Mount Energy Metabolism

Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Energy Metabolism Held at Churchill College, Cambridge, September, 1979
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-6179-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 504 Seiten, Web PDF

Studies in the Agricultural and Food Sciences: Energy Metabolism is a compilation of works on the energy metabolism in animals, especially animals of agricultural importance. The book is written by authoritative workers in the field and is divided into six parts; each chapter is based on a selected paper presented at the Eighth Symposium on Energy Metabolism held at Cambridge in September 1979. The text discusses feed evaluation; use of energy for maintenance and growth; and simulation models for energy exchange and growth. The book also covers the comparative aspects of energy metabolism; use of energy in production and lactation; and metabolic responses in the growing animal. The monograph is recommended for those who plan to study about energy metabolism of farm animals and its relationship with certain biological processes. The book will also appeal to those who develop feeds and methods that can help improve energy metabolism of farm animals.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mount, Laurence E.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Energy Metabolism;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;PREFACE;8
6;PART I: FEED EVALUATION;22
6.1;CHAPTER 1. ENERGY UTILIZATION BY GROWING CATTLE AS DETERMINED IN 72 COMPARATIVE SLAUGHTER EXPERIMENTS;24
6.1.1;Summary;24
6.1.2;Introduction;24
6.1.3;Materials and methods;24
6.1.4;Results and Discussion;25
6.1.5;Acknowledgements;27
6.1.6;References;28
6.2;CHAPTER 2. INFLUENCE OF THE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY CONTENT OF THE DIET ON ENERGY UTILIZATION FOR GROWTH IN BULLS AND HEIFERS;30
6.2.1;Summary;30
6.2.2;Introduction;30
6.2.3;Materials and methods;30
6.2.4;Results and discussion;31
6.2.5;References;33
6.3;CHAPTER 3. THE EVALUATION OF THE ENERGY IN FORAGE BY THE COMPARATIVE SLAUGHTER TECHNIQUE;34
6.3.1;Summary;34
6.3.2;Materials and methods;34
6.3.3;Results and discussion;35
6.3.4;References;36
6.4;CHAPTER 4. ENERGY UTILIZATION IN SHEEP FED GRASS SILAGE AND HAY;38
6.4.1;Summary;38
6.4.2;Introduction;38
6.4.3;Materials and methods;38
6.4.4;Results;39
6.4.5;Discussion;41
6.4.6;References;41
6.5;CHAPTER 5. CALCULATION OF ENERGY VALUE OF FEEDSTUFFS FOR MILK PRODUCTION: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS FEED EVALUATION SYSTEMS;44
6.5.1;Summary;44
6.5.2;Introduction and methods of comparison;44
6.5.3;Results and discussion;45
6.5.4;Prediction of the energy value in a system from other systems;47
6.5.5;References;47
6.6;CHAPTER 6. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY COMPOSITION ON SITE OF ABSORPTION AND EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF METABOLIZABLE ENERGY IN GROWING PIGS;48
6.6.1;Summary;48
6.6.2;Introduction;48
6.6.3;Materials and methods;48
6.6.4;Results and discussion;49
6.6.5;References;51
