Morse Analytical Methods for Nonproliferation

1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-319-29731-6
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 254 Seiten

Reihe: Physics and Astronomy (R0)

This book is intended to be used as a textbook and research reference for the field of nuclear nonproliferation. The book is primarily technical and focussed on methods of detecting clandestine nuclear material that might be illicitly transported. The book also touches on nuclear forensics, i.e. methods for identification, attribution, and establishment of transport pathways for illicit nuclear material. Also covered are topics of methods used for arms control and treaty verification, and an assessment of technologies under development for all of the above. A description of the government and international agencies involved in nuclear terrorism prevention, nuclear safeguards, and arms control is also included.
 

Autoren/Hrsg.

Morse, Edward C.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Contents;9
3;Acronyms;14
4;Introduction;16
4.1;1 Nuclear Proliferation;16
4.2;2 The Threat of Nuclear Terrorism;19
4.3;3 Interdiction of Nuclear Material;20
4.4;References;21
5;Nuclear Explosives;23
5.1;1 History;23
5.1.1;1.1 The Dawn of the Atomic Age;23
5.1.2;1.2 The Cold War and the Arms Race;26
5.1.3;1.3 The Fall of the Soviet Union;27
5.2;2 Device Physics;28
5.2.1;2.1 Critical Mass;28
5.2.2;2.2 Heat Generation. Neutron Background and Predetonation;31
5.3;3 Special Nuclear Material;33
5.4;References;34
6;Signatures and Background;36
6.1;1 Simplified Transport Calculations;36
6.1.1;1.1 Gamma Radiation Field from a Point Source;37
6.1.2;1.2 Self-Shielded Disk;38
6.1.3;1.3 Intermediate Optical Thickness;41
6.1.4;1.4 Infinite Half-Space Source;42
6.2;2 The Radiation Background;43
6.2.1;2.1 The Primordial Isotopes;43
6.2.2;2.2 Cosmogenic Nuclides;49
6.2.3;2.3 The Compton Continuum and Pair Production;49
6.2.4;2.4 Typical Background Spectra;50
6.2.5;2.5 Man-Made Radioactivity;51
6.2.6;2.6 Neutrons;52
6.2.7;2.7 NORM and TENORM;53
6.2.8;2.8 Medical Isotopes;54
6.3;3 Problems;55
6.4;References;56
7;Detection Statistics;57
7.1;1 Classical and Bayesian Statistics;57
7.2;2 Counting Statistics;58
7.2.1;2.1 Energy Resolution Statistics;58
7.2.2;2.2 More on Error Propagation Statistics;64
7.3;3 Confusion Matrices;66
7.4;4 Receiver Operating Characteristics;71
7.5;5 Application of Bayesian Statistical Methods;75
7.6;6 Pulse Shape Discrimination as an Example of Binary Classification;78
7.7;7 Problems;80
7.8;References;81
8;The Nuclear Fuel Cycle;82
8.1;1 Mining and Chemical Processing of Uranium;82
8.2;2 UF6 Conversion and Enrichment;83
8.3;3 Post-reactor;84
8.4;4 Conversion of Military Materials;85
8.5;5 Waste Management;86
8.6;6 Enrichment Technologies;86
8.6.1;6.1 Gaseous Diffusion;86
8.6.2;6.2 Centrifuge Separation;89
8.6.3;6.3 Electromagnetic Separation;96
8.6.4;6.4 Laser Isotope Separation;99
8.7;7 Reactors and Proliferation;101
8.8;8 Problems;102
8.9;References;103
9;Nuclear Forensics;104
9.1;1 Introduction;104
9.2;2 Attribution Methods;106
9.2.1;2.1 Chronometers;106
9.2.2;2.2 Calculation of Initial Enrichment;107
9.2.3;2.3 Other Nuclear Signatures;109
9.2.4;2.4 Morphology and Structure;110
9.3;3 Analysis Tools;113
9.3.1;3.1 Radiation Detection Equipment;113
9.3.2;3.2 Mass Spectrometry;114
9.4;4 Problems;115
9.5;References;115
10;Nuclear Testing;117
10.1;1 Introduction and History;117
10.2;2 The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and the International Monitoring System;118
10.3;3 Radionuclide Monitoring;119
10.3.1;3.1 Fission Product Distributions;119
10.3.2;3.2 Xenon and Cesium Signatures;121
