Munnik Lipid Signaling in Plants

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-642-03873-0
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 16, 330 Seiten

Reihe: Plant Cell Monographs

This comprehensive update on plant lipid signaling covers the measurement, regulation and function of phospholipases, lipid kinases, lipid phosphatases, inositolpolphosphates, polyphosphoinositides, phosphatic acid, and other lipid signals such as oxylipins.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Munnik, Teun

Inhaltsverzeichnis

2;177667_1_En_Part1_Chapter_OnlinePDF;16
2.1;Part I: Phospholipases;16
3;177667_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF;17
3.1;Phospholipase A in Plant Signal Transduction;17
3.1.1;Structure and Function of sPLA2sPLA2 in Plants;18
3.1.2;Animal cPLA2 as Role Model for Signal Transduction;19
3.1.3;Structure and Function of pPLA2PLA2pPLA2s in Plants;20
3.1.3.1;Structure and Enzymatic Properties of pPLA2PLA2patatinpPLA2structure and properties;20
3.1.3.2;Function of pPLA2 in Auxinauxin Signal Transduction;22
3.1.3.3;Function of pPLA2 in Pathogen Defencepathogen defencepPLA2 Signaling;25
3.1.4;Plant PLA1PLA1;28
3.1.5;Biological Activities of Free Fatty Acids and Lysolipids, the Hydrolysis Products of pPLA2pPLA2;28
3.1.6;References;30
4;177667_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF;37
4.1;The Emerging Roles of Phospholipase C in Plant Growth and Development;37
4.1.1;Introduction;37
4.1.2;Phospholipase C in Plants;38
4.1.2.1;Phosphatidylcholine-Cleaving Phospholipase C;38
4.1.2.2;Phosphoinositide-Specific Phospholipase C (PI-PLCPI-PLC);41
4.1.3;Roles of PI-PLCs in Plants;42
4.1.3.1;The Molecular Role of PI-PLC: Insights from Pollen Tube Growthpollen Tube GrowthPLC;43
4.1.4;Conclusions and Perspectives;47
4.1.5;References;48
5;177667_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF;52
5.1;Plant Phospholipase D;52
5.1.1;Introduction;52
5.1.2;The Expanding PLDPLDgene architecturePLDdomain structure Family and Domain Structures;53
5.1.3;Different Biochemical Properties and Activity Regulation Among PLDPLDactivityPLDbiochemical propertiess;55
5.1.4;PLDPLDregulation Interaction with and Regulation by Proteins;57
5.1.5;Subcellular Distribution and Expression Patterns;58
5.1.6;Cellular and Physiological Functions;60
5.1.6.1;PLDPLDseed germinationPLDABA and PAPAABA in ABAABAPLD Effects on Stomatal MovementsStomatal MovementsPLDStomatal MovementsPA a;60
5.1.6.2;PLDPLDauxin in AuxinAuxinPLD Transport and Growth Responses;63
5.1.6.3;PLDPLDethylene in Ethylene and Cytokinin Response;64
5.1.6.4;PLDPLDplant defence in Plant-Pathogen InteractionsPlant-Pathogen InteractionsDGKPlant-Pathogen InteractionsPLDPlant-Pat;64
5.1.6.5;Different Roles of PLDPLDfreezing tolerances in Freezing TolerancePlant-Pathogen InteractionsDGKPlant-Pathogen InteractionsPLD;65
5.1.6.6;PLDPLDPi starvations in Plant Response to Phosphorus Deficiency;67
5.1.6.7;PLDPLDsalt stresss in Plant Response to SaltSalt stressPLD and Hyperosmotic Stressosmotic StressPLD;67
