Morrison / Lavoie / Birch IUTAM Symposium on Flow Control and MEMS

Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium held at the Royal Geographical Society, 19-22 September 2006, hosted by Imperial College, London, England
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4020-6858-4
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 7, 456 Seiten

Reihe: IUTAM Bookseries

The Symposium brought together many of the world's experts in fluid mechanics, microfabrication and control theory to discover the synergy that can lead to real advances and perhaps find ways in which collaborative projects may proceed. The high profile meeting was attended by keynote speakers who are leaders in their fields. A key driver was the improvement in flow efficiency to reduce drag, and thereby emissions arising from transport. About 65 papers were presented.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Lavoie, P.

Morrison, Jonathan F.

Birch, D. M.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Title Page;3
2;Copyright Page;4
3;Table of Contents;5
4;Introduction;11
5;Acknowledgements;15
6;MEMS DEVICES;16
7;High Power Density MEMS: Materials and Structures Requirements;17
7.1;1 Introduction;17
7.2;2 Low Temperature Structural Design;20
7.2.1;2.1 Mechanical Testing;20
7.2.2;2.2 Structural Design;21
7.3;3 Design for High Temperature Strength;21
7.3.1;3.1 Material Model;22
7.4;4 Use of Silicon Carbide in Hybrid Structures;23
7.4.1;4.1 Mechanical Considerations in SiC/Si Hybrid Structures;23
7.4.2;4.2 Process Considerations in SiC/Si Hybrid Structures;24
7.4.3;4.3 Mechanical Test Results;24
7.5;5 Summary;25
7.6;References;26
8;MEMS for Flow Control: Technological Facilities and MMMS Alternatives;28
8.1;1 Introduction;28
8.2;2 Recent Achievements in MEMS Actuators for Flow Control;29
8.2.1;2.1 Microballoon-Flap Actuators [2];29
8.2.2;2.2 Seesaw Type Magnetic Actuator Array [3];30
8.2.3;2.3 MEKA-5 MicroElectroKinetic Actuator [4];30
8.2.4;2.4 Electrostatic Microvalve for Microjets [5];31
8.2.5;2.5 “ZIP” Electrostatic Microvalve for Microjets [6];32
8.2.6;2.6 Piezoelectric Microvalve for Microjets [7];32
8.3;3 MMMS Alternatives;32
8.3.1;3.1 Magnetostatic Micro-Valve Based on a Mechanical Instability;33
8.3.2;3.2 MMMS Based on an Induced Magnetic Instability in Nanostructured Magnetostrictive Films;34
8.4;4 Conclusion;35
8.5;References;36
9;MEMS-Based Electrodynamic Synthetic Jet Actuators for Flow Control Applications;38
9.1;1 Introduction;38
9.1.1;1.1 MEMS (Micro) Synthetic Jets;38
9.1.2;1.2 Modeling;39
9.2;2 Electrodynamic Synthetic Jets;39
9.2.1;2.1 Electrodynamic Transduction;39
9.2.2;2.2 Electrodynamic Flow Control Actuator;39
9.2.3;2.3 Lumped Element Model;40
9.3;3 Scaling Analysis;41
9.3.1;3.1 Discussion of Various Performance Criteria;42
9.3.2;3.2 Fabrication Methods and Issues;43
9.4;4 Conclusions and Future Work;44
9.5;References;44
10;Suction and Oscillatory Blowing Actuator;46
10.1;1 Introduction;46
10.2;2 Experimental Setup;47
10.3;3 Jet Deflection Model;48
10.3.1;3.1 Overview;48
10.3.2;3.2 Minimum Switching Pressure;50
10.3.3;3.3 Jet Deflection Model Results;50
