Meyer / Shaheen Disrupting Mobility

Impacts of Sharing Economy and Innovative Transportation on Cities
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-3-319-51602-8
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 346 Seiten

Reihe: Lecture Notes in Mobility

This book explores the opportunities and challenges of the sharing economy and innovative transportation technologies with regard to urban mobility. Written by government experts, social scientists, technologists and city planners from North America, Europe and Australia, the papers in this book address the impacts of demographic, societal and economic trends and the fundamental changes arising from the increasing automation and connectivity of vehicles, smart communication technologies, multimodal transit services, and urban design. The book is based on the Disrupting Mobility Summit held in Cambridge, MA (USA) in November 2015, organized by the City Science Initiative at MIT Media Lab, the Transportation Sustainability Research Center at the University of California at Berkeley, the LSE Cities at the London School of Economics and Politics and the Innovation Center for Mobility and Societal Change in Berlin.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Meyer, Gereon

Shaheen, Susan

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;10
3;Public Sector Activities;12
4;1 Beyond Traffic: Trends and Choices 2045—A National Dialogue About Future Transportation Opportunities and Challenges;13
4.1;Abstract;13
4.2;1 Introduction: Beyond Traffic: Trends and Choices 2045;13
4.3;2 How We Move;14
4.3.1;2.1 Growing Travel Demand in Metropolitan Areas;14
4.3.2;2.2 Slowing Demand for Vehicle Travel;15
4.3.3;2.3 The Travel Preferences of Older and Younger Americans;16
4.3.4;2.4 Increasing Travel Choices;16
4.3.5;2.5 Improving Safety;17
4.3.6;2.6 Key Policy Options;17
4.4;3 How We Move Things;18
4.4.1;3.1 Growing Freight Demand and International Trade;18
4.4.2;3.2 Impacts of Freight on Our Communities and Environment;18
4.4.3;3.3 Innovations in Freight;19
4.4.4;3.4 Workforce Challenges;20
4.4.5;3.5 Moving Fuel;20
4.4.6;3.6 Key Policy Options;21
4.5;4 How We Move Better;21
4.5.1;4.1 Nontransportation Technologies Transforming Transportation;21
4.5.2;4.2 Advances in Aviation Technology;22
4.5.3;4.3 Connected and Automated Vehicles;22
4.5.4;4.4 Key Policy Options;23
4.6;5 How We Adapt;23
4.6.1;5.1 Increasingly Vulnerable Infrastructure;23
4.6.2;5.2 Limiting Transportation Emissions;24
4.6.3;5.3 Supporting Hybrid, Electric, and Alternative Fuel Vehicles;24
4.6.4;5.4 Key Policy Options;25
4.7;6 How We Align Decisions and Dollars;25
4.7.1;6.1 Coordinating Transportation Decisions;26
4.7.2;6.2 Constrained Transportation Revenues;26
4.7.3;6.3 Innovative Financing;27
4.7.4;6.4 Improving Efficiency;28
4.7.5;6.5 Key Policy Options;28
4.8;7 Conclusion;29
4.9;References;29
5;2 Creating an Innovative Mobility Ecosystem for Urban Planning Areas;31
5.1;Abstract;31
5.2;1 Introduction: A Mobility Megatrend;31
5.3;2 Developing a Framework for the Mobility Ecosystem Model;33
5.3.1;2.1 Clean and Healthy Cities: The Challenges of Urban Mobility and Smart City Building;35
5.3.2;2.2 Sociability: Changing Socioeconomic Structure and Travel Patterns;35
