E-Book, Englisch, Band 28, 780 Seiten
Reihe: Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research
Mosher / Shipp / Moscardelli Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-3071-9
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
4th International Symposium
E-Book, Englisch, Band 28, 780 Seiten
Reihe: Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research
ISBN: 978-90-481-3071-9
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Recent global events such as the devastating 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami, the 2004 Sumatran tsunami and the 2006 SE Asia undersea network cable failure underscore the societal and economic effects of submarine mass movements. These events call upon the scientific community to understand submarine mass movement processes and consequences to assist in hazard assessment, mitigation and planning. Additionally, submarine mass movements are beginning to be recognized as prevalent in continental margin geologic sections. As such, they represent a significant if not dominant role in margin sedimentary processes. They also represent a potential hazard to hydrocarbon exploration and development, but also represent exploration indicators and targets. This volume consists of a collection of the latest scientific research by international experts in geological, geophysical, engineering and environment aspects of submarine mass failures, focussed on understanding the full spectrum of challenges presented by submarine mass movements and their consequences.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Dedication;6
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;14
4;Chapter 1;30
4.1;Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences;30
4.1.1;Introduction;30
4.1.2;Section I: Submarine Mass Movement Triggers, Mechanics and Geotechnical Properties;31
4.1.3;Section II: Submarine Mass Movement Case Studies and Hazard Assessment;32
4.1.4;Section III: Submarine Mass Movements in Margin Construction and Economic Significance;33
4.1.5;Section IV: Submarine Mass Movements and Tsunamis;34
4.1.6;Looking to the Future;34
4.1.7;References;36
5;Section I: Submarine Mass Movements: Triggers, Mechanics, and Geotechnical Properties;38
5.1;Chapter 2;39
5.1.1;Interplay Between Gas Hydrates and Submarine Slope Failure;39
5.1.1.1;1 Introduction;39
5.1.1.2;2 Background;41
5.1.1.3;3 Stress Changes in Hydrate Bearing Layers;42
5.1.1.3.1;3.1 Laboratory Investigations;43
5.1.1.3.2;3.2 Theoretical Predictions;44
5.1.1.3.3;3.3 Small Scale Physical Models;46
5.1.1.3.4;3.4 Discussion;47
5.1.1.4;4 Stability of Hydrate-Bearing Layers;47
5.1.1.4.1;4.1 Environmental Controls on Stability;48
5.1.1.4.2;4.2 Slope Stability Models;51
5.1.1.5;5 Field Observations;52
5.1.1.6;6 Concluding Remarks;53
5.1.1.7;References;55
5.2;Chapter 3;59
5.2.1;Advanced Dynamic Soil Testing-Introducing the New Marum Dynamic Triaxial Testing Device;59
5.2.1.1;1 Introduction;60
5.2.1.2;2 MARUM Dynamic Triaxial Testing Device;60
5.2.1.3;3 Performance Examples;63
5.2.1.4;4 Data Examples;65
5.2.1.4.1;4.1 Liquefaction of Sand;65
5.2.1.4.2;4.2 Cyclic Creep in Clays;67
5.2.1.5;5 Summary and Conclusion;67
5.2.1.6;References;68
5.3;Chapter 4;70
5.3.1;Clustering of Geotechnical Properties of Marine Sediments Through Self–Organizing Maps: An Example from the Zakynthos Canyon–Valley System, Greece;70
5.3.1.1;1 Introduction and Scope;71
5.3.1.2;2 Kohonen – Self Organising Maps;71
5.3.1.3;3 Source Data;73
5.3.1.4;4 Results of Clustering;75
5.3.1.5;5 Parameters Rating: Interaction Matrix Theory and Cause/Effect Plot;79
5.3.1.6;6 Discussion – Conclusions;80
5.3.1.7;References;81
5.4;Chapter 5;82
5.4.1;Identification of Shear Zones and Their Causal Mechanisms Using a Combination of Cone Penetration Tests and Seismic Data in the Eastern Niger Delta;82
5.4.1.1;1 Introduction;82
5.4.1.2;2 Materials and Methods;83
5.4.1.3;3 Results;85