10.4;4 Self-Oscillations Frequency Model;52
10.4.1;4.1 Self-Oscillations Frequency Model Results;53
10.5;5 Small-Scale Ejector;53
10.6;6 Fourth Generation Small-Scale Actuator Characteristics;55
10.7;7 Conclusions;55
10.8;References;57
11;Numerical Investigation of a Micro-Valve Pulsed-Jet Actuator;58
11.1;1 Introduction;58
11.2;2 Numerical Methods;59
11.3;3 Results;60
11.3.1;3.1 Unimorph with No Fluid-Structure Interaction;60
11.3.2;3.2 Unimorph with Fluid-Structure Interaction;61
11.3.3;3.3 Outlet Orifice;62
11.4;4 The Complete Valve;62
11.5;References;63
12;Characterization of MEMS Pulsed Micro-Jets with Large Nozzles;65
12.1;1 Introduction;65
12.2;2 The MEMS Micro-Jets;66
12.3;3 Characterization of the MEMS Actuators;67
12.3.1;3.1 The Single Slot Actuator;67
12.3.2;3.2 The Three Slots Actuator;67
12.4;4 Application to the Backward-Facing Step Flow;69
12.5;5 Conclusion;69
12.6;References;70
13;Magnetically Actuated Microvalves for Active Flow Control;71
13.1;1 Introduction;71
13.2;2 General Layout;72
13.3;3 Fabrication Process;72
13.4;4 Continuous Jet Mode Characterization;74
13.5;5 Actuation;75
13.5.1;5.1 Low Frequency: Electromagnetic Actuation;75
13.5.2;5.2 High Frequency: Self-Oscillating Actuation;75
13.6;6 Conclusion;76
13.7;References;77
14;Micromachined Shear Stress Sensors for Flow Control Applications;78
14.1;1 Introduction;78
14.1.1;1.1 Ideal Traits of a Flow Control Sensor;79
14.1.2;1.2 Flow Control System Issues;80
14.1.3;1.3 Advantages of Shear Stress Sensing for Flow Control;80
14.2;2 Existing MEMS Sensors;81
14.2.1;2.1 Indirect MEMS Sensors;82
14.2.2;2.2 Direct MEMS Sensors;83
14.3;3 Conclusions;83
14.4;References;84
15;SYNTHETIC JETS;85
16;Synthetic Jets and Their Applications for Fluid/Thermal Systems;86
16.1;1 Introduction;86
16.2;2 Experimental Setup;87
16.2.1;2.1 Formation and Evolution of Finite Span Synthetic Jets;87
16.2.2;2.2 Flight Control Using Flow Control;88
16.2.3;2.3 Active Heat Transfer Enhancement of Spray Cooling;89
16.3;3 Results;91
16.3.1;3.1 Synthetic Jets;91
16.3.2;3.2 Flight Control Using Flow Control;94
16.3.3;3.3 Active Heat Transfer Enhancement of Spray Cooling;96
16.4;4 Conclusions;99
16.5;References;101
17;Is Helmholtz Resonance a Problem for Micro-Jet Actuators?;103
17.1;1 Introduction;103
17.2;2 Criterion for Helmholtz resonance;105
17.3;3 Boundary-layer Induced Helmholtz Resonance;106
17.4;4 Conclusions;108
17.5;References;109
18;Passive Scalar Mixing Downstream of a Synthetic Jet in Crossflow;110
18.1;1 Introduction;110
18.2;2 Water Channel and Synthetic Jet Actuator;111
18.3;3 PIV/LIF Technique;111
18.4;4 Proper Orthogonal Decomposition;112
18.5;5 Hydrodynamic Effects;112
18.6;6 Passive Scalar Effects;115
18.7;7 Conclusions;115
18.8;References;116
19;Towards a Practical Synthetic Jet Actuator for Industrial Scale Flow Control Applications;117
19.1;1 Aim of Work;117
19.2;2 Introduction;118
19.2.1;2.1 Definition and Evolution of Flow Control;118
19.2.2;2.2 Synthetic Jet Actuators (SJAs);118
19.3;3 Laboratory Characterisation and Optimisation of SJAs;118
19.4;4 Industrial Scale Case Study – Application of SJAs to an A321;120