6.7;CHAPTER 7. THERMOGENIC EFFECT IN PIGS OF DIETS CONTAINING WHEAT OR WHEATFEED;52
6.7.1;Summary;52
6.7.2;Introduction;52
6.7.3;Materials and methods;52
6.7.4;Calculations;53
6.7.5;Results and discussion;53
6.7.6;References;56
6.8;CHAPTER 8. THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY PROTEIN, CARBOHYDRATE, FAT AND FIBRE ON THE NET AVAILABILITY OF METABOLIZABLE ENERGY IN THE CHICK;58
6.8.1;Summary;58
6.8.2;Introduction;58
6.8.3;Materials and methods;58
6.8.4;Results;59
6.8.5;Discussion;61
6.8.6;Acknowledgement;62
6.8.7;References;62
6.9;CHAPTER 9. INFLUENCE OF SPECIALLY EXTRACTED SOYA MEAL ON NITROGEN AND ENERGY METABOLISM IN THE PRERUMINANT CALF;64
6.9.1;Summary;64
6.9.2;Introduction;64
6.9.3;Materials and methods;64
6.9.4;Results and discussion;65
6.9.5;References;67
6.10;CHAPTER 10. ENERGY UTILIZATION BY GROWING CALVES: EFFECTS OF AGE, MILK INTAKE AND FEEDING LEVEL;70
6.10.1;Summary;70
6.10.2;Introduction;70
6.10.3;Materials and methods;70
6.10.4;Results and discussion;71
6.10.5;References;73
6.11;CHAPTER 11. THE PREDICTED AND OBSERVED METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES OF MIXTURES OF MAIZE SILAGE AND BARLEY FED TO CATTLE;76
6.11.1;Summary;76
6.11.2;Introduction;76
6.11.3;Materials and methods;76
6.11.4;Results and discussion;78
6.11.5;Conclusions;79
6.11.6;References;79
6.12;CHAPTER 12. METHANE PRODUCTION IN DAIRY COWS;80
6.12.1;Summary;80
6.12.2;Introduction;80
6.12.3;Materials and methods;80
6.12.4;Results and discussion;81
6.12.5;References;83
6.13;CHAPTER 13. A STUDY OF THE NUTRITIONAL ENERGETICS OF SODIUMHYDROXIDE- TREATED STRAW PELLETS IN RATIONS FED TO GROWING LAMBS;84
6.13.1;Summary;84
6.13.2;Introduction;84
6.13.3;Materials and methods;85
6.13.4;Results and conclusions;85
6.13.5;References;88
6.14;CHAPTER 14. EFFECTS OF METABOLIZABLE ENERGY CONTENT OF DIET AND FEEDING LEVEL ON THE EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY UTILIZATION BY YOUNG GROWING LAMBS;90
6.14.1;Summary;90
6.14.2;Introduction;90
6.14.3;Materials and methods;90
6.14.4;Results and discussion;91
6.14.5;References;93
6.15;CHAPTER 15. THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY ENERGY CONCENTRATION ON THE GROWTH EFFICIENCY OF AD LIB. FED PIGS;94
6.15.1;Summary;94
6.15.2;Introduction;94
6.15.3;Materials and methods;94
6.16;CHAPTER 16. THE INFLUENCE OF MICROBIAL METABOLISM IN THE HIND GUT OF ROOSTERS ON ENERGY UTILIZATION;98
6.16.1;Summary;98
6.16.2;Introduction;98
6.16.3;Materials and methods;98
6.16.4;Results and discussion;99
6.16.5;References;101
6.17;CHAPTER 17. ENERGY AND PROTEIN EFFICIENCY OF SOME DIETS IN AXENIC AND HOLOXENIC GROWING CHICKENS;102
6.17.1;Summary;102
6.17.2;Introduction;102
6.17.3;Materials and methods;102
6.17.4;Results;103
6.17.5;Discussion;105
6.17.6;References;105
6.18;CHAPTER 18. DISCUSSION PAPER:;106
6.18.1;Introduction;106
6.18.2;Desired properties of energy systems for practice;107
6.18.3;The present state of energy systems of feed evaluation and problems that need most attention;108
6.18.4;References;113
6.19;CHAPTER 19. GENERAL DISCUSSION;114