10.3.3;3.3 Krypton Signatures;123
10.3.4;3.4 Argon-37;123
10.3.5;3.5 Atmospheric Transport of Radionuclides;124
10.3.6;3.6 Radionuclide Monitoring Technology;125
10.4;4 Seismic Signals;129
10.4.1;4.1 Seismic Wave Types;129
10.4.2;4.2 Distance-to-Event Determination;131
10.4.3;4.3 Seismic Signatures of Nuclear Explosive Tests;132
10.4.4;4.4 Limitations of Seismic Monitoring;134
10.5;5 Hydroacoustic Monitoring;136
10.6;6 Infrasonic Signatures;138
10.6.1;6.1 Waves in the Atmosphere;139
10.6.2;6.2 Infrasound Signatures for Atmospheric Nuclear Testing;142
10.6.3;6.3 Instruments for Infrasonic Detection;145
10.7;7 Concluding Remarks;146
10.8;8 Problems;146
10.9;References;148
11;Active Interrogation;151
11.1;1 Introduction;151
11.2;2 Neutron Active Interrogation;152
11.2.1;2.1 Differential Die-Away Analysis;152
11.2.2;2.2 Delayed Neutrons;154
11.2.3;2.3 Delayed Gammas from Fission Products;155
11.2.4;2.4 Neutron Transport;157
11.3;3 Photofission;162
11.4;4 Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence;163
11.4.1;4.1 NRF Physics;163
11.4.2;4.2 Photon Sources for NRF;167
11.5;5 Dose Considerations;171
11.5.1;5.1 Radiation Exposure;171
11.5.2;5.2 Health Risks;174
11.6;6 Conclusions;176
11.7;7 Problems;177
11.8;References;177
12;Advanced Detection Technologies;182
12.1;1 Introduction;182
12.2;2 Advanced Scintillator Materials;183
12.3;3 Advanced Semiconductor Detectors;186
12.4;4 Alternatives to 3He;190
12.4.1;4.1 History and Background;190
12.4.2;4.2 Stilbene;190
12.4.3;4.3 CLYC, CLLB, and CLLC;190
12.5;5 Imaging Detectors;192
12.5.1;5.1 Detector Arrays;192
12.5.2;5.2 Compton Imaging;195
12.6;6 Concluding Remarks;196
12.7;7 Problems;197
12.8;References;197
13;Arms Control and Treaty Verification;201
13.1;1 Introduction;201
13.2;2 Neutron Multiplicity Counting;202
13.3;3 Pu300, Pu600, and Pu900 Methods;208
13.4;4 Neutron Imaging;212
13.5;5 Neutrino Methods;214
13.5.1;5.1 Reactor Antineutrino Detection Time Dependence;217
13.6;6 Concluding Remarks;219
13.7;7 Problems;219
13.8;References;220
14;Public Policy and Proliferation;222
14.1;1 Introduction;222
14.2;2 The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA);222
14.2.1;2.1 Verification and Safeguards;223
14.2.2;2.2 Additional Protocol;224
14.2.3;2.3 Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy;224
14.3;3 Nuclear Nonproliferation Activities Within the US Government;224
14.3.1;3.1 DHS: The Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO);225
14.3.2;3.2 DNDO Nuclear Forensics Efforts;225
14.3.3;3.3 National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA);226
14.3.4;3.4 The Department of State;227
14.3.5;3.5 The Department of Defense;229
14.3.6;3.6 The US Department of Justice;230
14.3.7;3.7 The US Intelligence Community;230
14.3.8;3.8 The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC);231
14.4;4 Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs);232
14.4.1;4.1 The Center for Export Controls (CEC)---Moscow;232
14.4.2;4.2 The Center for International Trade and Security, University of Georgia (CITS);232
14.4.3;4.3 The Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS);232
14.4.4;4.4 The Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS);233
14.4.5;4.5 The Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI);233
14.4.6;4.6 The Stimson Center;233
14.4.7;4.7 The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI);233
14.4.8;4.8 The Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control;233
14.5;References;234
15;Appendix AThe Treaty on the Non-proliferationof NuclearWeapons;235
16;Appendix BThe Atomic Energy Act;241
17;Appendix CThe Area Under the ROC Curvefor Gaussian Probability Distributions;243
18;Glossary;246
19;Index;251