19.4.1;4.1 Case Study Assumptions Used for Scaling;120
19.4.2;4.2 Case Study Results;121
19.5;5 Conclusions;122
19.6;References;124
20;Measurements of Synthetic Jets in a Boundary Layer;125
20.1;1 Introduction;125
20.2;2 Experimental Approach;126
20.3;3 Results and Discussion;127
20.4;4 Conclusions;131
20.5;References;131
21;Large-Eddy Simulations of Synthetic Jets inStagnant Surroundings and Turbulent Cross-Flow;132
21.1;1 Introduction;132
21.2;2 Numerical Framework;133
21.3;3 Synthetic Jet in Stagnant Surroundings;133
21.4;4 Synthetic Jet in Turbulent Boundary Layer;135
21.4.1;4.1 Baseline Boundary Layer;135
21.4.2;4.2 Injection into Boundary Layer;135
21.5;References;138
22;Characteristics of Small-Scale Synthetic Jets –Numerical Investigation;140
22.1;1 Introduction;140
22.2;2 Method and Validation of Simulations;141
22.3;3 Results and Discussion;143
22.3.1;3.1 Comparison of Vortices Produced by SJAs of Different Scales;143
22.3.2;3.2 Performance of SJAs with Do = 0.5 mm;143
22.4;4 Conclusion;144
22.5;References;145
23;Large Eddy Simulations of Transitional and Turbulent Flows in Synthetic Jet Actuators;146
23.1;1 Introduction;146
23.2;2 Numerical Framework;147
23.3;3 Results and Discussion;148
23.4;References;149
24;SEPARATION CONTROL;150
25;Model Reduction and Control of a Cavity-Driven Separated Boundary Layer;151
25.1;1 Introduction;151
25.2;2 Direct Numerical Simulation;152
25.3;3 Eigenmodes and Optimal Growth;153
25.4;4 Control;156
25.5;5 Conclusions;157
25.6;References;159
26;Collaborative Studies on Flow Separation Control;160
26.1;1 Introduction;160
26.2;2 Model, Actuator and Test Conditions;161
26.3;3 Baseline Characteristics of the NACA0015;162
26.4;4 Effects of Steady Jets;163
26.5;5 Effects of Synthetic Jet Actuator;164
26.6;6 Time Scales of Flow Attachment and Separation;165
26.7;7 Development of Multi-Orifices-Single-Chamber Synthetic Jet Actuator;167
26.8;8 Conclusion;168
26.9;References;168
27;High Resolution PIV Study of Zero-Net-Mass-Flow Lift Enhancement of NACA 0015 Airfoil at High Angles of Attack;170
27.1;1 Introduction;171
27.2;2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure;171
27.3;3 Parametric Study;173
27.4;4 Particle Image Velocimetry;174
27.5;5 Conclusions;175
27.6;References;176
28;Separation Control along a NACA 0015 Airfoil Using a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Actuator;177
28.1;1 Introduction;177
28.2;2 Experimental Setup;178
28.3;3 Flow Control by Barrier Discharge Actuator;179
28.3.1;3.1 Optimization of the Position of the Actuator;179
28.3.2;3.2 Effects of the Unsteady Actuation;180
28.4;4 Conclusion;181
28.5;References;182
29;Dynamic Surface Pressure Based Estimation for Flow Control;184
29.1;1 Introduction;184
29.2;2 Surface Pressure-Based Velocity Estimation;185
29.3;3 Dynamic Stochastic Estimation;187
29.4;4 ARMA Model;188
29.5;5 Summary/Conclusions;189
29.6;References;189
30;The Control of Laminar Separation Bubbles Using High- and Low-Amplitude Forcing;191
30.1;1 Introduction;191
30.1.1;1.1 Numerical Techniques and Unperturbed Flows;192
30.2;2 Low-Amplitude Forcing;193
30.3;3 High-Amplitude Forcing;193