5.4.1.3.1;3.1 Morphostructure of the Study Area;85
5.4.1.3.2;3.2 Seismic Analysis;85
5.4.1.3.3;3.3 Sediment Core Analyses;87
5.4.1.3.4;3.4 In-situ Analyses;88
5.4.1.4;4 Discussion and Conclusion;90
5.4.1.5;References;92
5.5;Chapter 6;93
5.5.1;Mass Wasting Dynamics at the Deeper Slope of the Ligurian Margin (Southern France);93
5.5.1.1;1 Introduction;94
5.5.1.1.1;1.1 Geological Background in the Study Area;95
5.5.1.2;2 Methods;95
5.5.1.3;3 Results;96
5.5.1.3.1;3.1 Geophysical Characterization;96
5.5.1.3.2;3.2 Western Landslide Complex;97
5.5.1.3.3;3.3 Eastern Landslide Complex;99
5.5.1.4;4 Discussion;99
5.5.1.4.1;4.1 Mechanical Behaviour of the Sediment;99
5.5.1.4.2;4.2 The Role of the Slope Angle to Determining Failure Type and Variability of Failure Events;101
5.5.1.5;References;102
5.6;Chapter 7;104
5.6.1;Characterization of Micaceous Sand for Investigation of a Subsea Mass Movement;104
5.6.1.1;1 Offshore Investigation;104
5.6.1.2;2 General Characteristics of Upper Sand;105
5.6.1.3;3 Interpretation of Relative Density;108
5.6.1.4;4 Laboratory Testing of Sand;111
5.6.1.5;5 Conclusions;114
5.6.1.6;References;116
5.7;Chapter 8;117
5.7.1;Estimating Drag Forces on Suspended and Laid-on-Seafloor Pipelines Caused by Clay-Rich Submarine Debris Flow Impact;117
5.7.1.1;1 Introduction;117
5.7.1.2;2 Experimental Program;118
5.7.1.2.1;2.1 Flume Experiments;118
5.7.1.2.2;2.2 Numerical Analyses;120
5.7.1.3;3 Method Developed to Estimate the Impact Drag Forces;121
5.7.1.4;4 Discussion;124
5.7.1.5;5 Conclusions;125
5.7.1.6;References;126
5.7.1.7;Appendix A – Theory for CFD Numerical Analysis;126
5.8;Chapter 9;128
5.8.1;Experimental Investigation of Subaqueous Clay-Rich Debris Flows, Turbidity Generation and Sediment Deposition;128
5.8.1.1;1 Introduction;129
5.8.1.2;2 Experimental Program;130
5.8.1.2.1;2.1 Rheology Experiments;130
5.8.1.2.2;2.2 Flume Experiments;131
5.8.1.3;3 Model Scaling to Prototype Situations;132
5.8.1.4;4 Experimental Results, Analysis and Discussion;133
5.8.1.4.1;4.1 Results of Rheology Tests;133
5.8.1.4.2;4.2 Results of the Sonar Observations;134
5.8.1.5;5 Conclusions;137
5.8.1.6;References;138
5.9;Chapter 10;139
5.9.1;The Kinematics of a Debris Avalanche on the Sumatra Margin;139
5.9.1.1;1 Introduction;139
5.9.1.2;2 Description of the Mass Failure;140
5.9.1.3;3 Kinematics Model;142
5.9.1.4;4 Model Parameter Estimates;143
5.9.1.5;5 Modeling Results and Discussion;145
5.9.1.6;6 Conclusions;146
5.9.1.7;References;147
5.10;Chapter 11;148
5.10.1;3D Numerical Modelling of Submerged and Coastal Landslide Propagation;148
5.10.1.1;1 Introduction;148
5.10.1.2;2 Numerical Modelling of Landslide Propagation: State of the Art;149
5.10.1.3;3 Equivalent Fluid Equivalent Medium Approach by DAN3D: Theory and Example;150
5.10.1.4;4 The Cellular Automata Code SCIDDICA SS2: Theory and Example;153
5.10.1.5;5 A Comparative Analysis of Codes;157
5.10.1.6;6 Conclusions and Outlook;158
5.10.1.7;References;159
5.11;Chapter 12;161
5.11.1;Peculiar Morphologies of Subaqueous Landslide Deposits and Their Relationship to Flow Dynamics;161
5.11.1.1;1 Introduction;161
5.11.1.2;2 Horseshoe-Shaped deposits;162
5.11.1.2.1;2.1 Possible Emplacement Mechanisms of Horseshoe-Shaped Deposits;163
5.11.1.3;3 Oriented Blocks;166
5.11.1.4;4 Discussion and Conclusion;170
5.11.1.5;References;170
5.12;Chapter 13;172
5.12.1;Large Landslides on Passive Continental Margins: Processes, Hypotheses and Outstanding Questions;172
5.12.1.1;1 Introduction;172
5.12.1.2;2 Interpretation of Landslide Morphology;174
5.12.1.2.1;2.1 Characteristics of Bedding Plane Parallel Landslides;174
5.12.1.3;3 Failure Processes;176
5.12.1.3.1;3.1 Triggers and Preconditioning Factors;176
5.12.1.3.2;3.2 Pore Pressure;177
5.12.1.4;4 Models for Large Bedding Parallel Landslides;177
5.12.1.5;5 Outstanding Questions;179
5.12.1.6;6 Conclusions;181
5.12.1.7;References;182
5.13;Chapter 14;185
