Monteith / Mount Heat Loss from Animals and Man

Assessment and Control
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-6301-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 476 Seiten, Web PDF

Heat Loss from Animals and Man: Assessment and Control represents the Proceedings of the Twentieth Easter School in Agricultural Science, held at the University Of Nottingham in 1973. The book explores the theme of heat loss, beginning with statements about physical principles and progressing through a review of physiological and behavioral knowledge to a final session on a few of the economic implications of attempting to control human and animal environments. A final chapter focusing on the topic of thermal neutrality, where all participants were asked to comment on is added to the Proceedings in an attempt to reach a common view on this controversial matter. Physicists, physiologists, and agriculturists will find the text interesting.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Monteith, J. L.

Mount, L. E.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Heat Loss from Animals and Man: Assessment and Control;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;PREFACE;6
6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;8
7;SYMBOLS;13
8;PART I: PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES;18
8.1;CHAPTER 1. SPECIFICATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT FOR THERMAL PHYSIOLOGY;20
8.1.1;PRINCIPLES OF SPECIFICATION;20
8.1.2;GAINS = LOSSES;22
8.1.3;DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEAT BALANCE EQUATION;22
8.1.4;PROBLEM SOLVING;31
8.1.5;CONCLUSIONS;33
8.1.6;APPENDIX;35
8.2;CHAPTER 2. LOSS OF HEAT BY EVAPORATION;38
8.2.1;LATENT HEAT OF VAPORISATION;38
8.2.2;PHYSICAL FACTORS;41
8.2.3;PHYSIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENT;43
8.2.4;PANTING;45
8.2.5;SWEATING;46
8.2.6;INSENSIBLE PERSPIRATION;47
8.2.7;REFERENCES;49
8.3;CHAPTER 3. RADIATIVE HEAT LOSSFROM ANIMALS AND MAN;52
8.3.1;INTRODUCTION;52
8.3.2;THEORY OF TRANSMISSION AND REFLECTION;55
8.3.3;REFLECTION MEASUREMENTS;59
8.3.4;LONG-WAVE RADIATION;62
8.3.5;GEOMETRY;63
8.3.6;THEORY;65
8.3.7;THERMOGRAPHY;70
8.3.8;LOCAL HEAT BALANCE;72
8.3.9;CONCLUSIONS;75
8.3.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;76
8.3.11;REFERENCES;76
8.4;CHAPTER 4. CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER FROM MAN AND OTHER ANIMALS;78
8.4.1;INTRODUCTION;78
8.4.2;CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT;79
8.4.3;PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS;81
8.4.4;FORCED CONVECTION FROM THE BODY SURFACE;85
8.4.5;TWO PROBLEMS IN CALCULATING CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER OF ANIMALS;92
8.4.6;CONCLUSION;93
8.4.7;REFERENCES;94
9;PART II: PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOLOGY, BEHAVIOUR AND ADAPTATION;96
9.1;CHAPTER 5. PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL OVER BODY TEMPERATURE;98
9.1.1;THE RESPONSE TO COLD STRESS;100
9.1.2;THE RESPONSE TO A WARM ENVIRONMENT;103
9.1.3;OVERALL THERMOREGULATORY EFFICIENCY;107