30.3.1;3.0.1 The Important Parameters for High-Amplitude Control;194
30.4;4 Conclusions;196
30.5;References;196
31;Control of Subsonic Flows with High Voltage Discharges;198
31.1;1 Introduction;198
31.2;2 Experimental Setup;199
31.3;3 Induced Flow Measurements;199
31.4;4 Effect of the DC Corona Discharge on the Airflow;200
31.5;5 Conclusion;201
31.6;References;201
32;Control of Flow Separation on a Wing Profile Using PIV Measurements and POD Analysis;202
32.1;1 Introduction;202
32.2;2 Experiments on a Generic Blowing Actuator;203
32.3;3 POD Analysis and Close Perspectives;204
32.4;References;206
33;Control of the Shear-Layer in the Wake of an Axisymmetrical Airfoil Using a DBD Plasma Actuator ;207
33.1;1 Introduction;207
33.2;2 Experimental Arrangements;208
33.2.1;2.1 Airfoil & Plasma Actuator;208
33.2.2;2.2 Aerodynamic Set-up & Velocity Measurement Device;209
33.3;3 Results;211
33.4;4 Conclusion;212
33.5;References;212
34;DRAG REDUCTION AND MIXING;214
35;Models for Adaptive Feedforward Control of Turbulence;215
35.1;1 Introduction;215
35.1.1;1.1 Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters;216
35.1.2;1.2 Least-Means Squared (LMS) Algorithm;217
35.1.3;1.3 Implementation;218
35.2;2 Results and Discussion;218
35.2.1;2.1 Filtered-X LMS (FXLMS) Algorithm;219
35.2.2;2.2 System Robustness;221
35.3;3 Conclusions;223
35.4;References;223
36;Minimum Sustainable Drag for Constant Volume-Flux Pipe Flows;224
36.1;1 Introduction;224
36.2;2 Equations for Pipe Flow;224
36.2.1;2.1 Energy Equations;225
36.3;3 Volume Flux Comparison between Laminar and Turbulent Flows;226
36.3.1;3.1 Quantitative Comparisons;228
36.4;4 Drag Comparisons for Pipe Flow;228
36.5;5 Concluding Remarks;229
36.6;References;230
37;Enhancement of Suboptimal Controllability in Wall Turbulence;231
37.1;1 Introduction;231
37.2;2 Direct Numerical Simulations;233
37.3;3 Results;235
37.4;4 Conclusion;236
37.5;References;236
38;An Improvement of Opposition Control at HighReynolds Numbers;237
38.1;1 Introduction;237
38.2;2 Numerical Procedure;239
38.3;3 Results;240
38.4;4 Conclusion;242
38.5;References;242
39;Direct Numerical Simulation of Alternated Spanwise Lorentz Forcing;244
39.1;1 Introduction;244
39.2;2 Direct Numerical Simulation;245
39.3;3 EM Force Model;246
39.4;4 Simulation of EM Forcing;246
39.5;5 Conclusions;249
39.6;6 Perspectives and Applications;250
39.7;References;250
40;Boundary Layer Control for Drag Reduction by Lorentz Forcing;251
40.1;1 Introduction;251
40.2;2 Experiments;252
40.3;3 Results;253
40.4;4 Conclusions;256
40.5;References;256
41;Multi-Scale Flow Control for Efficient Mixing: Laboratory Generation of Unsteady Multi-Scale Flows Controlled by Multi-Scale Electromagnetic Forces;258
41.1;1 Introduction;258
41.2;2 Conclusion;262
41.3;References;263
42;Multi-Scale Flow Control for Efficient Mixing: Simulation of Electromagnetically Forced Turbulent-Like Laminar Flows;264
42.1;1 Introduction;264
42.2;2 Conclusion;268
42.3;References;268
43;CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL;269
44;Active Control of Laminar Boundary Layer Disturbances;270
44.1;1 Introduction;270
44.2;2 Experimental Setup;272
44.3;3 Analysis;272
