Munn / Landsberg / Mieghem Descriptive Micrometeorology

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8225-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 260 Seiten, Web PDF

Descriptive Micrometeorology compiles views and findings in micrometeorology, which is concerned with the surface boundary layer or thin slice of atmosphere extending from the ground up to a height of approximately 50 meters. This book describes the micrometeorology of soil, short vegetation, forest, water, ice, snow, and built-up urban surfaces. The properties and influence of the planetary boundary layer are not included. The topics discussed include the energy balance at the earth-atmosphere boundary, radiative flux divergence, factors influencing air temperatures, and Kolmogorov similarity theory. The Eddy correlation method for measuring evaporation, radiation balance of snow and ice surfaces, heat storage and horizontal advection in water, and changes in wind patterns are also covered. This publication is intended for meteorologists, but is also a good reference for chemists, engineers, geographers, botanists, hydrologists, health physicists, glaciologists, town planners, limnologists, oceanographers, air pollution control officers, foresters, and ecologists interested in the surface boundary layer.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Munn, R. E.

Landsberg, H. E.

Mieghem, J. Van

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Descriptive Micrometeorology;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;Foreword;6
6;Preface;8
7;Chapter 1. The Earth-Atmosphere Boundary;16
7.1;1.1. The Scope of Micrometeorology;16
7.2;1.2. The Energy Balance at the Earth-Atmosphere Boundary;17
7.3;1.3. Models in Micrometeorology;21
7.4;1.4. Micrometeorology and Microclimatology;21
8;Chapter 2 . Short-Wave Radiation at the Earth's Surface;23
8.1;2.1. The Spectrum of Radiation;23
8.2;2.2. The Effect of Temperature on Radiant Energy;23
8.3;2.3. The Energy from the Sun at the Outer Edge of the Atmosphere;24
8.4;2.4. Depletion of Solar Energy by the Atmosphere;24
8.5;2.5. Optical Air Mass;27
8.6;2.6. An Illustrative Example;28
8.7;2.7. Reflection by the Earth's Surface QR;29
8.8;2.8· The Estimation and Measurement of QT md QR;30
9;Chapter 3. Long-Wave Radiation at the Earth's Surface;32
9.1;3.1. Long-Wave Radiation from the Earth's Surface Q^^;32
9.2;3.2. Long-Wave Radiation from the Sky QL^;33
9.3;3.3. Radiative Flux Divergence;34
9.4;3.4. Measurement of Long-Wave and Net Radiation;36
10;Chapter 4. Soil Temperature and Moisture;38
10.1;4.1. Surface Temperature;38
10.2;4.2. Subsurface Soil Temperatures;39
10.3;4.3. Moisture in Bare Soil;41
10.4;4.4. Evapotranspiration;44
10.5;4.5. The Lysimeter;47
11;Chapter 5. Soil Heat Transfer;48
11.1;5.1. Heat Transfer in a Solid;48
11.2;5.2. The Fourier Heat Conduction Equation in One Dimension;49
11.3;5.3. Experimental Methods;51
11.4;5.4. Some Estimates of Soil Heat Flux;52
11.5;5.5. Soil Moisture Flux;52
12;Chapter 6. Air Temperature and Humidity near the Earth's Surface;57
12.1;6.1. Factors Influencing Air Temperatures;57
12.2;6.2. Diurnal and Annual Patterns of Air Temperature Differences;60
12.3;6.3. Precipitation and Fog;63
12.4;6.4. Humidity near the Earth's Surface;64
12.5;6.5. The Measurement of Temperature and Mixing Ratio;64
13;Chapter 7. Wind Flow over Homogeneous Surfaces;68
13.1;7.1. The Essential Problem;68
13.2;7.2. Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theory;69
13.3;7.3. Viscosity and Shearing Stress;71
13.4;7.4. The Vertical Wind Proffle in the Absence of Buoyancy;74
13.5;7.5. The Vertical Wind Profile in a Nonadiabatic Atmosphere;76
13.6;7.6. The Measurement of Mean Wind and Surface Shearing Stress;80
14;Chapter 8. Turbulence over Homogeneous Surfaces;81
14.1;8.1. The Nature of Turbulence;81
14.2;8.2. Some Definitions;82
14.3;8.3. The Problems of Normality and Intermittency in Shear Zones;84
14.4;8.4. The Spectrum of Turbulence;85
14.5;8.5· The Kolmogorov Similarity Theory;86
14.6;8.6. The Effect of Sampling and Smoothing Times;88
14.7;8.7. Correlation Coefficients and the Scale of Turbulence;89
14.8;8.8. Cross-Spectrum Analysis;91
14.9;8.9. Shearing Stress in Terms of Eddy Fluctuations;92
14.10;8.10. The Lagrangian Reference Frame;93
14.11;8.11. The Measurement of Turbulence;94
14.12;Note Added in Proof;95
15;Chapter 9. Turbulent Transfer of Heat from Homogeneous Surfaces;96
15.1;9.1. The Assumption of Constant Vertical Heat Flux;96
15.2;9.2. The Monin-Obukhov Length and the Richardson Number;96
15.3;9.3. The Ratio of Diffusivities W^m;98
15.4;9.4. Daytime Turbulent Heat Fluxes;99
15.5;9.5. Nighttime Turbulent Heat Fluxes;101
15.6;9.6. Viscous Dissipation and the Diabatic Wind Profile;101
15.7;9.7. The Eddy Correlation Method for Measuring Heat Flux;103
15.8;9.8. The Effect of Radiative Flux Divergence on Heat Transfer;104