5.13.1;Origin of Overpressure and Slope Failure in the Ursa Region, Northern Gulf of Mexico;185
5.13.1.1;1 Introduction;186
5.13.1.2;2 Ursa Region;186
5.13.1.3;3 Basin Modeling;188
5.13.1.4;4 Results and Discussion;190
5.13.1.5;5 Conclusions;194
5.13.1.6;References;194
5.14;Chapter 15;197
5.14.1;History of Pore Pressure Build Up and Slope Instability in Mud-Dominated Sediments of Ursa Basin, Gulf of Mexico Continental Slope;197
5.14.1.1;1 Introduction;198
5.14.1.1.1;1.1 Methods;201
5.14.1.2;2 Results;201
5.14.1.3;3 Discussion;203
5.14.1.4;4 Conclusions;207
5.14.1.5;References;207
5.15;Chapter 16;209
5.15.1;How Does Fluid Inflow Geometry Control Slope Destabilization?;209
5.15.1.1;1 Introduction;209
5.15.1.2;2 Method and Model;210
5.15.1.2.1;2.1 Discrete Element Method;210
5.15.1.2.2;2.2 Fluid Coupling;211
5.15.1.2.3;2.3 Model Setup;211
5.15.1.2.4;2.4 Modeling Scheme and Measurements;212
5.15.1.3;3 Results;214
5.15.1.4;4 Discussion;215
5.15.1.5;5 Conclusion;216
5.15.1.6;References;218
5.16;Chapter 17;220
5.16.1;Geochemical Evidence for Groundwater-Charging of Slope Sediments: The Nice Airport 1979 Landslide and Tsunami Revisited;220
5.16.1.1;1 Introduction;221
5.16.1.2;2 Previous Marine Expeditions;223
5.16.1.3;3 Methods;224
5.16.1.4;4 Results;224
5.16.1.5;5 Discussion;227
5.16.1.6;References;230
5.17;Chapter 18;232
5.17.1;Modeling Slope Instability as Shear Rupture Propagation in a Saturated Porous Medium;232
5.17.1.1;1 Introduction;232
5.17.1.2;2 Determining Pore Pressures at a Sliding Interface with Plastically Deforming Surroundings;234
5.17.1.3;3 Finite Element Model of a Dynamic Subsurface Rupture;238
5.17.1.4;4 Conclusions;241
5.17.1.5;References;241
6;Section II: Submarine Mass Movements: Case Studies and Hazard Assessment;243
6.1;Chapter 19;244
6.1.1;Submarine Mass Transport Within Monterey Canyon: Benthic Disturbance Controls on the Distribution of Chemosynthetic Biological Communities;244
6.1.1.1;1 Introduction;245
6.1.1.1.1;1.1 Mass Transport Events in Monterey Canyon;246
6.1.1.1.2;1.2 Chemosynthetic Biological Communities;247
6.1.1.1.3;1.3 Life Cycles of Organisms Within CBC;248
6.1.1.1.4;1.4 Distribution of CBC in Monterey Bay;248
6.1.1.2;2 Methods;249
6.1.1.2.1;2.1 Sediment Cores: Axial Channel of Monterey Canyon and Fan;249
6.1.1.2.2;2.2 Seafloor Observations on the Distribution of CBC;249
6.1.1.3;3 Results;252
6.1.1.3.1;3.1 Event Deposits in Monterey Canyon and Fan Channel;252
6.1.1.3.2;3.2 ROV Observations of CBC Occurrence in Monterey Canyon and Fan;253
6.1.1.4;4 Discussion;257
6.1.1.4.1;4.1 Mechanisms to Supply CBC with Dissolved Hydrogen Sulfide;257
6.1.1.4.2;4.2 Frequency of Submarine Mass Wasting Disturbance and CBC Distribution;258
6.1.1.5;5 Conclusions;259
6.1.1.6;References;259
6.2;Chapter 20;262
6.2.1;Multi-direction Flow in a Mass-Transport Deposit, Santos Basin, Offshore Brazil;262
6.2.1.1;1 Introduction;262
6.2.1.2;2 Geological Setting;264
6.2.1.3;3 Results;264
6.2.1.3.1;3.1 Structural Characteristics;264
6.2.1.3.2;3.2 Stratigraphic Characterization;268
6.2.1.4;4 Discussion;268
6.2.1.5;5 Conclusions;269
6.2.1.6;References;270
6.3;Chapter 21;271
6.3.1;Small-Scale Insights into Seismic-Scale Slumps:A Comparison of Slump Features from the Waitemata Basin, New Zealand, and the Møre Basin, Off-Shore Norway;271
6.3.1.1;1 Introduction;271
6.3.1.2;2 Dataset and Methodology;273
6.3.1.3;3 Geological Settings;274
6.3.1.4;4 Little Manly Slump Description;274
6.3.1.5;5 Slump W Description;276
6.3.1.6;6 Discussion;277
6.3.1.7;7 Conclusions;280
6.3.1.8;References;280
6.4;Chapter 22;281
6.4.1;The Block Composite Submarine Landslide, Southern New England Slope, U.S.A.: A Morphological Analysis;281
6.4.1.1;1 Introduction;281
6.4.1.2;2 Methods;283
6.4.1.3;3 Results;283
6.4.1.3.1;3.1 Geomorphology of the Block Composite Slide Area;283
6.4.1.3.2;3.2 The Block Composite Slide;284
6.4.1.3.3;3.3 Morphology of Slopes and Strength;285