44.4;4 Open Loop;275
44.5;5 Closed Loop;277
44.6;6 Pseudo-Compliant Surface;278
44.7;7 Discussion and Conclusions;280
44.8;References;281
45;Low-Dimensional Tools for Closed-Loop Flow-Control in High Reynolds Number Turbulent Flows;282
45.1;1 Introduction;282
45.2;2 Pressure Correlations in a High-Speed Jet;283
45.3;3 Model Estimate of a Mach 0.85 Jet Flow from Near-Field Pressure;288
45.4;4 Dual-Time PIV Investigation of the High-Speed Jet;292
45.5;5 Control of the Flow Separation over an Airfoil;293
45.6;6 Concluding Remarks;297
45.7;References;298
46;Evolutionary Optimization of Feedback Controllers for Thermoacoustic Instabilities;300
46.1;1 Introduction;300
46.2;2 A Noise-Resistant Evolutionary Algorithm;301
46.3;3 Experimental Results;303
46.4;4 Summary;305
46.5;References;306
47;Active Cancellation of Tollmien–Schlichting Instabilities in Compressible Flows Using Closed-Loop Control;307
47.1;1 Introduction;307
47.2;2 Principle of an Active Wave Control System;308
47.3;3 Experimental Set-Up;309
47.4;4 Control Strategy;312
47.5;5 Results and Discussion;315
47.6;6 Conclusions and Outlook;317
47.7;References;318
48;Optimal Boundary Flow Control: Equivalence of Adjoint and Co-State Formulations and Solutions;320
48.1;1 The Variational Approach to Flow Control;320
48.2;2 Boundary Optimal Flow Control Formulation;321
48.3;3 Generalisation of Reverse Flow Concept;322
48.4;4 Reduced Order Modelling: Principal Component Analysis;323
48.5;References;324
49;Optimal Growth of Linear Perturbations in Low Pressure Turbine Flows;325
49.1;1 Introduction;325
49.2;2 Method;326
49.3;3 Optimal Growth Modes in Low Pressure Turbine Flow;327
49.4;References;328
50;Simulations of Feedback Control of Early Transition in Poiseuille Flow;330
50.1;1 Introduction;330
50.2;2 Method;331
50.3;3 Results and Conclusions;332
50.4;References;333
51;A Switched Reduced-Order Dynamical System for Fluid Flows under Time-Varying Flow Conditions;334
51.1;1 Introduction;334
51.2;2 Modelling Framework;335
51.3;3 Simulation Results;336
51.4;4 Conclusions;337
51.5;References;337
52;Strategies for Optimal Control of Global Modes;338
52.1;1 Introduction;338
52.2;2 Optimal Control through Disturbance Flow Modification;340
52.3;3 Optimal Control through Base Flow Modification;341
52.4;References;342
53;APPLICATIONS;343
54;Modeling and Development of Synthetic Jet Actuators in Flow Separation Control Application;344
54.1;1 Introduction;344
54.2;2 Design Problem and Analysis;345
54.2.1;2.1 Lumped Element Model & Equivalent Circuit Model;345
54.2.2;2.2 Actuator Characterization & Model Verification;346
54.3;References;347
55;Feedback Control Using Extremum Seeking Method for Drag Reduction of a 3D Bluff Body;348
55.1;1 Introduction;348
55.2;2 Experimental Set-up;349
55.2.1;2.1 Description of the Model;349
55.2.2;2.2 Wind Tunnel and Experimental Techniques;350
55.3;3 Measurements and Discussion;352
55.3.1;3.1 Open Loop Control and Gradient Estimator;352
55.3.2;3.2 Closed Loop: Extremum Seeking Control;354
55.4;4 Conclusion;354
55.5;References;354
56;Flow Control in Turbomachinery Using Microjets;356
56.1;1 Introduction;356