6.19.1;Ruminant animals;114
6.19.2;Monogastric animals;114
6.19.3;References;115
7;PART II: USE OF ENERGY FOR MAINTENANCE AND GROWTH;116
7.1;CHAPTER 20. SOME ASPECTS OF THE ENERGY METABOLISM OF GROWING PIGS FED ON DIETS CONTAINING DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF PROTEIN;118
7.1.1;Summary;118
7.1.2;Introduction;118
7.1.3;Materials and methods;118
7.1.4;Results;119
7.1.5;Discussion;120
7.1.6;References;121
7.2;CHAPTER 21. EFFECT OF BODY WEIGHT ON EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF ENERGY AND PROTEIN IN PIGS;122
7.2.1;Summary;122
7.2.2;Introduction;122
7.2.3;Materials and methods;122
7.2.4;Results of respiration experiments;123
7.2.5;Results of nitrogen-balance experiments;125
7.2.6;Acknowledgement;126
7.2.7;References;126
7.3;CHAPTER 22. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY LEVELS OF LINOLEIC ACID ON ENERGY METABOLISM AND MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIVITY IN YOUNG PIGS;128
7.3.1;Summary;128
7.3.2;Introduction;128
7.3.3;Materials and methods;128
7.3.4;Results and discussion;129
7.3.5;References;131
7.4;CHAPTER 23. EFFECT OF DIETARY FAT LEVEL AND COMPOSITION ON FAT AND PROTEIN RETENTION AND EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY UTILIZATION BY MALE CASTRATE PIGS BETWEEN 13 AND 40 kg LIVE WEIGHT;132
7.4.1;Summary;132
7.4.2;Introduction;132
7.4.3;Materials and methods;133
7.4.4;Results;133
7.4.5;Discussion;134
7.4.6;Acknowledgements;135
7.4.7;References;135
7.5;CHAPTER 24. ENERGY METABOLISM IN BOARS, GILTS AND BARROWS, AND BARROWS FED DIETHYLSTILBOESTROL AND METHYLTESTOSTERONE;136
7.5.1;Summary;136
7.5.2;Introduction;136
7.5.3;Materials and methods;137
7.5.4;Results;137
7.5.5;Discussion;138
7.5.6;References;139
7.6;CHAPTER 25. COMPARISON OF THE ENERGY EXCHANGES OF DUCKLINGS AND CHICKENS;140
7.6.1;Summary;140
7.6.2;Introduction;140
7.6.3;Materials and methods;140
7.6.4;Results;141
7.6.5;Discussion;144
7.6.6;References;144
7.7;CHAPTER 26. PROTEIN MASS, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND HEAT LOSS IN THE ZUCKER RAT;146
7.7.1;Summary;146
7.7.2;Materials and methods;146
7.7.3;Results and discussion;147
7.7.4;References;149
7.8;CHAPTER 27. PROTEIN AND ENERGY METABOLISM IN THE GROWING PIG;150
7.8.1;Summary;150
7.8.2;Materials and methods;150
7.8.3;Results;151
7.8.4;Discussion;154
7.8.5;Acknowledgement;154
7.8.6;References;154
7.9;CHAPTER 28. ESTIMATES OF METABOLIZABLE ENERGY NEEDS FOR MAINTENANCE AND GAIN IN BEEF STEERS OF FOUR GENOTYPES;156
7.9.1;Summary;156
7.9.2;Introduction;156
7.9.3;Materials and methods;156
7.9.4;Results and discussion;157
7.9.5;References;159
7.10;CHAPTER 29. LEVEL OF ENERGY EFFECTS ON PATTERNS AND ENERGETIC EFFICIENCY OF TISSUE DEPOSITION IN SMALL OR LARGE MATURE SIZE BEEF CATTLE;162
7.10.1;Summary;162
7.10.2;Introduction;162
7.10.3;Materials and methods;163
7.10.4;Results and discussion;163
7.10.5;References;166
7.11;CHAPTER 30. UTILIZATION OF VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS FOR MAINTENANCE AND FOR ENERGY RETENTION;168
7.11.1;Summary;168
7.11.2;Introduction;168
7.11.3;References;171