5.1.7;Multiple Functions of PLDPLDbiotechnology and Implications in Biotechnology;68
5.1.8;Perspectives;69
5.1.9;References;70
6;177667_1_En_Part2_Chapter_OnlinePDF;76
6.1;Part II: Kinases;76
7;177667_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF;77
7.1;Phosphatidylinositol 4-PhosphatePhosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate (PtdIns4P) is Required for Tip GrowthTip Growth in Arabidopsi;77
7.1.1;Introduction;77
7.1.1.1;PPIs in Membrane Trafficking;77
7.1.1.2;PtdIns4PPtdIns4Pmetabolism Metabolism;78
7.1.2;The PI4K Family in A. thaliana;78
7.1.2.1;AtPI4Kbeta-Group Members are Required for Tip GrowthTip GrowthPI4K;81
7.1.3;PtdIns4PPtdIns4Pphosphatases Phosphatases in A. thaliana;82
7.1.4;Imaging PtdIns4PPtdIns4Pimaging in Tip-Growing Cellslipid biosensors;84
7.1.5;References;86
8;177667_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF;90
8.1;PIP-KinasePIP-kinases as Key Regulators of Plant Function;90
8.1.1;Phosphatidylinositol-Bisphosphates and Their Function in Eukaryotic Cells;90
8.1.2;PIP-Kinases Generate Regulatory Phosphatidylinositol-Bisphosphates;91
8.1.3;PIP-KinasePIP-kinasegene family Arabidopsis Gene Families in Arabidopsis thaliana;93
8.1.3.1;Type I PIP-Kinases;93
8.1.3.2;Type II PIP-Kinases;95
8.1.3.3;Type III PIP-Kinases;95
8.1.4;PIP-KinasePIP-kinasegene expressions Have Distinct Organ-Specific Expression Patterns;96
8.1.5;Physiological Functions of PIP-KinasePIP-kinasephysiological functionss;96
8.1.5.1;PIP-KinasePIP-kinaseguard cell functions and Guard Cellguard cellPIPK Function;96
8.1.5.2;PIP-Kinases, Cell Polarity and Polar Growth of Plant Cells;97
8.1.6;PIP-Kinases and Their Signaling Environment;98
8.1.6.1;Interaction of PIP-KinasePIP-kinaselipid interactionss with Lipids;98
8.1.6.2;Interaction of PIP-KinasePIP-kinaseinteractorss with Proteins;99
8.1.7;Conclusions;100
8.1.8;References;100
9;177667_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF;105
9.1;Plant Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase;105
9.1.1;Introduction;105
9.1.2;Molecular Classification of PI3KPI3Kmolecular classification;106
9.1.3;Processes in Plants that Require Normal PI3K Activity;106
9.1.3.1;Roles of PI3KPI3Kendocytosis in Endocytosis and Protein Trafficking;107
9.1.3.2;Roles of PI3KPI3KROS in ROSROSPI3K Generation and ROS-Mediated Signaling;108
9.1.3.3;Roles of PI3K in Nucleus;109
9.1.3.4;Roles of PI3KPI3Kin growth and development in Growth and Development of Plants;110
9.1.4;Signal Transduction Pathway Activated at Downstream of PI3K;111
9.1.5;Conclusion and Prospects;112
9.1.6;References;112
10;177667_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF;117
10.1;Diacylglycerol KinaseDiacylglycerol kinase (DGK);117
10.1.1;Regulatory Domains and Classification;117
10.1.2;Localization of the Activity and Gene Expression;119
10.1.3;DGKDGKsignalling Signaling;119
10.1.3.1;Abiotic Stresses;120
10.1.3.2;Biotic Stresses;121
10.1.4;Aspects of DAG, PA and the Regulation of DGK Activity;121
10.1.5;References;123
11;177667_1_En_Part3_Chapter_OnlinePDF;125
11.1;Part III: Phosphatases;125
