusion;171
5.9.2;10.2 Intrinsic Diffusion and Kirkendall Effect;178
5.9.3;10.3 Darken Equations;180
5.9.4;10.4 Darken-Manning Equations;182
5.9.5;10.5 Microstructural Stability of the Kirkendall Plane;183
5.9.6;References;186
5.10;11 Diffusion and External Driving Forces;188
5.10.1;11.1 Overview;188
5.10.2;11.2 Fick’s Equations with Drift;190
5.10.3;11.3 Nernst-Einstein Relation;191
5.10.4;11.4 Nernst-Einstein Relation for Ionic Conductors and Haven Ratio;193
5.10.5;11.5 Nernst-Planck Equation – Interdiffusion in Ionic Crystals;195
5.10.6;11.6 Nernst-Planck Equation;197
5.10.7;Darken Equation;197
5.10.8;References;198
5.11;12 Irreversible Thermodynamics and Diffusion;200
5.11.1;12.1 General Remarks;200
5.11.2;12.2 Phenomenological Equations of Isothermal Diffusion;202
5.11.3;12.3 The Phenomenological Coefficients;208
5.11.4;References;214
6;Experimental Methods;216
6.1;13 Direct Diffusion Studies;217
6.1.1;13.1 Direct versus Indirect Methods;217
6.1.2;13.2 The Various Diffusion Coefficients;220
6.1.3;13.3 Tracer Diffusion Experiments;223
6.1.4;13.4 Isotopically Controlled Heterostructures;231
6.1.5;13.5 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS);232
6.1.6;13.6 Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMPA);235
6.1.7;13.7 Auger-Electron Spectroscopy (AES);238
6.1.8;13.8 Ion-beam Analysis: RBS and NRA;239
6.1.9;References;242
6.2;14 Mechanical Spectroscopy;245
6.2.1;14.1 General Remarks;245
6.2.2;14.2 Anelasticity and Internal Friction;247
6.2.3;14.3 Techniques of Mechanical Spectroscopy;250
6.2.4;14.4 Examples of Diffusion-related Anelasticty;252
6.2.5;14.5 Magnetic Relaxation;258
6.2.6;References;259
6.3;15 Nuclear Methods;260
6.3.1;15.1 General Remarks;260
6.3.2;15.2 Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation (NMR);260
6.3.3;15.3 M¨ ossbauer Spectroscopy (MBS);271
6.3.4;15.4 Quasielastic Neutron Scattering (QENS);276
6.3.5;References;288
6.4;16 Electrical Methods;291
6.4.1;16.1 Impedance Spectroscopy;291
6.4.2;16.2 Spreading Resistance Profiling;296
6.4.3;References;299
7;Diffusion in Metallic Materials;300
7.1;17 Self-diffusion in Metals;301
7.1.1;17.1 General Remarks;301
7.1.2;17.2 Cubic Metals;303
7.1.3;17.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed and Tetragonal Metals;310
7.1.4;17.4 Metals with Phase Transitions;312
7.1.5;References;315
7.2;18 Diffusion of Interstitial Solutes in Metals;317
7.2.1;18.1 ‘Heavy’ Interstitial Solutes C, N, and O;317
7.2.2;18.2 Hydrogen Diffusion in Metals;321
7.2.3;References;328
7.3;19 Diffusion in Dilute Substitutional Alloys;331
7.3.1;19.1 Diffusion of Impurities;331
7.3.2;19.2 Impurity Diffusion in ‘Open’ Metals – Dissociative Mechanism;337
7.3.3;19.3 Solute Diffusion and Solvent Diffusion in Alloys;340
7.3.4;References;342
7.4;20 Diffusion in Binary Intermetallics;344
7.4.1;20.1 General Remarks;344
7.4.2;20.2 Influence of Order-Disorder Transitions;347
7.4.3;20.3 B2 Intermetallics;349
7.4.4;20.4 L12 Intermetallics;358
7.4.5;20.5 D03 Intermetallics;360
7.4.6;20.6 Uniaxial Intermetallics;363
7.4.7;20.7 Laves Phases;367
7.4.8;20.8 The Cu3Au Rule;369
7.4.9;References;370
7.5;21 Diffusion in Quasicrystalline Alloys;373
7.5.1;21.1 General Remarks on Quasicrystals;373
7.5.2;21.2 Diffusion Properties of Quasicrystals;375
7.5.3;References;383
8;Diffusion in Semiconductors;385
8.1;22 General Remarks on Semiconductors;386
8.1.1;22.1 ‘Semiconductor Age’ and Diffusion;387