7.12;CHAPTER 31. ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE GROWING PIG;172
7.12.1;Choice of a factorial model;172
7.12.2;Requirements of metabolizable energy for maintenance;173
7.12.3;Estimates of kp and kf;175
7.12.4;Modelling the responses to changes in daily metabolizable energy;175
7.12.5;Conclusions;176
7.12.6;References;176
7.13;CHAPTER 32. ENERGY METABOLISM IN GROWING BOARS;178
7.13.1;Summary;178
7.13.2;Introduction;178
7.13.3;References;181
7.14;CHAPTER 33. PLANE OF NUTRITION AND THE MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT;184
7.14.1;Summary;184
7.14.2;Introduction;184
7.14.3;Materials and methods;185
7.14.4;Results and discussion;186
7.14.5;References;188
7.15;CHAPTER 34. ENERGY AND PROTEIN UTILIZATION BY PIGS OF DIFFERENT SEX AND GENOTYPE;190
7.15.1;Summary;190
7.15.2;Introduction;190
7.15.3;Materials and methods;191
7.15.4;Results;191
7.15.5;Discussion;193
7.15.6;References;194
7.16;CHAPTER 35. A SYSTEM FOR PREDICTION OF RETENTION OF PROTEIN AND FAT IN GROWING ANIMALS;196
7.16.1;Summary;196
7.16.2;Introduction;196
7.16.3;Definitions;197
7.16.4;Experimental determination of kw.o, A and B;198
7.16.5;Preliminary results;198
7.16.6;Acknowledgement;199
7.16.7;References;199
7.17;CHAPTER 36. EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF FOOD ENERGY BY GOSLINGS;200
7.17.1;Summary;200
7.17.2;Introduction;200
7.17.3;Materials and methods;200
7.17.4;Results and discussion;201
7.17.5;References;202
7.18;CHAPTER 37. DISCUSSION PAPER: USE OF ENERGY FOR MAINTENANCE AND GROWTH;204
7.18.1;References;208
7.19;CHAPTER 38. GENERAL DISCUSSION;210
8;PART III: SIMULATION MODELS FOR ENERGY EXCHANGE AND GROWTH;212
8.1;CHAPTER 39. MODELS OF TISSUE AND ANIMAL METABOLISM;214
8.1.1;Summary;214
8.1.2;Introduction;214
8.1.3;Whole animal models;215
8.1.4;Adipose metabolism;217
8.1.5;References;218
8.2;CHAPTER 40. DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR SIMULATION OF ENERGY METABOLISM IN THE WHOLE ANIMAL;220
8.2.1;Summary;220
8.2.2;Introduction;220
8.2.3;Program description;221
8.2.4;Acknowledgement;223
8.2.5;References;223
8.3;CHAPTER 41. SIMULATION MODELS FOR ENERGY METABOLISM IN MONOGASTRIC AND RUMINATING ANIMALS;224
8.3.1;Summary;224
8.3.2;Introduction;224
8.3.3;Models on the level of the whole animal;225
8.3.4;Models on the level of individual tissues;226
8.3.5;Models on the level of subcellular fractions;227
8.3.6;Acknowledgement;228
8.3.7;References;228
8.4;CHAPTER 42. SIMULATION OF NUTRITIONAL–ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS IN GROWING SWINE;230
8.4.1;Summary;230
8.4.2;Introduction;230
8.4.3;The simulation model;230
8.4.4;Simulation results and discussion;233
8.4.5;References;236
8.5;CHAPTER 43. SUFFICIENT STATISTICS FOR FEED EVALUATION IN ADDITION TO THE DESCRIPTION AND CONTROL OF GROWTH;238
8.5.1;Summary;238
8.5.2;Introduction;238
8.5.3;The operation of the control mechanisms;239
8.5.4;Experimental evidence;240
8.5.5;Feed evaluation;241
8.5.6;References;242
8.6;CHAPTER 44. QUANTIFICATION OF ANIMAL AND DIETARY DIFFERENCES WITH THE AID OF THE ROUX MATHEMATICAL MODEL;244