5.3.3;2.3 Smart Growth Principles Linking the Right Mobility Mix;36
5.3.4;2.4 Smart and Easy Access;38
5.3.5;2.5 Safety in the Planning Process;38
5.3.6;2.6 World Class Infrastructure;39
5.4;3 Formulation of a Mobility Ecosystem in the City Planning Process;40
5.4.1;3.1 Process and Resources for Mobility Ecosystem Planning Model;40
5.4.2;3.2 Development of Quantitative Model for Mobility Ecosystem Planning;41
5.5;4 Results and Discussion on Outcome of Mobility Ecosystem Model;44
5.5.1;4.1 Sociability: Reinventing Multimodal Mobility with Social Innovation;44
5.5.2;4.2 Smart Growth: Integration of Land-use and Mobility;45
5.5.3;4.3 Smart and Easy Access for All Mobility Users;47
5.5.4;4.4 Safety First Approach;48
5.5.5;4.5 Recommended World Class Infrastructure;48
5.5.6;4.6 Smart Use of Energy, Environment, and Healthy Planning;50
5.6;5 Moving Forward: Implementation Process and Partners;51
5.6.1;5.1 Incremental Steps and Evolution of Mobility Ecosystem Planning;52
5.6.2;5.2 Critical Changes and Stakeholder Function;52
5.7;6 Summary and Conclusions: Vision for People-Oriented Mobility Ecosystem;53
5.8;Disclaimer;54
5.9;References;54
6;Sharing Economy and Multimodal Mobility;58
7;3 How Disruptive Can Shared Mobility Be? A Scenario-Based Evaluation of Shared Mobility Systems Implemented at Large Scale;59
7.1;Abstract;59
7.2;1 Introduction;59
7.3;2 Background;60
7.4;3 Methodology;62
7.4.1;3.1 Prescreening of Possible Shared Mobility Scenarios;63
7.4.2;3.2 Surveys and Models;63
7.4.3;3.3 Final Assessment of Shared Mobility Scenarios;63
7.4.4;3.4 The Simulation Tool;64
7.5;4 Scenarios and Preliminary Results;64
7.5.1;4.1 Scenario Generation;65
7.5.1.1;4.1.1 Car-Sharing;65
7.5.1.2;4.1.2 Bike-Sharing;65
7.5.2;4.2 Simulations: Preliminary Results;65
7.5.3;4.3 Discussion;67
7.6;5 Summary and Future Work;68
7.7;Acknowledgements;69
7.8;References;69
8;4 Transit Systems and the Impacts of Shared Mobility;72
8.1;Abstract;72
8.2;1 Introduction;72
8.3;2 Study Methodology;73
8.4;3 Interview Results;75
8.5;4 Recommended Policy Framework;76
8.5.1;4.1 Better Understand the Twenty-First Century Transportation Marketplace;77
8.5.2;4.2 Integrate City and Transit Agency Planning, Regulation and Other Actions that Affect Transportation Markets and Systems;78
8.5.3;4.3 Launch Immediate Policy Initiatives and Pilot Programs to Find Synergies and Uncover Needed Institutional and Policy Reforms;81
8.6;5 Conclusion;83
9;5 Shared Mobility in Asian Megacities: The Rise of the Apps;84
9.1;Abstract;84
9.2;1 Introduction;85
9.3;2 Shared Mobility in Manila;85
9.3.1;2.1 Current Shared Transport Operations;85
9.3.2;2.2 Governing Shared Transport;86
9.4;3 App-Based Mobility in Manila: The Uber and Grab Experience;87
9.4.1;3.1 Launch and Early Operations;87
9.4.2;3.2 The Transport Network Vehicle Service Classification;88
9.4.3;3.3 Latest Developments (As of Spring 2016);89
9.4.4;3.4 Uptake and Response;90
9.4.5;3.5 Differences Between TNCs;91
9.5;4 Challenges and Opportunities for Shared App-Based Transport in Developing Megacities;91
9.5.1;4.1 Social and Employment Impact Considerations;92
9.5.2;4.2 Impact on Congestion;92
9.5.3;4.3 Data Sharing Needs and Considerations;93
9.6;5 Conclusion/Final Thoughts;94
9.7;References;94