9.1.4;REFERENCES;114
9.2;CHAPTER 6. BEHAVIOURAL THERMOREGULATION;118
9.2.1;INTRODUCTION;118
9.2.2;ETHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS;119
9.2.3;OPERANT CONDITIONING;121
9.2.4;FACTORS INFLUENCING THERMOREGULATORY BEHAVIOUR;122
9.2.5;THERMOREGULATORY BEHAVIOUR IN PIGS AND SHEEP;123
9.2.6;NEURAL CONTROL;133
9.2.7;REFERENCES;136
9.3;CHAPTER 7. ADAPTATION AND HEAT LOSS:THE PAST THIRTY YEARS;140
9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;140
9.3.2;THE THERMONEUTRAL PROFILE;141
9.3.3;FOURIER'S LAW AND CONDUCTANCE;144
9.3.4;INSULATION OF HAIR COAT AND TISSUES;145
9.3.5;COLD-INDUCED VASODILATATION;147
9.3.6;INDICES OF THERMAL COMFORT;148
9.3.7;TEMPERATURE REGULATION OF LARGE WILD MAMMALS;149
9.3.8;ACCLIMATISATION TO HEAT;152
9.3.9;ACCLIMATISATION TO COLD;154
9.3.10;HEAT LOSS AND TIME OF DAY;158
9.3.11;HEART RATE AS AN INDEX OF METABOLISM;160
9.3.12;THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION;160
9.3.13;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;163
9.3.14;REFERENCES;164
9.4;CHAPTER 8. DAY NIGHT VARIATION IN HEAT BALANCE;168
9.4.1;INTRODUCTION;168
9.4.2;CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF CONDUCTANCE;169
9.4.3;HEAT PRODUCTION AND HEAT LOSS;175
9.4.4;HEAT LOSS FROM DIFFERENT REGIONS;179
9.4.5;INTERNAL, EXTERNAL, AND TOTAL CONDUCTANCE;187
9.4.6;CONCLUSIONS;191
9.4.7;REFERENCES;192
10;PART Ill: FARM ANIMALS;194
10.1;CHAPTER 9. HEAT LOSS FROM SHEEP;196
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;196
10.1.2;HEAT LOSS MODEL FOR COMPARISON OF ANIMALS;196
10.1.3;THERMONEUTRAL AND COLD ZONE FOR ADULT SHEEP;197
10.1.4;THERMONEUTRAL AND COLD ZONE FOR LAMBS;205
10.1.5;THE COLD LETHAL LIMIT AND SUMMIT METABOLISM;208
10.1.6;THE HOT ZONE;210
10.1.7;MECHANISMS OF HEAT LOSS IN ADULT SHEEP;214
10.1.8;MECHANISMS OF HEAT LOSS IN LAMBS;220
10.1.9;CONCLUSION;223
10.1.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;223
10.1.11;REFERENCES;224
10.2;CHAPTER 10. HEAT LOSS FROM CATTLE WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON THE EFFECTS OF COLD;228
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;228
10.2.2;THERMAL ZONES;230
10.2.3;HEAT PRODUCTION AT THERMONEUTRALITY;233
10.2.4;EFFECTS OF COLD;233
10.2.5;THE OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT;239
10.2.6;ADAPTATION TO COLD;242
10.2.7;EFFECTS OF HEAT;247
10.2.8;PRACTICAL BENEFITS AND HAZARDS OF SHELTER IN THEUNITED KINGDOM;251
10.2.9;REFERENCES;253
10.3;CHAPTER 11. HEAT LOSS AND ITS CONTROL IN PIGS;256
10.3.1;INTRODUCTION;256
10.3.2;THERMAL NEUTRALITY;257
10.3.3;EXPOSURE TO HOT ENVIRONMENTS;258
10.3.4;EXPOSURE TO COLD ENVIRONMENTS;264
10.3.5;CONTROL MECHANISMS;268
10.3.6;RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL THERMAL STIMULATION AND ACTIVATION OF PARTICULAR THERMOREGULATORY MECHANISMS;273
10.3.7;FUTURE STUDIES;275
10.3.8;REFERENCES;275
10.4;CHAPTER 12. ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL THERMOREGULATION IN THE FOWL;278
10.4.1;PART I: THE PHYSICAL MECHANISMS;278
10.4.1.1;INTRODUCTION;278
10.4.1.2;PARTITION OF HEAT LOSS;279