8.6.1;Summary;244
8.6.2;Introduction;244
8.6.3;Accuracy of fit;244
8.6.4;Quantification of small differences;245
8.6.5;Prediction according to growth theory;247
8.6.6;References;247
8.7;CHAPTER 45. ENERGETICS OF GROWTH IN CATTLE;248
8.7.1;Summary;248
8.7.2;Introduction;248
8.7.3;Materials and methods;248
8.7.4;Results;249
8.7.5;References;250
8.8;CHAPTER 46. EFFECTS OF BODY WEIGHT ON PARTITIONING OF AVAILABLE ENERGY TO FAT AND LEAN GAINS AND ON PARTIAL EFFICIENCIES;252
8.8.1;Summary;252
8.8.2;Introduction;252
8.8.3;Materials and methods;253
8.8.4;Results and discussion;254
8.8.5;References;255
8.9;CHAPTER 47. DISCUSSION PAPER: PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING MODELLING ANALYSES IN ANIMAL ENERGETICS;256
8.9.1;Introduction;256
8.9.2;Philosophy, approach and technique;256
8.9.3;Conclusion;258
8.10;CHAPTER 48. GENERAL DISCUSSION;260
9;PART IV: COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF ENERGY METABOLISM;262
9.1;CHAPTER 49. THERMOGENESIS IN PIGS;264
9.1.1;Summary;264
9.1.2;Introduction;264
9.1.3;Materials and methods;264
9.1.4;Results;267
9.1.5;Discussion;268
9.1.6;Acknowledgements;268
9.1.7;Reference;268
9.2;CHAPTER 50. ENERGY UTILIZATION OF A CARBOHYDRATE-FREE PROTEIN-FAT DIET BY SOWS;270
9.2.1;Summary;270
9.2.2;Introduction;270
9.2.3;Materials and methods;270
9.2.4;Results and discussion;271
9.2.5;References;273
9.3;CHAPTER 51. HEAT PRODUCTION WHEN SINGLE NUTRIENTS ARE GIVEN TO FASTED COCKERELS;274
9.3.1;Summary;274
9.3.2;Introduction;274
9.3.3;Materials and methods;274
9.3.4;Results and discussion;275
9.3.5;References;277
9.4;CHAPTER 52. EFFECTS OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON THE HEAT PRODUCTION OF GROWING TURKEYS;278
9.4.1;Summary;278
9.4.2;Introduction;278
9.4.3;Materials and methods;278
9.4.4;Results;280
9.4.5;Discussion;281
9.4.6;Acknowledgement;282
9.4.7;References;282
9.5;CHAPTER 53. OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION AND HEAT PRODUCTION IN MAN;284
9.5.1;Summary;284
9.5.2;Introduction;285
9.5.3;Materials and methods;285
9.5.4;Results;286
9.5.5;Conclusions;288
9.5.6;References;288
9.6;CHAPTER 54. DIET-INDUCED THERMOGENESIS DURING SHORT-TERM CHANGES IN ENERGY INTAKE IN MAN;290
9.6.1;Summary;290
9.6.2;Introduction;290
9.6.3;Materials and methods;291
9.6.4;Results;292
9.6.5;Discussion;292
9.6.6;Acknowledgements;293
9.6.7;References;293
9.7;CHAPTER 55. PLASMA THYROID HORMONES AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN 14 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS ON LOW-CALORIE AND WEIGHT-MAINTAINING DIETS. A PRELIMINARY STUDY.;294
9.7.1;Introduction;294
9.7.2;Materials and methods;294
9.7.3;Results;295
9.7.4;Discussion;296
9.7.5;Acknowledgements;298
9.7.6;References;298
9.8;CHAPTER 56. THE REDUCTION IN METABOLIC RATE AND HEART RATE OF MAN DURING MEDITATION;300
9.8.1;Summary;300
9.8.2;Introduction;300
9.8.3;Subjects and methods;300
9.8.4;Results;301
9.8.5;Discussion;302
9.8.6;Acknowledgements;302
9.8.7;References;302
9.9;CHAPTER 57. ENERGY METABOLISM IN ADULT MINK IN RELATION TO PROTEIN-ENERGY LEVELS AND ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE;304