12;177667_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF;126
12.1;Signaling and the Polyphosphoinositide Phosphatases from Plants;126
12.1.1;Introduction;126
12.1.2;The PPIPPI3-phosphatases 3-Phosphatases;128
12.1.2.1;PTEN;128
12.1.2.2;Myotubularins;129
12.1.3;The PPIPPI4-phosphatase 4-phosphatases;130
12.1.4;The PPIPPI5-phosphatases 5-Phosphatases;132
12.1.4.1;Group A 5PTases;133
12.1.4.2;Group B 5PTases;134
12.1.4.3;SAC Proteins that Function as PPI 5-Phosphatases;135
12.1.5;Conclusions;136
12.1.6;References;137
13;177667_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF;140
13.1;Phosphatidic AcidPhosphatidic Acidphosphatases Phosphatases in Seed Plants;140
13.1.1;Introduction;140
13.1.2;Biochemical Features of Plant PAPPAPbiochemical features;141
13.1.2.1;Leaf PAP Activity;141
13.1.2.2;PAP Activity in Seeds or Seedlings;143
13.1.3;Arabidopsis LPP as a Stress-Responsive PAPPAPLPP;144
13.1.3.1;LPPa1 as a Stress and Elicitor-Inducible Isoform;144
13.1.3.2;LPPa2 as a Negative Regulator of ABI4 in ABA Signaling;145
13.1.3.3;LPPa3 and LPPa4;146
13.1.4;Plastidic PAPPAPprokaryoticPAPplastidial as Prokaryotic LPP Subgroup;146
13.1.4.1;LPPgamma, LPPepsi1 and LPPepsi2 as Plastidic PAP Isoforms;146
13.1.4.2;LPPdelta/SPP1 as Sphingosine-1-Phosphatesphingosine-1-phosphateS1P phosphatase Phosphatase;147
13.1.4.3;LPPbeta as a Photoperiodically Expressed Protein Homolog;148
13.1.5;Future Perspective;148
13.1.6;References;149
14;177667_1_En_Part4_Chapter_OnlinePDF;151
14.1;Part IV: PPI Metabolism;151
15;177667_1_En_10_Chapter_OnlinePDF;152
15.1;InsP3 in Plant Cells;152
15.1.1;Introduction;152
15.1.2;InsP3InsP3metabolism Metabolism in Plants;154
15.1.2.1;Synthesis;154
15.1.2.2;Degradation;154
15.1.3;Analysis of InsP3InsP3analysis in Plant Tissues;155
15.1.4;InsP3 as a Signaling Molecule in Plants;157
15.1.4.1;Mechanism of Action;158
15.1.4.2;PI Turnover in Guard Cellguard cellPI turnover Regulation;159
15.1.4.3;Altered PI Metabolism in Plants;159
15.1.5;Conclusions and Future Prospects;161
15.1.6;References;161
16;177667_1_En_11_Chapter_OnlinePDF;168
16.1;Inositol PolyphosphatesInositol Polyphosphates and Kinases;168
16.1.1;Introduction;168
16.1.2;Inositol PolyphosphatesInositol polyphosphatessynthesis and Phytate Synthesis;169
16.1.3;The Plant Inositol Polyphosphate Kinases;172
16.1.3.1;Inositol Polyphosphate Kinase 2 (Ipk2)Inositol polyphosphate kinase 2 (Ipk2)/Inositol Phosphate Multikinase;172
16.1.3.2;Inositol (1,3,4)P3 5/6-Kinases/Inositol Trisphosphate Kinases (IP56K; ITPK)/Inositol Trisphosphate Kinases (IP56K/ ITPK);174
16.1.3.3;Inositol Polyphosphate Kinase 1Inositol polyphosphate kinase 1 (Ipk1);176
16.1.3.4;Other Kinases;177
16.1.4;Closing Remarks;178
16.1.5;References;178
17;177667_1_En_12_Chapter_OnlinePDF;182
17.1;Phosphoinositides Phosphoinositidescell wall synthesisand Plant Cell Wall Synthesis;182
17.1.1;Introduction;182
17.1.2;Phosphoinositide Metabolism in Plants;183
17.1.3;Phosphoinositides Regulate Golgi-to-Plasma Membrane Transport and Cell Wall Assembly in Yeast;185
