Munn / Lee / Hewson Biometeorological Methods

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7241-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 346 Seiten, Web PDF

Biometeorological Methods provides a unified look at methodologies in biometeorology. Examples of biometeorological studies have been chosen not because the results are necessarily significant but because the method is instructive. The book begins with a brief survey of biometeorology to orient the reader approaching the subject for the first time. The remaining chapters seek to place in perspective the various experimental, empirical, analytical, and physical methods that are being used or could be used in biometeorology. Key topics discussed include space and time considerations in the sampling of the atmosphere; the design of biometeorological experiments; the use of tables, graphs, and charts in the search for biometeorological relationships; statistical and physical methods; and the synoptic approach. Also covered are studies on seasonal relationships, past climates, and climatic classification and indices. The present volume should be of value to anyone seeking assistance in the design of experiments and analysis of environmental data.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Munn, R. E.

Lee, Douglas H. K.

Hewson, E. Wendell

Okun, Daniel

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Biometeorological Methods;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;10
6;Acknowledgments;12
7;Chapter 1. Weather and Life;16
7.1;1.1. Physiology, Ecology, and Biometeorology;16
7.2;1.2. An Example of a Biometeorological Study;17
7.3;1.3. Reproducible and Specific Relations;20
7.4;1.4. Readjustment of Living Organisms to Their Environment;21
7.5;1.5. Readjustment of the Environment by Living Organisms;25
7.6;1.6. The Multidiscipline Approach;27
8;Chapter 2. Sampling of the Atmosphere: Time Considerations;28
8.1;2.1. Time Variability in the Atmosphere;28
8.2;2.2. Concentration and Dosage;34
8.3;2.3. Radioactivity Units;40
8.4;2.4. Degree Days;43
8.5;2.5. Concentration and Flux;45
8.6;2.6. Physical Time Lags;49
8.7;2.7. Biological Clocks and Time Lags;55
9;Chapter 3. Sampling of the Atmosphere: Space Considerations;59
9.1;3.1. Space Variability in the Atmosphere;59
9.2;3.2. Micrometeorology;61
9.3;3.3. Mesometeorology;63
9.4;3.4. Macrometeorology;65
9.5;3.5. Network Spacing;68
9.6;3.6. Some Instrument Sampling Problems;74
10;Chapter 4. The Design of Biometeorological Experiments;79
10.1;4.1. Some Preliminary Steps;79
10.2;4.2. Visual Observations;81
10.3;4.3. Questionnaires;86
10.4;4.4. Other Medical Statistics;89
10.5;4.5. Controlled Laboratory Experiments;91
10.6;4.6. Outdoor Quasi-Controlled Experiments;98
10.7;4.7. Studies Based on Climatological and Other Routine Observations;102
11;Chapter 5. Tables, Graphs, and Charts;104
11.1;5.1. Introduction;104
11.2;5.2. Single-Variable Tables and Graphs;105
11.3;5.3. Contingency Tables;106
11.4;5.4. Graphical Displays;108
11.5;5.5. Cartography and Spatial Averaging;114
11.6;5.6. Vector Diagrams;118
11.7;5.7. Streamlines and Trajectories;126
12;Chapter 6. Statistical Methods I;129
12.1;6.1. Uses of Statistical Methods;129
12.2;6.2. Statistical Normalization;130
12.3;6.3. Empirical Statistical Methods;131
12.4;6.4. Multivariate Analysis;134
12.5;6.5. Spatial Relations;139
12.6;6.6. Extreme-Value Analysis;141
12.7;6.7. Peak-to-Mean Ratios;147
13;Chapter 7. Statistical Methods II: Time Series;152
13.1;7.1. Normals;152
13.2;7.2. Variance and Spectra;154
13.3;7.3. The Blackman-Tukey Method of Spectral Analysis;156
13.4;7.4. Computational Considerations;158
13.5;7.5. Other Methods of Estimating Spectra;162
13.6;7.6. Nonstationarity;163
13.7;7.7. Cross-Spectrum Analysis;164
13.8;7.8. Persistence;166
14;Chapter 8. Physical Methods;171
14.1;8.1. Deductive and Inductive Reasoning;171
14.2;8.2. Dimensional Analysis;172
14.3;8.3. Modeling;177
14.4;8.4. Water Budget;179
14.5;8.5. Metabolism;184
14.6;8.6. Energy Balance;188
14.7;8.7. Energy Chains;191
14.8;8.8. Diffusion and Ventilation;197
15;Chapter 9. Physical Methods: Illustrative Examples;200
15.1;9.1. Introduction;200
15.2;9.2. The Effect of Humidity on Human Comfort;201
15.3;9.3. Wind Chill;203
15.4;9.4. Heat Stress;208
15.5;9.5. Ecosystem Competition;216
16;Chapter 10. Synoptic Applications;220
16.1;10.1. The Synoptic Method;220
16.2;10.2. Stagnating Anticyclones: Pollution Potential Forecasting;221
16.3;10.3. Distant Transport of Gases and Particles;226
16.4;10.4. Distant Travel of Insect and Birds;231
16.5;10.5. The Effect of Contrails on Surface Temperature: A Simulation Model;236
16.6;10.6. Synoptic Maximization Techniques;239
16.7;10.7. Ecological Meteorotropisms;241
17;Chapter 11. Seasonal Relationships;243
17.1;11.1. General Reflections;243
17.2;112. Evapotranspiration Estimates;244
17.3;11.3. Soil Moisture Budgets;254
17.4;11.4. Drought;258
17.5;11.5. Agricultural Yield Prediction;261
17.6;11.6. Seasonal Studies of Health;270
17.7;11.7. Pollution Studies;270
18;Chapter 12. Studies of Past Climates;273
18.1;12.1. Introduction;273
18.2;12.2. The Instrument Era;274
18.3;12.3. The Historical Period;276
18.4;12.4. Paleoclimatology;278
18.5;12.5. Physical Models;283
18.6;12.6. Simulation of Climatic Change;287
18.7;12.7. Climatic Determinism;288
18.8;12.8. Climatic Adaptation;290
19;Chapter 13. Climatic Classification and Indices;292
19.1;13.1. Historical Introduction;292
19.2;132. Air Pollution Indices;294
19.3;13.3. Water Budget and Soil Moisture Indices;298
19.4;13.4. Continentality Indices;300
19.5;13.5. Agricultural Indices;302
19.6;13.6. Human Comfort Indices;304
19.7;13.7. Climatonomy;309
20;Chapter 14. Engineering and Economic Applications;311
20.1;14.1. Impact of Weather and Climate on Human Activities;311
20.2;14.2. Engineering Meteorology;312
20.3;14.3. The Cost/Loss Ratio;312
20.4;14.4. Weather Services and the National Economy;316
21;Appendix. Problems;319
22;References;325
23;Subject Index;348