16;Chapter 10. Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces;107
16.1;10.1. The Evaporation Process;107
16.2;10.2. Some Formal Relations;108
16.3;10.3. The Ratio of Diifusivities;109
16.4;10.4. Some Recent Experimental Data;110
16.5;10.5. The Eddy Correlation Method for Measuring Evaporation;111
16.6;10.6. Some Practical Considerations;111
16.7;10.7. Measurement of Temperature and Water Vapor Fluctuations;113
17;Chapter 11. Wind Flow around Obstacles;114
17.1;11.1. The Surface of the Earth;114
17.2;11.2. Wind Flow around a Cylinder;114
17.3;11.3. Wind Flow around Irregular Objects;116
17.4;11.4. The Energy Balance of an Enclosed Area;119
17.5;11.5. The Effect of a Tower on Wind Measurements;119
18;Chapter 12. Transitional Zones and States;122
18.1;12.1. Introduction;122
18.2;12.2. The Fetch Required to Achieve Steady State Conditions Down wind from an Obstacle;123
18.3;12.3. The EflTect of a Discrete Change in Roughness;123
18.4;12.4. Advection;127
18.5;12.5. Transitional States;130
19;Chapter 13. Atmospheric Pollution;133
19.1;13.1. The Meteorological Problem;133
19.2;13.2. A Diffusion Model from Probability Theory;134
19.3;13.3. Taylor's Theorem;136
19.4;13.4. The Pasquill Diffusion Model;137
19.5;13.5. The Effect of Lapse Rate on Plume Behavior;138
19.6;13.6. Effective Stack Height;139
19.7;13.7. Aerodynamic Downwash around a Building;140
19.8;13.8. Transitional Zones and States;142
20;Chapter 14. The Air over Bare Ground;144
20.1;14.1. Models and Reality;144
20.2;14.2. The Energy Balance of a Dry Surface;144
20.3;14.3. The Energy Balance of Moist Ground;146
20.4;14.4. The Effect of Fences and Hedges;147
21;Chapter 15. The Air over Snow and Ice Surfaces;148
21.1;15.1. Introduction;148
21.2;15.2. The Radiation Balance of Snow and Ice Surfaces;148
21.3;15.3. Heat Flux and Heat Storage within Snow and Ice;150
21.4;15.4. Wind Profiles over Snow and Ice;153
21.5;15.5. Temperature Profiles and Vertical Heat Transfer;153
21.6;15.6. Humidity Profiles and Latent Heat Transfer;156
22;Chapter 16. The Energy Balance of a Plant Cover;158
22.1;16.1. The Air over a Short Grass Surface;158
22.2;16.2. The Energy Balance of a Leaf;159
22.3;16.3. The Radiation Balance of a Plant Cover;160
22.4;16.4. Profiles within a Plant Cover;162
22.5;16.5. Profiles above Plant Covers;163
22.6;16.6. The Energy Balance within a Plant Cover;164
22.7;16.7. An Alternative Notation for Fluxes;166
22.8;16.8. Carbon Dioxide Profiles and Fluxes;168
23;Chapter 17. Forest Meteorology;170
23.1;17.1. The Forest:An Active Meteorological Region;170
23.2;17.2. The Radiation Balance of a Forest;170
23.3;17.3. Soil Temperature and Moisture;172
23.4;17.4. Forest Temperatures;173
23.5;17.5. Winds in the Forest;176
23.6;17.6. Humidity in the Forest;176
23.7;17.7. Heat Storage within Trees;177
23.8;17.8. The Energy Balance of a Forest;178
23.9;17.9. Additional Remarks;181
24;Chapter 18. The Air over Oceans and Large Lakes;182
24.1;18.1. Introduction;182
24.2;18.2. Some Physical Properties of Oceans and Lakes;182
24.3;18.3. The Radiation Balance of Oceans and Lakes;184
24.4;18.4. Temperature and Humidity near the Water Surface;185
24.5;18.5. Wind Flow over Water;189
24.6;18.6. Heat Storage and Horizontal Advection in Water;191
24.7;18.7. Energy Balance Calculations of a Lake or Ocean;192
24.8;18.8. Turbulence over Water;193
25;Chapter 19. Land and Sea Breezes;194
25.1;19.1. Introduction;194
25.2;19.2. Land and Sea Breezes during Light Geostrophic Winds;195
25.3;19.3. Sea Breezes When a Geostrophic Wind Is Blowing;198
25.4;19.4. A Mathematical Model of the Sea Breeze;199
25.5;19.5. Humidity Profiles Associated with Sea Breezes;202
25.6;19.6. The Micrometeorology of Small Islands and Lakes;202
26;Chapter 20. The Air in Valleys;204
26.1;20.1. The Importance of Valley Meteorology;204
26.2;20.2. Valley Influences during Strong Geostrophic Winds;204
26.3;20.3. The Radiation Balance in Hilly Country;205
26.4;20.4. Local Wind Flows in Valleys during Light Geostrophic Winds;206
26.5;20.5. Temperatures and Pollution in Valleys;209
27;Chapter 21. The Air over a City;210
27.1;21.1. Introduction;210
27.2;21.2. The Radiation Balance of a City;211
27.3;21.3. Conductive Heat Flux QG;214
27.4;21.4. The Heat Generated by a City;214
27.5;21.5. City Temperatures;214
27.6;21.6. The Humidity in a City;219
27.7;21.7. Winds in a City;219
27.8;21.8. The Effect of Parks and Greenbelts;220
27.9;21.9. Conclusion;222
28;Chapter 22. The Modification of Local Weather;223
28.1;22.1. Introduction;223
28.2;22.2. Changes in the Radiation Balance;223
28.3;22.3. Changes in Soil Heat Flux QG;225
28.4;22.4. Changes in Humidity;226
28.5;22.5. Changes in Wind Patterns;227
28.6;22.6. Other Examples of Micrometeorological Weather Modification;230
29;List of Symbols;232
30;References;236
31;Author Index;252
32;Subject Index;257