10;6 What Drives the Usage of Intelligent Traveler Information Systems?;96
10.1;Abstract;96
10.2;1 Introduction;97
10.3;2 Literature Review;98
10.3.1;2.1 Intelligent Traveler Information Systems;98
10.3.2;2.2 User Heterogeneity and Mobility Decisions;99
10.3.3;2.3 Technology Acceptance in Transportation;99
10.4;3 Model Development;100
10.5;4 Model Evaluation;102
10.5.1;4.1 Data Acquisition;102
10.5.2;4.2 Measurement Model;102
10.5.3;4.3 Cluster Variables;104
10.5.4;4.4 Structural Model;104
10.6;5 Conclusion and Future Research;105
10.6.1;5.1 Conclusion;105
10.6.2;5.2 Limitations and Future Research;107
10.7;References;108
11;7 You Are What You Share: Understanding Participation Motives in Peer-to-Peer Carsharing;112
11.1;Abstract;112
11.2;1 The Rise of Access-Based Services;112
11.3;2 Methodological Background—A Brief Introduction into Means-End Chain Theory;114
11.4;3 The People Who Share—the Study’s Participants;116
11.5;4 The Findings—You Share Because You Care?;117
11.5.1;4.1 Car Owners;118
11.5.1.1;4.1.1 Cost Cutters;118
11.5.1.2;4.1.2 Enjoyment Enhancers;118
11.5.1.3;4.1.3 Experience Enablers;119
11.5.2;4.2 Renters;120
11.5.2.1;4.2.1 Savings Seekers;120
11.5.2.2;4.2.2 Convenience Seekers;120
11.5.2.3;4.2.3 Expression Seekers;121
11.5.2.4;4.2.4 Certitude Seekers;121
11.6;5 Management Takeaways;122
11.6.1;5.1 How to Better Attract Car Owners;122
11.6.2;5.2 How to Grow the Renter Base;124
11.7;References;125
12;8 Multimodal Transportation Payments Convergence—Key to Mobility;127
12.1;Abstract;127
12.2;1 Introduction to Transportation Payment Convergence;127
12.3;2 Approaches to Payment Convergence;129
12.3.1;2.1 Common Payment Media;130
12.3.2;2.2 Common or Linked Accounts and Bundled Mobility Services;131
12.3.3;2.3 Multimodal Portals and Apps;133
12.3.4;2.4 Co-marketing, Incentives, and Gamification;134
12.4;3 Benefits of Payments Convergence;135
12.5;4 Opportunities to Develop and Implement Multimodal Payments;136
12.6;5 Conclusion;137
12.7;References;138
13;9 System Effects of Widespread Use of Fully Automated Vehicles—Three Scenarios;140
13.1;Abstract;140
13.2;1 Introduction;140
13.3;2 Literature Review;141
13.4;3 Approach;142
13.4.1;3.1 Modeling Technique and Interviews;143
13.4.2;3.2 Scenario Development;144
13.4.3;3.3 Baseline Model;145
13.5;4 Introducing Automated Driving: Three Scenarios;145
13.5.1;4.1 Scenario 1: Technology Changes, but We Do Not;146
13.5.2;4.2 Scenario 2: Technology Changes Our Mode Choice;147
13.5.3;4.3 Scenario 3: New Technologies Offer New Opportunities;149
13.6;5 Discussion;150
13.7;References;152
14;10 Smartphone App Evolution and Early Understanding from a Multimodal App User Survey;154
14.1;Abstract;154
14.2;1 Introduction;155
14.3;2 History and Evolution of Smartphone Applications;156
14.4;3 Transportation Smartphone Apps;160
14.5;4 Impacts of Multi-modal Apps on Travel Behavior: 2016 Exploratory Survey of Multi-modal Transportation Information App Users;163
14.6;5 Challenges and Opportunities for Adoption and Mainstreaming of App-Based Services;166
14.7;6 Conclusion;167
14.8;Acknowledgments;168
14.9;References;168
15;11 Getting Around with Maps and Apps: How ICT Sways Mode Choice;170
15.1;Abstract;170
15.2;1 Introduction;170
15.3;2 Literature;171
15.4;3 Methodology;173
15.4.1;3.1 Respondent Requirements and Data Collection;174