9.9.1;Summary;304
9.9.2;Introduction;304
9.9.3;Materials and methods;305
9.9.4;Results;305
9.9.5;References;307
9.10;CHAPTER 58. EFFECT OF WATER TEMPERATURE ON ENERGY UTILIZATION IN RAINBOW TROUT ;308
9.10.1;Summary;308
9.10.2;Introduction;308
9.10.3;Acknowledgements;312
9.10.4;References;312
9.11;CHAPTER 59. DISCUSSION PAPER: COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF ENERGY METABOLISM;314
9.11.1;References;318
9.12;CHAPTER 60. GENERAL DISCUSSION;320
9.12.1;Effects of activity and excitement on heat production;320
9.12.2;Comparison of calorimetry on animals with that on man;320
10;PART V: USE OF ENERGY IN REPRODUCTION AND LACTATION;322
10.1;CHAPTER 61. PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION, HORMONES AND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN MILKING COWS GIVEN CONCENTRATES CONTAINING VARYING PROPORTIONS OF BARLEY OR MAIZE;324
10.1.1;Summary;324
10.1.2;Materials and methods;324
10.1.3;Results;325
10.1.4;Discussion;326
10.1.5;References;327
10.2;CHAPTER 62. ENERGY UTILIZATION BY JAPANESE BLACK CATTLE IN LATE PREGNANCY;328
10.2.1;Summary;328
10.2.2;Introduction;328
10.2.3;Materials and methods;328
10.2.4;Results;329
10.2.5;References;330
10.3;CHAPTER 63. EFFECT OF PROTEIN LEVEL AND BUFFERING CAPACITY ON ENERGY VALUE OF FEEDS FOR LACTATING DAIRY COWS;332
10.3.1;Summary;332
10.3.2;Introduction;332
10.3.3;Materials and methods;332
10.3.4;Results;333
10.3.5;References;334
10.4;CHAPTER 64. THE UTILIZATION BY HIGH-YIELDING COWS OF ENERGY FROM ANIMAL TALLOW OR SOYA BEAN OIL ADDED TO A DIET RICH IN CONCENTRATES;336
10.4.1;Summary;336
10.4.2;Introduction;336
10.4.3;Materials and methods;336
10.4.4;Results;337
10.4.5;Discussion;338
10.4.6;Acknowledgements;338
10.4.7;References;339
10.5;CHAPTER 65. PASTURE INTAKE AND HEAT PRODUCTION OF BREEDING EWES;340
10.5.1;Summary;340
10.5.2;Introduction;340
10.5.3;Materials and methods;341
10.5.4;Results;342
10.5.5;Discussion;343
10.5.6;References;344
10.6;CHAPTER 66. ENERGY EXCHANGES IN TWIN-PREGNANT EWES;346
10.6.1;Summary;346
10.6.2;Introduction;346
10.6.3;Materials and methods;346
10.6.4;Results and discussion;347
10.6.5;Acknowledgements;349
10.6.6;References;349
10.7;CHAPTER 67. ENERGY UTILIZATION BY EWES DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION;350
10.7.1;Summary;350
10.7.2;Introduction;350
10.7.3;Materials and methods;350
10.7.4;Results and discussion;352
10.7.5;References;353
10.8;CHAPTER 68. THE ENERGY COSTS OF PREGNANCY IN THE SOW;356
10.8.1;Summary;356
10.8.2;Introduction;356
10.8.3;Materials and methods;356
10.8.4;Results and discussion;357
10.8.5;References;360
10.9;CHAPTER 69. EFFECT OF PROTEIN CONTENT AND METABOLIZABILITY OF THE DIET ON THE EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF METABOLIZABLE ENERGY IN DAIRY COWS;362
10.9.1;Summary;362
10.9.2;Introduction;362
10.9.3;Materials and methods;362
10.9.4;Results;363
10.9.5;References;365
10.10;CHAPTER 70. THE ENERGY METABOLISM OF DAIRY COWS UNDERFED IN EARLY LACTATION;366
10.10.1;Summary;366
10.10.2;Introduction;366