10.4.2;PART II: PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL;284
10.4.2.1;THERMAL INSULATION AND SENSIBLE LOSS OF HEAT;284
10.4.2.2;INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS;287
10.4.2.3;NERVOUS CONTROL OF HEAT LOSS;289
10.4.2.4;BEHAVIOUR;296
10.4.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;297
10.4.2.6;REFERENCES;297
11;PART IV: MAN;300
11.1;CHAPTER 13. HEAT ACCLIMATISATION AND THE SWEATING RESPONSE;302
11.1.1;STUDIES USING CONTROLLED HYPERTHERMIA;303
11.1.2;ENDOCRINE, ELECTROLYTE AND FLUID BALANCE INFLUENCES;317
11.1.3;CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION;319
11.1.4;PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS;320
11.1.5;REFERENCES;324
11.2;CHAPTER 14. DEVELOPMENT OF A PRACTICAL METHOD OF HEAT ACCLIMATISATION FOR THE ARMY;330
11.2.1;BACKGROUND;330
11.2.2;APRE EXPERIMENTS SINCE 1970;331
11.2.3;REFERENCES;336
11.3;CHAPTER 15. ACCLIMATISATION TO COLD IN MAN— FACTOR FICTION?;338
11.3.1;INTRODUCTION;338
11.3.2;DEFINITION OF ACCLIMATISATION TO COLD;340
11.3.3;METABOLISM AND ITS CORRELATES;341
11.3.4;INSULATION AND ITS CORRELATES;343
11.3.5;MAINTENANCE OF LOCAL FUNCTION;344
11.3.6;CONCLUSION;344
11.3.7;REFERENCES;345
12;PART V: PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL;348
12.1;CHAPTER 16. CRITERIA FOR THE THERMAL CONTROL OF BUILDINGS FOR PEOPLE;350
12.1.1;INTRODUCTION;350
12.1.2;CLIMATIC MODIFICATION;351
12.1.3;THE 'ENVIRONMENTAL1 ERA;352
12.1.4;WINDOW FUNCTION;354
12.1.5;THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT;362
12.1.6;VARIETY REDUCTION;362
12.1.7;REAL BUILDINGS;365
12.1.8;CONCLUSION;370
12.1.9;REFERENCES;370
12.2;CHAPTER 17. FARM BUILDINGS;374
12.2.1;ANIMAL NEEDS;375
12.2.2;PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL;376
12.2.3;CONTROL OF AIR MOVEMENT WITHIN FARM BUILDINGS;380
12.2.4;ECONOMICS;382
12.2.5;THE FUTURE;393
12.2.6;REFERENCES;394
12.3;CHAPTER 18. SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE HEATING OF PIG HOUSES;396
12.3.1;INTRODUCTION;396
12.3.2;HEATING METHODS IN USE;397
12.3.3;QUANTITATIVE DATA FOR HOUSE AND STOCK;404
12.3.4;LIMITATIONS OF THE METHOD;414
12.3.5;CONCLUSIONS;415
12.3.6;REFERENCES;416
12.4;CHAPTER 19. VENTILATION OF BUILDINGS FORINTENSIVELY HOUSED LIVESTOCK;418
12.4.1;INTRODUCTION;418
12.4.2;THE CHARACTERISTICS OF INTENSIVE LIVESTOCK BUILDINGS;420
12.4.3;THE EFFECT OF DESIGN OF VENTILATION SYSTEM ON TEMPERATURE AND VELOCITY AT STOCK LEVEL;423
12.4.4;THE COST OF FAN VENTILATION;429
12.4.5;CONCLUSION;431
12.4.6;REFERENCES;432
12.5;CHAPTER 20. A TECHNIQUE FOR ASSESSING THE ECONOMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLIN FARM BUILDINGS;434
12.5.1;INTRODUCTION;434
12.5.2;APPLICATION OF A MONTE-CARLO MODEL TO PIG FINISHING UNITS;435
12.5.3;BUILDING ENVIRONMENT;436
12.5.4;CHOICE OF BUILDING SYSTEM;438
12.5.5;COST DERIVATION;441
12.5.6;RESULTS;450
12.5.7;DISCUSSION;451
12.5.8;REFERENCES;452
13;PART VI: REVIEW;454
13.1;CHAPTER 21. THE CONCEPT OF THERMAL NEUTRALITY;456
13.1.1;CIRCULATED PAPER;457
13.1.2;COMMENTS;459
13.1.3;CONCLUSIONS;468
13.1.4;REFERENCES;470
14;LIST OF MEMBERS;472
15;INDEX;478