15.5;4 Pre-survey Results;174
15.6;5 Discussion Summaries;176
15.6.1;5.1 Bay Ridge—A Case of Too Few Options;177
15.6.2;5.2 Greenpoint—A Case of Too Many (Mediocre) Options;179
15.6.3;5.3 Yonkers—When Driving Is the Default Option;181
15.7;6 Key Themes and Conclusions;183
15.8;References;184
16;12 Online and App-Based Carpooling in France: Analyzing Users and Practices—A Study of BlaBlaCar;185
16.1;Abstract;185
16.2;1 Introduction;185
16.3;2 Background;187
16.4;3 Methodology;189
16.4.1;3.1 Study Limitations;189
16.5;4 Results;190
16.5.1;4.1 Socio-demographic Characteristics;190
16.5.2;4.2 Socio-demographic Characteristics and Carpooling Usage;192
16.5.3;4.3 Frequency of Carpooling Use;193
16.5.4;4.4 Trip Purpose;193
16.5.5;4.5 Passenger Versus Driver Role;194
16.5.6;4.6 Motivations;195
16.5.7;4.7 Alternative Mode in the Absence of Carpooling;196
16.5.8;4.8 BlaBlaCar Use Frequency and Ordinal Regression Analysis;196
16.6;5 Conclusion;199
16.7;References;200
17;13 A Framework for Understanding the Impacts of Ridesourcing on Transportation;201
17.1;Abstract;201
17.2;1 Introduction;202
17.3;2 Literature Review;203
17.3.1;2.1 Evolving Transportation Services;203
17.3.2;2.2 Travel Demand Models and Transportation Styles;205
17.4;3 A Framework to Account for Ridesourcing;206
17.5;4 Expected Results;210
17.6;5 Discussion;211
17.7;References;212
18;Innovative Transportation Technologies and City Design;214
19;14 Disrupting Mobility: Decarbonising Transport?;215
19.1;Abstract;215
19.2;1 Introduction;215
19.3;2 Transport Scenarios: Overview and Analysis;217
19.3.1;2.1 Scenarios Taken into Account;217
19.3.2;2.2 Typology of Scenario Studies;219
19.4;3 Analysis and Comparative Evaluation of Selected Global Scenarios;222
19.4.1;3.1 Distances Travelled;222
19.4.2;3.2 Target Goal: GHG Emissions;223
19.4.3;3.3 Target Goal: Primary Energy Use;224
19.5;4 Conclusion and Research Outlook: Disrupting Mobility?;226
19.6;Acknowledgments;232
19.7;Appendix;232
19.8;References;236
20;15 Accessibility in Cities: Transport and Urban Form;240
20.1;Abstract;240
20.2;1 Introduction;240
20.3;2 Accessibility in Cities and Implications for Carbon Emissions;241
20.3.1;2.1 Urban Accessibility Pathways;242
20.3.2;2.2 Carbon Emissions from the Provision of Access in Cities;245
20.4;3 Assessment: Monetisation of Related Costs and Benefits;248
20.4.1;3.1 Direct Costs and Benefits;249
20.4.2;3.2 Indirect Costs and Benefits;251
20.5;4 Patterns, Trends and Tipping Points;252
20.5.1;4.1 Urban Form: Ongoing Urban Sprawl or More Compact Urban Development?;253
20.5.2;4.2 Mobility Behaviour: Conventional Motorisation or New Urban Mobility?;254
20.5.3;4.3 Technological Change: Business as Usual or Disruptive Innovation?;258
20.6;5 Enabling Accessibility Through Compact Cities and Sustainable Transport;261
20.6.1;5.1 Barriers;261
20.6.2;5.2 Planning and Regulation: Shaping Cities Across Temporal and Geographic Scales;262
20.6.3;5.3 Instruments for Shaping Incentives and Mobilising Revenue;263
20.6.4;5.4 Policy for Innovation and Technological Disruption;263
20.7;6 Conclusion;264
20.8;Acknowledgements;265
20.9;References;266
21;16 Mobility Patterns in Shared, Autonomous, and Connected Urban Transport;275
21.1;Abstract;275