6.4.1.4;4 Discussion on Slopes, Strength, Triggering and Tsunamis;287
6.4.1.5;Conclusions;289
6.4.1.6;References;290
6.5;Chapter 23;292
6.5.1;Post-Megaslide Slope Stability North of Svalbard, Arctic Ocean;292
6.5.1.1;1 Introduction;292
6.5.1.1.1;1.1 Indication for Slope Failure?;292
6.5.1.1.2;1.2 Research Area;293
6.5.1.1.3;1.3 Material and Methods;294
6.5.1.2;2 Results;294
6.5.1.3;3 Discussion;295
6.5.1.4;4 Conclusion;299
6.5.1.5;References;300
6.6;Chapter 24;301
6.6.1;Geomorphology of the Talismán Slide (Western slope of Hatton Bank, NE Atlantic Ocean);301
6.6.1.1;1 Introduction;301
6.6.1.1.1;1.1 Setting;302
6.6.1.1.2;1.2 Methodology;303
6.6.1.2;2 Results;304
6.6.1.2.1;2.1 Morphometrical Features;304
6.6.1.2.2;2.2 Seismic Features;306
6.6.1.2.3;2.3 Sedimentary Features;306
6.6.1.2.4;2.4 Other Slides;308
6.6.1.3;3 Discussion and Conclusions;309
6.6.1.4;References;311
6.7;Chapter 25;313
6.7.1;Investigations on the Peach 4 Debrite, a Late Pleistocene Mass Movement on the Northwest British Continental Margin;313
6.7.1.1;1 Regional Setting and Sedimentation on the Barra Fan;313
6.7.1.2;2 Methods;315
6.7.1.2.1;2.1 Geophysical Data and Model Construction;315
6.7.1.2.2;2.2 Sediment Samples;315
6.7.1.2.2.1;2.2.1 Particle Size Analysis;315
6.7.1.2.2.2;2.2.2 XRF Geochemical Analysis;316
6.7.1.3;3 Peach 4 Debrite Transport Processes and Age of Emplacement;316
6.7.1.3.1;3.1 Extent and Morphology of the Peach 4 Debite;316
6.7.1.3.2;3.2 Emplacement Age of the Peach 4 Debrite;317
6.7.1.4;4 Sediment Analysis Results and Interpretation: BGS CS 56 -10 239;318
6.7.1.4.1;4.1 Location of BGS CS 56 -10 239 in Relation to MTDs;318
6.7.1.4.2;4.2 Particle Size Variations;318
6.7.1.4.3;4.3 XRF Geochemical Analysis;319
6.7.1.4.4;4.4 Unit Lithology of BGS 56 -10 239;320
6.7.1.5;5 Sedimentation Processes in BGS CS 56 -10 239 – Can Sulphur and Arsenic Concentrations Be Used as Indicators of Turbidite Deposition?;321
6.7.1.6;6 Conclusions;322
6.7.1.7;References;322
6.8;Chapter 26;324
6.8.1;Redistribution of Sediments by Submarine Landslides on the Eastern Nankai Accretionary Prism;324
6.8.1.1;1 Introduction;325
6.8.1.1.1;1.1 Topographic Features of the Study Area;327
6.8.1.2;2 Sediments in the Shikoku Basin Area;328
6.8.1.3;3 Sediments in the Kashinozaki Knoll Area;328
6.8.1.4;4 Sediments in the Nankai Trough Area;329
6.8.1.5;5 Concluding Remarks;331
6.8.1.6;References;332
6.9;Chapter 27;334
6.9.1;Mass Wasting at the Easternmost Cyprus Arc, Off Syria, Eastern Mediterranean;334
6.9.1.1;1 Introduction;335
6.9.1.2;2 Geological Setting;335
6.9.1.3;3 Data and Methods;337
6.9.1.4;4 Results;337
6.9.1.4.1;4.1 Syrian Margin;337
6.9.1.4.2;4.2 Latakia Slope;338
6.9.1.4.3;4.3 Latakia Ridge;340
6.9.1.4.4;4.4 Inner Latakia Basin;341
6.9.1.5;5 Interpretation and Discussion;342
6.9.1.5.1;5.1 Submarine Slope Failures;342
6.9.1.5.2;5.2 Drift Deposits;342
6.9.1.5.3;5.3 Mass Wasting and Tectonics;343
6.9.1.6;6 Conclusions;344
6.9.1.7;References;344
6.10;Chapter 28;346
6.10.1;Risk Analysis for Hurricane-Wave Induced Submarine Mudslides;346
6.10.1.1;1 Introduction;347
6.10.1.2;2 Mudslide Model;347
6.10.1.3;3 Risk Model;348
6.10.1.3.1;3.1 Probability for Mudslide at a Particular Location;349
6.10.1.3.2;3.2 Consequence of a Mudslide;355
6.10.1.4;4 Examples;357
6.10.1.4.1;4.1 Siting a New Platform;357
6.10.1.4.2;4.2 Value of Site-Specific Soil Boring;358
6.10.1.4.3;4.3 Existing Pipeline System Risk;358
6.10.1.5;5 Conclusions;360
6.10.1.6;References;361
6.11;Chapter 29;363
6.11.1;GIS-Based Assessment of Submarine Mudflow Hazard Offshore of the Mississippi Delta, Gulf of Mexico;363
6.11.1.1;1 Introduction;363
6.11.1.1.1;1.1 Geologic Setting;365
6.11.1.1.2;1.2 Mudflow Hazard;365
6.11.1.2;2 Approach;366
6.11.1.3;3 Results;370
6.11.1.4;4 Discussion;371
6.11.1.5;5 Conclusions;373
6.11.1.6;References;374
6.12;Chapter 30;375
6.12.1;Spatial Analysis of Shallow Slope Instability Incorporating an Engineering Geological Ground Model;375