8.1.2;22.2 Specific Features of Semiconductor Diffusion;390
8.1.3;References;393
8.2;23 Self-diffusion in Elemental Semiconductors;395
8.2.1;23.1 Intrinsic Point Defects and Diffusion;396
8.2.2;23.2 Germanium;398
8.2.3;23.3 Silicon;402
8.2.4;References;406
8.3;24 Foreign-Atom Diffusion in Silicon and Germanium;408
8.3.1;24.1 Solubility and Site Occupancy;408
8.3.2;24.2 Diffusivities and Diffusion Modes;411
8.3.3;24.3 Self- and Foreign Atom Diffusion – a Summary;420
8.3.4;References;421
8.4;25 Interstitial-Substitutional Diffusion;424
8.4.1;25.1 Combined Dissociative and Kick-out Diffusion;424
8.4.2;25.2 Kick-out Mechanism;430
8.4.3;25.3 Dissociative Mechanism;438
8.4.4;References;444
9;Diffusion and Conduction in Ionic Materials;446
9.1;26 Ionic Crystals;447
9.1.1;26.1 General Remarks;447
9.1.2;26.2 Point Defects in Ionic Crystals;449
9.1.3;26.3 Methods for the Study of Defect and Transport Properties;454
9.1.4;26.4 Alkali Halides;456
9.1.5;26.5 Silver Halides AgCl and AgBr;466
9.1.6;References;471
9.2;27 Fast Ion Conductors;473
9.2.1;27.1 Fast Silver-Ion Conductors;475
9.2.2;27.2 PbF2 and other Halide Ion Conductors;478
9.2.3;27.3 Stabilised Zirconia and related Oxide Ion Conductors;479
9.2.4;27.4 Perovskite Oxide Ion Conductors;480
9.2.5;27.5 Sodium ß-Alumina and related Materials;480
9.2.6;27.6 Lithium Ion Conductors;482
9.2.7;27.7 Polymer Electrolytes;483
9.2.8;References;486
10;Diffusion in Glasses;489
10.1;28 The Glassy State;490
10.1.1;28.1 What is a Glass?;490
10.1.2;28.2 Volume-Temperature Diagram;491
10.1.3;28.3 Temperature-Time-Transformation Diagram;493
10.1.4;28.4 Glass Families;495
10.1.5;References;498
10.2;29 Diffusion in Metallic Glasses;500
10.2.1;29.1 General Remarks;500
10.2.2;29.2 Structural Relaxation and Diffusion;503
10.2.3;29.3 Diffusion Properties of Metallic Glasses;506
10.2.4;29.4 Diffusion and Viscosity in Glass-forming Alloys;514
10.2.5;References;515
10.3;30 Diffusion and Ionic Conduction in Oxide Glasses;518
10.3.1;30.1 General Remarks;518
10.3.2;30.2 Experimental Methods;523
10.3.3;30.3 Gas Permeation;526
10.3.4;30.4 Examples of Diffusion and Ionic Conduction;527
10.3.5;References;539
11;Diffusion along High-Diffusivity Paths and in Nanomaterials;541
11.1;31 High-diffusivity Paths in Metals;542
11.1.1;31.1 General Remarks;542
11.1.2;31.2 Diffusion Spectrum;543
11.1.3;31.3 Empirical Rules for Grain-Boundary Diffusion;544
11.1.4;31.4 Lattice Diffusion and Microstructural Defects;546
11.1.5;References;547
11.2;32 Grain-Boundary Diffusion;548
11.2.1;32.1 General Remarks;548
11.2.2;32.2 Grain Boundaries;549
11.2.3;32.3 Diffusion along an Isolated Boundary ( Fisher Model);554
11.2.4;32.4 Diffusion Kinetics in Polycrystals;563
11.2.5;32.5 Grain-Boundary Diffusion and Segregation;571
11.2.6;32.6 Atomic Mechanisms of Grain-Boundary Diffusion;574
11.2.7;References;575
11.3;33 Dislocation Pipe Diffusion;578
11.3.1;33.1 Dislocation Pipe Model;579
11.3.2;33.2 Solutions for Mean Thin Layer Concentrations;581
11.3.3;References;586
11.4;34 Diffusion in Nanocrystalline Materials;587
11.4.1;34.1 General Remarks;587
11.4.2;34.2 Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Materials;588
11.4.3;34.3 Diffusion in Poly- and Nanocrystals;593
11.4.4;34.4 Diffusion in Nanocrystalline Metals;600
11.4.5;34.5 Diffusion and Ionic Conduction in Nanocrystalline Ceramics;606
11.4.6;References;612
12;List of Figures;615
13;Index;633