21.2;1 Introduction;276
21.3;2 Predictions from Experiences;278
21.4;3 Simulation Applications;279
21.4.1;3.1 Experimenting with Different DRT Systems;279
21.4.2;3.2 Comparing Buses and on-Demand Systems;280
21.4.3;3.3 Motivating Behavioral Change;281
21.4.4;3.4 Using Simulations to Test Optimization Strategies;282
21.5;4 The Role of User Interfaces;285
21.6;5 Conclusions and Outlook;285
21.7;Acknowledgements;287
21.8;References;287
22;17 Transit Leap: A Deployment Path for Shared-Use Autonomous Vehicles that Supports Sustainability;291
22.1;Abstract;291
22.2;1 Introduction;291
22.2.1;1.1 World Vehicle Growth Is High and not Slowing;292
22.2.2;1.2 Humans Will Continue to Demand Motorized Mobility;293
22.3;2 Could Shared Fleets Dominate Future Automobility?;294
22.4;3 Municipal and Regional Governments Can Respond;296
22.5;4 Evolution Toward Robo-Cars;297
22.6;5 Transit Leap;298
22.6.1;5.1 Transit Leap and Mobility Digitization;300
22.7;6 Conclusion: Innovation and Integration;301
22.8;7 Recommendation: Avoiding Ugly Disruption;303
22.9;References;304
23;18 Biking and the Connected City;306
23.1;Abstract;306
23.2;1 Introduction;306
23.3;2 The Future of Biking: The Connected Bike, the Smart Bike, and the Electric Bike;307
23.3.1;2.1 The Connected and Smart Bike;308
23.3.2;2.2 The Electric Bike;310
23.3.3;2.3 The Bike of the Future: Connected, Smart, and Pedelectric;312
23.4;3 The Role of the Connected and Smart Bike in the Connected City;313
23.4.1;3.1 The Role of Connected, Smart, and Electric Bikes in Encouraging Increased Bike Use;313
23.4.2;3.2 The Role of Transportation Agencies in Increasing Bike Use;316
23.4.2.1;3.2.1 Dynamic Cycling Infrastructure Management (DCIM);316
23.4.2.2;3.2.2 Bike-to-Infrastructure Communication;317
23.4.2.3;3.2.3 GIS-Disks and the “Last-Mile-Home”;317
23.4.2.4;3.2.4 Using Connected Cycle Data to Improve the Cycling Experience and Encourage Cyclists;318
23.4.3;3.3 Transportation Agency as Bike Transportation Manager;319
23.5;4 Future Research;319
23.6;References;320
24;19 iTRANS: Proactive ITS Based on Drone Technology to Solve Urban Transportation Challenge;321
24.1;Abstract;321
24.2;1 Introduction;322
24.3;2 Related Work;323
24.3.1;2.1 Related Research;323
24.3.2;2.2 Literature Review;324
24.4;3 Description of the Transportation Challenge;326
24.4.1;3.1 UAV Technology as Advanced ITS Platform;327
24.4.2;3.2 ITS Platform Characteristics;328
24.5;4 Conclusions;330
24.6;References;331
25;20 Mobilescapes: A New Frontier for Urban, Vehicle, and Media Design;332
25.1;Abstract;332
25.2;1 Introduction;332
25.3;2 Spatial and Temporal Considerations in Urban Mobility;333
25.4;3 Approaching Mobilescapes;335
25.5;4 Apprehension of Latent Needs in Dynamics Environments;336
25.5.1;4.1 Realm (Time-Sensitive, Space-Based);336
25.5.2;4.2 Dynamics of Urban Life (Space-Affecting, Time-Based);337
25.5.3;4.3 Toward a Synthesis of Latent Needs;337
25.6;5 The Functions of Mobilescapes;338
25.6.1;5.1 Primary Functions;339
25.6.2;5.2 Secondary Functions;340
25.7;6 A Route Map for the Development of Mobilescapes;341
25.7.1;6.1 Vehicle Definition;341
25.7.1.1;6.1.1 Vehicle Dynamics;341
25.7.1.2;6.1.2 Design Articulation of Vehicle Space;343
25.7.2;6.2 Control Systems;343
25.8;7 Conclusion;344
25.9;References;345