6.12.1.1;1 Introduction;375
6.12.1.2;2 Landslide Prediction Methods and GIS Applicability;376
6.12.1.3;3 Deterministic Slope Stability Analysis;377
6.12.1.3.1;3.1 Limitations and Advances;377
6.12.1.3.2;3.2 Infinite Slope Theory Formulation;378
6.12.1.4;4 GIS Ground Model Availability – State of the Art;379
6.12.1.4.1;4.1 Ground Model Components;379
6.12.1.4.2;4.2 Representation of Full Spatial Variability;380
6.12.1.5;5 GIS Implementation and Results;382
6.12.1.5.1;5.1 Implementation;382
6.12.1.5.2;5.2 Results;383
6.12.1.6;6 Conclusions;384
6.12.1.7;References;385
6.13;Chapter 31;387
6.13.1;Estimating the Empirical Probability of Submarine Landslide Occurrence;387
6.13.1.1;1 Introduction;388
6.13.1.2;2 Data;389
6.13.1.3;3 Empirical Bayes Analysis;389
6.13.1.3.1;3.1 Case Study 1: Santa Barbara Channel;391
6.13.1.3.2;3.2 Case Study 2: Port Valdez;392
6.13.1.4;4 Sub-Events Within Landslide Complexes;393
6.13.1.4.1;4.1 Case Study 3: The Holocene Storegga Landslide Complex;394
6.13.1.5;6 Conclusions;394
6.13.1.6;References;395
6.14;Chapter 32;397
6.14.1;Constraining Geohazards to the Past: Impact Assessment of Submarine Mass Movements on Seabed Developments;397
6.14.1.1;1 Introduction;397
6.14.1.1.1;1.1 Submarine Mass Movements – What Are the Hazards?;398
6.14.1.1.2;1.2 The Geohazard Assessment Process;399
6.14.1.2;2 Three-Dimensional Geohazard Visualization;402
6.14.1.2.1;2.1 Benefits of Visualizing Geohazards;403
6.14.1.3;3 Determination of Event Frequency – Application of Geochronological Techniques;403
6.14.1.3.1;3.1 Radiometric Dating Techniques;404
6.14.1.3.2;3.2 Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating;404
6.14.1.3.3;3.3 A Geohazard-Focused Geochronological Approach;405
6.14.1.4;4 Assessment of Ground Movement;405
6.14.1.5;5 Conclusions and Way Forward;407
6.14.1.6;References;408
6.15;Chapter 33;409
6.15.1;Evaluating Gas-Generated Pore Pressure with Seismic Reflection Data in a Landslide-Prone Area: An Example from Finneidfjord, Norway;409
6.15.1.1;1 Introduction;410
6.15.1.2;2 Methods;412
6.15.1.2.1;2.1 Quantifying Attenuation;413
6.15.1.2.2;2.2 Gas Properties;415
6.15.1.2.3;3 Results;416
6.15.1.2.4;4 Discussion;418
6.15.1.2.5;5 Conclusion;419
6.15.1.2.6;References;420
6.16;Chapter 34;421
6.16.1;Historic and Paleo-Submarine LandslideDeposits Imaged Beneath Port Valdez, Alaska:Implications for Tsunami Generation in aGlacial Fiord;421
6.16.1.1;1 Introduction;422
6.16.1.2;2 Methods;423
6.16.1.3;3 Results;423
6.16.1.4;4 Discussion;426
6.16.1.5;5 Conclusions;429
6.16.1.6;References;430
6.17;Chapter 35;432
6.17.1;Multibeam Bathymetry Investigations of Mass Movements in Lake Le Bourget (NW Alps, France) Using a Portable Platform;432
6.17.1.1;1 Introduction;433
6.17.1.1.1;1.1 Regional Setting;433
6.17.1.1.2;1.2 Previous Work;434
6.17.1.2;2 Data and Methods;436
6.17.1.3;3 Results;436
6.17.1.3.1;3.1 Bathymetry;436
6.17.1.3.2;3.2 Lacustrine Sediment Disturbances;438
6.17.1.3.2.1;3.2.1 Mass-Wasting Deposits;438
6.17.1.3.2.2;3.2.2 Debris Flow Deposits;438
6.17.1.3.2.3;3.2.3 Erosion Channels and Canyons;439
6.17.1.3.2.4;3.2.4 Collapse Craters;439
6.17.1.4;4 Discussion;440
6.17.1.5;5 Conclusion;442
6.17.1.6;References;442
6.18;Chapter 36;444
6.18.1;Morphodynamic and Slope Instability Observations at Wabush Lake, Labrador;444
6.18.1.1;1 Introduction;445
6.18.1.2;2 Methods;445
6.18.1.3;3 Results;447
6.18.1.4;4 Discussion;453
6.18.1.5;5 Conclusion;454
6.18.1.6;References;455
6.19;Chapter 37;456
6.19.1;Climate-Induced Turbidity Current Activity in NW-African Canyon Systems;456
6.19.1.1;1 Introduction;457
6.19.1.1.1;1.1 Regional Settings;457
6.19.1.1.2;1.2 Methods;458
6.19.1.2;2 Results and Discussion;461
6.19.1.2.1;2.1 Characterization of Turbidites;461
6.19.1.2.2;2.2 Terrigenous Sediment Supply to the Hemipelagic Background Sediments and Turbidite Occurrence;461
6.19.1.2.3;2.3 History of Turbidite Frequency: Comparing the Timiris and Dakar Canyon Systems;465