17.1.4;Phosphoinositidesphosphoinositidessecondary wall synthesis are Involved in Regulation of Secondary Wall Synthesis in Plants;186
17.1.5;Phosphoinositides are Essential for Root Hair Tip Growthtip growthPPIs in Plants;188
17.1.6;Future Perspectives;188
17.1.7;References;189
18;177667_1_En_13_Chapter_OnlinePDF;192
18.1;Imaging Lipids in Living Plants;192
18.1.1;Introduction;192
18.1.2;Visualising Lipidlipidvisualizations;194
18.1.2.1;32Pi-Radiolabeling32Pi-radiolabelling;194
18.1.2.2;Lipid BiosensorsLipid biosensors;195
18.1.3;Application of Lipid Biosensorslipid biosensors in Plants;198
18.1.4;New Tools to Study Lipid Signaling;201
18.1.5;References;202
19;177667_1_En_Part5_Chapter_OnlinePDF;207
19.1;Part V: PA Signaling;207
20;177667_1_En_14_Chapter_OnlinePDF;208
20.1;Phosphatidic Acid: An Electrostatic/Hydrogen-Bondhydrogen bond Switch?;208
20.1.1;Introduction;208
20.1.1.1;Biosynthesis of PAPAmetabolismPAbiosynthesis;209
20.1.1.2;Physiological Functions of PAPAfysiological functions;211
20.1.2;The Negative Charge of Biological Membranes Affects Protein Function and Organization;212
20.1.3;PA´s Phosphomonoester Headgroup Has Unique Ionization Properties;213
20.1.3.1;Factors that Influence the Negative Charge of Ionizable Lipids;213
20.1.3.2;Hydrogen Bonds Influence the Ionization Propertiesionization properties of PA;214
20.1.4;PAPAelectrostatic/hydrogen-bond switch, an Electrostatic/Hydrogen-Bond Switch?;215
20.1.4.1;The Model;216
20.1.5;Experimental Support and Biological Implications of the Electrostatic/Hydrogen Bond-Switch Modelelectrostatic/hydrogen bond sw;217
20.1.5.1;Computational and Experimental Evidence for the Electrostatic/Hydrogen Bondhydrogen bond Switch Modelelectrostatic/hydrogen bo;217
20.1.5.2;PA is the Preferred Anionic Lipidanionic lipid for the Interfacial Insertion of Proteins;218
20.1.5.3;Interaction of the C2 DomainC2 domain of PKC with PA;219
20.1.6;Further Consequences of the Electrostatic/Hydrogen Bond-Switch Modelelectrostatic/hydrogen bond switch model of PA;220
20.1.7;Perspectives;221
20.1.8;References;222
21;177667_1_En_15_Chapter_OnlinePDF;228
21.1;Nitric Oxide and Phosphatidic Acid Signaling in Plants;228
21.1.1;Introduction;228
21.1.1.1;Chemistry of NO;228
21.1.2;NONOlocalizationNOproduction Production and Localization in Plants;229
21.1.3;Phosphatidic AcidPhosphatidic acidsignalling Signaling;229
21.1.4;NO Signaling: Connecting to Phosphatidic Acid Signaling;230
21.1.5;Plant DefensePLANT DEFENSE;233
21.1.6;Stomatal ClosureSTOMATAL CLOSURE;234
21.1.7;Adventitious Root Formation;236
21.1.8;Conclusions and Prospects;239
21.1.9;References;241
22;177667_1_En_16_Chapter_OnlinePDF;248
22.1;3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinase is a Switchboard from Signaling Lipids to Protein Phosphorylation Cascades;248
22.1.1;Introduction;249
22.1.1.1;AGC Kinase Family;249
22.1.2;Structural Features of PDK1PDK1structural features;250
22.1.2.1;PIF Pocket;250
22.1.2.2;T-Loop;252
22.1.2.3;PH Domain;253
22.1.3;PDK1 is a Switchboard to Downstream AGC Kinases Regulating Distinct Cellular Responses;254