10.10.3;Materials and methods;366
10.10.4;Results;367
10.10.5;Discussion;369
10.10.6;Acknowledgements;370
10.10.7;References;370
10.11;CHAPTER 71. ENERGY AND NITROGEN METABOLISM IN LACTATING COWS FED GRADED QUANTITIES OF AMMONIUM LACTATE;372
10.11.1;Summary;372
10.11.2;Introduction;372
10.11.3;Materials and methods;372
10.11.4;Results and discussion;373
10.11.5;References;375
10.12;CHAPTER 72. SOME ASPECTS OF ENERGY AND PROTEIN UTILIZATION IN RUMINANTS GIVEN SILAGE DIETS;378
10.12.1;References;381
10.13;CHAPTER 73. EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF CORN-SILAGE DIETS BY PREGNANT AND LACTATING SHEEP;384
10.13.1;Summary;384
10.13.2;Introduction;384
10.13.3;Materials and methods;384
10.13.4;Results;385
10.13.5;Discussion;386
10.13.6;References;386
10.14;CHAPTER 74. EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF FOOD ENERGY BY PREGNANT AND LACTATING SOWS;388
10.14.1;Summary;388
10.14.2;Introduction;388
10.14.3;Materials and methods;388
10.14.4;Results;389
10.14.5;Discussion;390
10.14.6;References;390
10.15;CHAPTER 75. PRODUCTION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CRITERIA IN LAYING RHODE ISLAND RED HENS IN RELATION TO PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES;392
10.15.1;Summary;392
10.15.2;Introduction;392
10.15.3;Materials and methods;392
10.15.4;Results and discussion;393
10.15.5;Acknowledgements;396
10.15.6;References;396
10.16;CHAPTER 76. ENERGY METABOLISM AND FEED EVALUATION AT HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES WITH RESPECT TO LAYING HENS;398
10.16.1;Summary;398
10.16.2;Introduction;398
10.16.3;Materials and methods;398
10.16.4;Results and discussion;399
10.16.5;References;401
10.17;CHAPTER 77. DISCUSSION PAPER: USE OF ENERGY IN REPRODUCTION AND LACTATION;404
10.17.1;References;408
10.18;CHAPTER 78. GENERAL DISCUSSION;412
10.18.1;Efficiency of conversion of feed for reproduction;412
10.18.2;Effects of diets upon lactation;412
11;PART VI: METABOLIC RESPONSES IN THE GROWING ANIMAL;414
11.1;CHAPTER 79. EFFECT OF FEEDING LEVEL AND FEED COMPOSITION ON ENERGY UTILIZATION, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF PIGLETS;416
11.1.1;Summary;416
11.1.2;Introduction and experimental design;416
11.1.3;Results;417
11.1.4;Acknowledgement;419
11.1.5;References;419
11.2;CHAPTER 80. THE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWTH IN THE EARLY-WEANED PIG;420
11.2.1;Summary;420
11.2.2;Introduction;420
11.2.3;Materials and methods;420
11.2.4;Results and discussion;421
11.2.5;References;423
11.3;CHAPTER 81. ENERGY RETENTION, PROTEIN AND FAT GAIN IN EARLY-WEANED PIGLETS IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE;424
11.3.1;Materials and methods;424
11.3.2;Results;425
11.3.3;Discussion;426
11.3.4;References;427
11.4;CHAPTER 82. RESTRICTION OF FEED INTAKE AND COMPENSATORY GROWTH RESPONSES IN PIGS;428
11.4.1;Summary;428
11.4.2;Introduction;428
11.4.3;Materials and methods;428
11.4.4;Results and discussion;429
11.4.5;References;431
11.5;CHAPTER 83. EFFECTS OF DIETARY COMPOSITION ON ENERGY METABOLISM AND RATE OF UTILIZATION OF THYROXINE;432