6.19.1.3;3 Conclusions;466
6.19.1.4;References;467
7;Section III: Submarine Mass Movements in Margin Construction and Economic Significance;469
7.1;Chapter 38;470
7.1.1;Investigating the Timing, Processes and Deposits of One of the World’s Largest Submarine Gravity Flows: The ‘Bed 5 Event’ Off Northwest Africa;470
7.1.1.1;1 Introduction and Data;471
7.1.1.2;2 Landslide Source Area and Timing;471
7.1.1.3;3 Flow Pathways, Run-Out Distance and Deposit Volume;473
7.1.1.4;4 Flow Processes and Deposits;479
7.1.1.5;5 Conclusions;480
7.1.1.6;References;481
7.2;Chapter 39;482
7.2.1;MTCs of the Brazos-Trinity Slope System; Thoughts on the Sequence Stratigraphy of MTCs and Their Possible Roles in Shaping Hydrocarbon Traps;482
7.2.1.1;1 Introduction;483
7.2.1.2;2 Previous Work;484
7.2.1.3;3 Geologic Setting and History of Brazos Trinity Slope System;484
7.2.1.4;4 Characteristics of MTCs in Brazos Trinity Slope System;485
7.2.1.5;5 Biostratigraphy and Chronostratigraphy;491
7.2.1.6;6 Stratigraphic Architectures of MTCs in Brazos Trinity Slope System;492
7.2.1.7;7 Origins of MTCs and Implications for Sequence Stratigraphic Models;495
7.2.1.8;8 Discussion of Potential for Stratigraphic Traps Associated with MTCs;496
7.2.1.9;References;497
7.3;Chapter 40;498
7.3.1;Southeast Australia: A Cenozoic Continental Margin Dominated by Mass Transport;498
7.3.1.1;1 Background;499
7.3.1.2;2 Methods;500
7.3.1.3;3 Mass-Movement Features;501
7.3.1.3.1;3.1 Slab Slides;501
7.3.1.3.2;3.2 Debris Flows;504
7.3.1.3.3;3.3 Box Canyons;504
7.3.1.3.4;3.4 Linear Canyons;504
7.3.1.3.5;3.5 Carbonate Platform Slides;506
7.3.1.3.6;3.6 Plunge Pools;506
7.3.1.3.7;3.7 Pockmarks;506
7.3.1.4;4 Discussion;508
7.3.1.5;References;509
7.4;Chapter 41;510
7.4.1;A Database on Submarine Landslides of the Mediterranean Sea;510
7.4.1.1;1 Introduction;511
7.4.1.2;2 Methods;512
7.4.1.3;3 Results;513
7.4.1.3.1;3.1 Landslides Distribution with Respect to Geo-tectonic Environment;515
7.4.1.3.2;3.2 Age;517
7.4.1.4;4 Global Implications and Conclusions;517
7.4.1.5;References;519
7.5;Chapter 42;521
7.5.1;Submarine Landslides Along the Algerian Margin: A Review of Their Occurrence and Potential Link with Tectonic Structures;521
7.5.1.1;1 Introduction;522
7.5.1.2;2 Data and Methods;522
7.5.1.3;3 Margin Physiography;524
7.5.1.4;4 Seafloor and Subsurface Instabilities Along the Algerian Margin;526
7.5.1.5;5 Discussion and Conclusion;529
7.5.1.6;References;530
7.6;Chapter 43;532
7.6.1;Mass-Transport Deposits on the Algerian Margin (Algiers Area): Morphology, Lithology and Sedimentary Processes;532
7.6.1.1;1 Introduction;533
7.6.1.2;2 Data and Methods;535
7.6.1.3;3 Results;536
7.6.1.3.1;3.1 Morphology;536
7.6.1.3.2;3.2 Lithology and Age of Sediment;537
7.6.1.4;4 Discussions and Conclusion;542
7.6.1.5;References;543
7.7;Chapter 44;545
7.7.1;Detailed Analysis of a Submarine Landslide (SAR-27) in the Deep Basin Offshore Algiers (Western Mediterranean);545
7.7.1.1;1 Introduction;546
7.7.1.2;2 Data Set and Methods;547
7.7.1.3;3 Results;548
7.7.1.3.1;3.1 Morphology of the Slide Area;548
7.7.1.3.2;3.2 Sediment Core Data;549
7.7.1.3.3;3.3 Stratigraphy Inferred from Seismic Data and CPTu;550
7.7.1.3.4;3.4 Liquefaction Potential Assessment;552
7.7.1.4;4 Discussions and Conclusion;553
7.7.1.5;References;555
7.8;Chapter 45;557
7.8.1;3D Seismic Interpretation of Mass Transport Deposits: Implications for Basin Analysis and Geohazard Evaluation;557
7.8.1.1;1 Introduction;558
7.8.1.2;2 Recognition of MTDs on 3D Seismic Data;558
7.8.1.2.1;2.1 Headscarp;559
7.8.1.2.2;2.2 Toe Region;562
7.8.1.2.3;2.3 Basal Shear Surface;562
7.8.1.2.4;2.4 Internal Architecture;564
7.8.1.3;3 Seismic Attribute Characterization of MTDs;564
7.8.1.3.1;3.1 Coherence;564
7.8.1.3.2;3.2 Variance;566
7.8.1.3.3;3.3 Dip, Azimuth, and Curvature;566
7.8.1.4;4 Implications for Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production;568