56.2;2 Active Controlled Aeroengine;357
56.3;3 Compressor Stability;358
56.4;4 Micro Valves;359
56.5;5 Flow Actuation Devices for Aeroengines;359
56.6;6 Requirement for Future Flow Actuation Devices;360
56.7;7 Numerical Techniques;360
56.8;8 Conclusions;362
56.9;References;362
57;ONERA/IEMN Contribution within the ADVACT Program: Actuators Evaluation;364
57.1;1 Introduction;364
57.2;References;369
58;Control of Flow-Induced Vibration of Two Side-by-Side Cylinders Using Micro Actuators;370
58.1;1 Introduction;370
58.2;2 Experimental Details and Methods;370
58.3;3 Results and Discussion;371
58.4;4 Conclusions;373
58.5;References;374
59;Improvement of the Jet-Vectoring through the Suppression of a Global Instability;375
59.1;1 Introduction;375
59.2;2 Results;376
59.3;3 Conclusion;377
59.4;References;378
60;PASSIVE CONTROL;379
61;Experimental Optimization of Bionic Dimpled Surfaces on Axisymmetric Bluff Bodies for Drag Reduction;380
61.1;1 Introduction;380
61.2;2 Experimental Apparatus and Testing Method;381
61.3;3 Design of Experiments and Results;382
61.4;4 Conclusions;383
61.5;References;384
62;Flow Regularisation and Drag Reduction around Blunt Bodies Using Porous Devices;385
62.1;1 Modelling and Numerical Simulation;385
62.2;2 Results of the Passive Control;386
62.3;3 Conclusions;387
62.4;References;388
63;The Effects of Aspect Ratio and End Conditionon the Control of Free Shear Layers Development and Force Coefficients for Flow Past Four Cylinders in the In-line Square Configuration;389
63.1;1 Introduction;389
63.2;2 Numerical Method and Models;390
63.3;3 Results and Discussion;390
63.4;4 Conclusions;392
63.5;References;392
64;Numerical Simulation on the Control of DragForce and Vortex Formation by Different Wavy(Varicose) Cylinders;394
64.1;1 Introduction;394
64.2;2 Numerical Method and Models;395
64.3;3 Results and Discussion;395
64.4;4 Conclusions;397
64.5;References;398
65;Passive Multiscale Flow Control by Fractal Grids ;399
65.1;1 Introduction;399
65.2;2 Experimental Analysis;400
65.3;3 Conclusion;403
65.4;References;403
66;Hydraulic Model of the Skin Friction Reduction with Surface Grooves;404
66.1;1 Skin Friction Reduction;404
66.1.1;1.1 Formulation of the Hydraulic Model;406
66.1.2;1.2 Comparison with Computational Results;406
66.2;2 Outlook and Conclusion;407
66.3;References;407
67;Vortex Shedding behind a Tapered Cylinder and Its Control ;409
67.1;1 Introduction;409
67.2;2 Experimental Set-Up and Results;410
67.3;References;412
68;Control of a Separated Flow over a Smoothly Contoured Ramp Using Vortex Generators;413
68.1;1 Introduction;413
68.2;2 Experimental Set-Up;413
68.3;3 Flat Plate Boundary Layer Modification;414
68.4;4 Application to a Smoothly Contoured R415
68.5;5 Conclusion;416
68.6;References;417
69;Biomimetic Flight and Flow Control: Learning from the Birds;418
69.1;1 Features of Bird Flight: Control Mechanisms and Strategies and Techniques Employed by Birds;418
69.2;2 Biomimetically Inspired Active and Passive Techniques of Flow Regulation;421
69.3;3 Modeling and Control of the Vortex Lift;421
69.4;4 Conclusions;422
69.5;References;422
70;Author Index;423
71;Subject Index;425