11.5.1;Summary;432
11.5.2;Introduction;432
11.5.3;Materials and methods;433
11.5.4;Results;434
11.5.5;Discussion;435
11.5.6;Acknowledgement;436
11.5.7;References;436
11.6;CHAPTER 84. ROLE OF GLUCAGON DSf THE REGULATION OF METABOLISM IN GROWING CHICKENS;438
11.6.1;Summary;438
11.6.2;Introduction;438
11.6.3;Materials and methods;438
11.6.4;Conclusions;440
11.6.5;References;440
11.7;CHAPTER 85. THE MEASUREMENT OF GLUCOSE KINETICS IN SHEEP – WHAT RELEVANCE DO SUCH MEASUREMENTS HAVE TO THE GLUCOSE REQUIREMENTS OF AN ANIMAL?*;442
11.7.1;Introduction;442
11.7.2;Materials and methods;442
11.7.3;Results and discussion;443
11.7.4;References;446
11.8;CHAPTER 86. ENERGY METABOLISM OF SHEEP DURING NUTRITIONAL LIMITATION AND REALIMENTATION;448
11.8.1;Summary;448
11.8.2;Introduction;448
11.8.3;Materials and methods;448
11.8.4;Results and discussion;449
11.8.5;References;451
11.9;CHAPTER 87. CHANGES IN FASTING METABOLISM OF CATTLE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF SELECTION FOR GROWTH RATE;452
11.9.1;Summary;452
11.9.2;Introduction;452
11.9.3;Materials and methods;452
11.9.4;Results and discussion;454
11.9.5;References;455
11.10;CHAPTER 88. COLD EXPOSURE AND FAT METABOLISM IN YOUNG CATTLE;456
11.10.1;Summary;456
11.10.2;Introduction;456
11.10.3;Materials and methods;457
11.10.4;Results;457
11.10.5;Discussion;458
11.10.6;References;459
11.11;CHAPTER 89. ENERGY METABOLISM, SUBSTRATE RESERVES AND GLUCOSE UTILIZATION IN THE PIGLET;460
11.11.1;Summary;460
11.11.2;Introduction;460
11.11.3;Materials and methods;460
11.11.4;References;464
11.12;CHAPTER 90. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND ENERGY INTAKE ON HEAT LOSS AND ENERGY RETENTION OF EARLY-WEANED PIGS;466
11.12.1;Summary;466
11.12.2;Introduction;466
11.12.3;Materials and methods;466
11.12.4;Results and discussion;467
11.12.5;Acknowledgements;468
11.12.6;References;469
11.13;CHAPTER 91. THE ENERGY COST FOR SHEEP OF WALKING ON GRADIENTS;470
11.13.1;Summary;470
11.13.2;Introduction;470
11.13.3;Materials and methods;470
11.13.4;Results;471
11.13.5;Discussion;473
11.13.6;References;474
11.14;CHAPTER 92. THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LIGHT REGIMENS ON FEED INTAKE, MOBILITY, WEIGHT GAIN AND ENERGY AND NITROGEN RETENTION OF GROWING CHICKENS;476
11.14.1;Summary;476
11.14.2;Introduction;476
11.14.3;Materials and methods;476
11.14.4;Results;477
11.14.5;Discussion;479
11.14.6;References;480
11.15;CHAPTER 93. DISCUSSION PAPER: METABOLIC RESPONSES IN THE GROWING ANIMAL;482
11.15.1;Analysis according to external inputs;482
11.15.2;Analysis according to internal inputs;482
11.15.3;Analysis according to output;483
11.15.4;Size;484
11.15.5;Thermal environment;484
11.15.6;Activity and behaviour;485
11.15.7;Physiological state;486
11.15.8;Turnover of metabolites;486
11.15.9;References;487
11.16;CHAPTER 94. GENERAL DISCUSSION;488
11.16.1;Biochemical aspects of metabolism;488
11.16.2;Effects of activity and behaviour;488
11.16.3;Effects of climate;489
11.16.4;Effects of the physiological state;489
12;LIST OF PARTICIPANTS;490
13;INDEX;502