7.8.1.5;5 Conclusions;570
7.8.1.6;References;571
7.9;Chapter 46;573
7.9.1;Slope Instability on the French Guiana Transform Margin from Swath-Bathymetry and 3.5 kHz Echograms;573
7.9.1.1;1 Introduction;574
7.9.1.2;2 Geological Setting;574
7.9.1.3;3 Dataset and Methodology;575
7.9.1.4;4 Results;576
7.9.1.4.1;4.1 Demerara Abyssal Plain;576
7.9.1.4.2;4.2 Guiana Slope and Rise (Transform Segment);578
7.9.1.4.3;4.3 Demerara Plateau;579
7.9.1.5;5 Discussion and Conclusions;581
7.9.1.6;References;582
7.10;Chapter 47;584
7.10.1;Megaslides in the Foz do Amazonas Basin, Brazilian Equatorial Margin;584
7.10.1.1;1 Introduction;585
7.10.1.1.1;1.1 Database and Methods;586
7.10.1.1.2;1.2 Geological Setting;586
7.10.1.2;2 Results;587
7.10.1.2.1;2.1 The Pará-Maranhão Megaslide;587
7.10.1.2.2;2.2 The Amapá Megaslide Complex;590
7.10.1.3;3 Discussion;591
7.10.1.4;4 Conclusions;593
7.10.1.5;References;593
7.11;Chapter 48;595
7.11.1;Detached and Shelf-Attached Mass Transport Complexes on the Magdalena Deepwater Fan;595
7.11.1.1;1 Introduction;596
7.11.1.1.1;1.1 Regional Setting;596
7.11.1.1.2;1.2 Data and Methods;598
7.11.1.2;2 Location and Characteristics of MTCs;599
7.11.1.2.1;2.1 Thrust Deformed Belts MTC’s;599
7.11.1.2.2;2.2 Channel Walls and Levees MTC’s;601
7.11.1.2.3;2.3 Interchannel Low MTC’s;603
7.11.1.3;3 Types of MTC’s;603
7.11.1.3.1;3.1 Detached MTCs;603
7.11.1.3.2;3.2 Shelf-Attached MTC;605
7.11.1.3.3;3.3 Other Causal Mechanisms;605
7.11.1.4;4 Possible Timing of Events;606
7.11.1.5;5 Conclusions;607
7.11.1.6;References;607
7.12;Chapter 49;609
7.12.1;Character, Distribution and Timing of Latest Quaternary Mass- Transport Deposits in Texas-Louisiana Intraslope Basins Based on High-Resolution (305kHz) Seismic Facies and Piston Cores;609
7.12.1.1;1 Introduction;610
7.12.1.2;2 Data and Methods;610
7.12.1.3;3 Results;612
7.12.1.3.1;3.1 Seismic Character and Regional Distribution of MTDs;612
7.12.1.3.2;3.2 Lithology of MTDs in Piston Cores;613
7.12.1.3.3;3.3 Relationship of MTDs to Glacio-eustatic Sea-Level Changes;617
7.12.1.4;4 Conclusions;617
7.12.1.5;References;618
7.13;Chapter 50;620
7.13.1;Upper Cretaceous Mass Transport Systems Above the Wyandot Formation Chalk,Offshore Nova Scotia;620
7.13.1.1;1 Introduction;621
7.13.1.2;2 Study Area, Data, and Methods;622
7.13.1.3;3 Results - Variation in Top Chalk Morphology;623
7.13.1.3.1;3.1 Slope Failures Above the Wyandot Formation;628
7.13.1.3.2;3.2 Relationship of Failures to Adjacent and Overlying Prograding Clastic Systems;629
7.13.1.3.3;3.3 Potential Triggering Mechanisms;630
7.13.1.4;4 Conclusions;630
7.13.1.5;References;631
7.14;Chapter 51;632
7.14.1;The Significance of Mass-Transport Deposits for the Evolution of a Proglacial Continental Slope;632
7.14.1.1;1 Introduction;632
7.14.1.1.1;1.1 Regional Geology;633
7.14.1.2;2 Distribution of Mass-Transport Deposits;635
7.14.1.3;3 Discussion;638
7.14.1.4;4 Conclusions;640
7.14.1.5;References;641
8;Section IV: Submarine Mass Movements and Tsunamis;643
8.1;Chapter 52;644
8.1.1;Middle to Late Miocene Slope Failure and the Generation of a Regional Unconformity Beneath the Western Scotian Slope, Eastern Canada;644
8.1.1.1;1 Introduction;644
8.1.1.1.1;1.1 Study Area and Geological Setting;645
8.1.1.1.2;1.2 Methods;647
8.1.1.2;2 Results;647
8.1.1.2.1;2.1 Seismic Reflection Character of the Unconformity;648
8.1.1.2.2;2.2 Seismic Reflection Character Above the Unconformity;650
8.1.1.3;3 Discussion;652
8.1.1.4;4 Conclusion;652
8.1.1.5;References;653
8.2;Chapter 53;655
8.2.1;Mass Transport Deposits on the Southwestern Newfoundland Slope;655
8.2.1.1;1 Introduction;656
8.2.1.1.1;1.1 Regional Geology;656
8.2.1.1.2;1.2 Methods;657
8.2.1.2;2 Results;658
8.2.1.3;3 Discussion;659
8.2.1.4;4 Conclusion;662
8.2.1.5;References;663
8.3;Chapter 54;664
8.3.1;Mass Transport Events and Their Tsunami Hazard;664
8.3.1.1;1 Introduction;664
8.3.1.2;2 Mass Transport Events;665
8.3.1.3;3 Submarine Mass Failures;666
8.3.1.3.1;3.1 Open Continental Slope and Rise;666
8.3.1.3.2;3.2 Fjords;668
8.3.1.3.3;3.3 Convergent Margins;668
8.3.1.4;4 Volcanoes;670
8.3.1.4.1;4.1 Convergent Margins - Volcanic Flank Collapse;671
8.3.1.4.2;4.2 Convergent Margins – Eruption Tsunami;672
8.3.1.4.3;4.3 Oceanic Volcanoes – Flank Collapse;672
8.3.1.5;5 Subaerial Failures;674
8.3.1.6;6 Tsunami Hazard;674
8.3.1.7;References;677
8.4;Chapter 55;682
8.4.1;Hydrodynamic Modeling of Tsunamis Generated by Submarine Landslides: Generation, Propagation, and Shoreline Impact;682
8.4.1.1;1 Introduction;682
8.4.1.2;2 Tsunami Generation by Landslide;683
8.4.1.3;3 Open Ocean Propagation of Landslide Tsunami;684
8.4.1.4;4 Shallow Water Evolution;685
8.4.1.5;5 Inundation;688
8.4.1.6;6 Conclusions;689
8.4.1.7;References;690
8.5;Chapter 56;692
8.5.1;Calculations of Tsunamis from Submarine Landslides;692
8.5.1.1;1 Introduction;692
8.5.1.2;2 The Sage code;693
8.5.1.3;3 Problem Setup for Submarine Landslide Calculations;694
8.5.1.4;4 The Calculations;696
8.5.1.5;5 Discussion;700
8.5.1.6;References;701
8.6;Chapter 57;702
8.6.1;Experiments on Tsunamis Generated by 3D Granular Landslides;702
8.6.1.1;1 Introduction;703
8.6.1.2;2 Experiment Description;704
8.6.1.2.1;2.1 Experiment Trial Conditions;705
8.6.1.3;3 Data Analysis;706
8.6.1.3.1;3.1 Pneumatic Landslide Generator Performance;706
8.6.1.3.2;3.2 Landslide Characteristics;707
8.6.1.3.3;3.3 Tsunami Wave Characteristics;709
8.6.1.4;4 Discussion;713
8.6.1.5;References;714
8.7;Chapter 58;716
8.7.1;Distal Turbidites and Tsunamigenic Landslidesof Stromboli Volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy);716
8.7.1.1;1 Introduction;716
8.7.1.2;2 Geological Background;717
8.7.1.3;3 Marine Record of Stromboli Volcano Landslides;719
8.7.1.4;4 Methods;721
8.7.1.5;5 Results;722
8.7.1.6;6 Discussion;724
8.7.1.7;7 Conclusions and Implications for the Tsunami Hazard Assessment;726
8.7.1.8;References;727
8.8;Chapter 59;729
8.8.1;Tsunamigenic Risks Associated with Mass Transport Complexes in Offshore Trinidad and Venezuela;729
8.8.1.1;1 Introduction;729
8.8.1.2;2 Data and Methods;731
8.8.1.3;3 Tsunamis and Their Causal Mechanisms;733
8.8.1.3.1;3.1 Case Scenario I: Slope-Attached MFE;733
8.8.1.3.2;3.2 Case Scenario II: Shelf-Attached MFE;735
8.8.1.3.3;3.3 Case Scenario III: Detached MFE;736
8.8.1.4;4 Initial Hypothesis and Modeling Results;737
8.8.1.5;5 Discussion: Present Risk of MTC Occurrences in Offshore Trinidad;738
8.8.1.6;References;739
8.9;Chapter 60;741
8.9.1;Distribution and Tsunamigenic Potential of Submarine Landslides in the Gulf of Mexico;741
8.9.1.1;1 Introduction;741
8.9.1.2;2 Setting;742
8.9.1.3;3 Distribution of Submarine Landslides;743
8.9.1.3.1;3.1 Carbonate Province;743
8.9.1.3.2;3.2 Salt Province;744
8.9.1.3.3;3.3 Canyon/Fan Province;745
8.9.1.4;4 Preliminary Analysis of Potential Landslide-Generated Tsunamigenic Sources;746
8.9.1.4.1;4.1 Submarine Landslide Characteristics;746
8.9.1.4.2;4.2 East Breaks Landslide Tsunami Modeling;746
8.9.1.5;5 Concluding Statements and Future Work;748
8.9.1.6;References;749
8.10;Chapter 61;751
8.10.1;A Study of the Tsunami Effects of Two Landslides in the St. Lawrence Estuary;751
8.10.1.1;1 Introduction;752
8.10.1.2;2 Regional Geological Setting;752
8.10.1.2.1;2.1 Study Sites;754
8.10.1.2.1.1;2.1.1 Location 1 – Matane;754
8.10.1.2.1.2;2.1.2 Location 2 – St-Siméon;755
8.10.1.3;3 The VOLNA Code;756
8.10.1.4;4 Results;757
8.10.1.5;5 References;759
8.11;Chapter 62;761
8.11.1;The Pliocene Shelburne Mass-Movement and Consequent Tsunami, Western Scotian Slope;761
8.11.1.1;1 Introduction;762
8.11.1.1.1;1.1 Regional Geology;762
8.11.1.1.2;1.2 Methods;763
8.11.1.2;2 Results;764
8.11.1.2.1;2.1 Seismic Mapping;764
8.11.1.2.2;2.2 Tsunami Simulation;767
8.11.1.3;3 Discussion and Conclusion;768
8.11.1.4;References;770
9;Author Index;772
10;Subject Index;775