22.1.3.1;PDK1 in Oxidative Stress and Pathogen Signaling;255
22.1.3.2;Regulating the Extent of Growth, PDK1-TOR-S6K Constitute a Signaling Module;257
22.1.3.3;Regulating the Directionality of Growth, All Around Auxin;258
22.1.4;Functional Prediction for AGC Kinases Based on Gene Expression Correlations of Microarray Datasets;260
22.1.5;References;261
23;177667_1_En_Part6_Chapter_OnlinePDF;265
23.1;Part VI: Additional Lipid Signals;265
24;177667_1_En_17_Chapter_OnlinePDF;266
24.1;Diacylglycerol Pyrophosphate, A Novel Plant Signaling Lipid;266
24.1.1;Introduction;266
24.1.2;Identification;267
24.1.3;DGPPDGPPstress induced is a Minor Lipid that Accumulates Under Stress Conditions;269
24.1.4;DGPP MetabolismDGPP metabolism;271
24.1.4.1;PA KinasePA kinase;271
24.1.4.2;DGPPDGPPphosphatase Phosphatase Activity;272
24.1.5;DGPP and Plant Signaling;274
24.1.5.1;The Example of Abscisic Acid Signaling;274
24.1.5.1.1;Possible Mechanisms of DGPP Action;275
24.1.6;Conclusion and Future Developments;276
24.1.7;References;276
25;177667_1_En_18_Chapter_OnlinePDF;280
25.1;OxylipinOxylipinsignallingOxylipin Signaling and Plant Growth;280
25.1.1;Oxylipins are a Diverse Class of Signaling Molecules Derived from Fatty Acids;280
25.1.2;Physiological Roles of Oxylipinsoxylipinsphysiological rolesSee;282
25.1.2.1;Responses to Wounding and Infection with Pathogens Oxylipinsplant defence;282
25.1.2.2;Inter-Organismic SignalingInter-organismic signaling;284
25.1.2.3;Developmental SignalingDevelopmental signalingoxylipinsOxylipinsDevelopmental signalling;285
25.1.3;OxylipinsOxylipinsphytohormones are Part of a Signaling-Network Involving Other Phytohormone Pathways;286
25.1.4;Conclusions;288
25.1.5;References;288
26;177667_1_En_19_Chapter_OnlinePDF;295
26.1;Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase and the Metabolism of N-Acylethanolamine Lipid Mediators in Plants;295
26.1.1;Introduction;295
26.1.2;Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase and the Metabolism of N-Acylethanolamine Lipid Mediators in Plants;297
26.1.2.1;Identification of Plant N-Acylethanolamine HydrolaseN-Acylethanolamine Hydrolases;297
26.1.2.2;Structural and Biochemical Properties of Plant FAAHFAAH;297
26.1.2.3;In Planta Expression of FAAHFAAH in Arabidopsis;300
26.1.2.4;Regulation of N-AcylethanolamineN-Acylethanolaminehydrolase Levels in Planta by NAE Hydrolases;303
26.1.2.5;Other N-AcylethanolamineN-Acylethanolamineamidase Amidases;304
26.1.2.6;Subcellular Location of N-Acylethanolamine Amidases;305
26.1.3;Summary and Conclusions;306
26.1.4;References;306
27;177667_1_En_20_Chapter_OnlinePDF;309
27.1;SphingolipidSphingolipids Signaling in Plants;309
27.1.1;Introduction;309
27.1.2;SphingolipidSphingolipidstructure Structure and Biosynthesis;311
27.1.2.1;Sphingolipid StructureStructuresphingomyelinStructuresphingosineStructureglucosylceramideStructuresphingolipids;311
27.1.2.2;Biosynthesis;313
27.1.3;SphingolipidSphingolipidfunction Function;314
27.1.3.1;Membrane Functions;314
27.1.3.2;Signaling and Cell Regulation;316
27.1.4;Conclusions;319
27.1.5;Reference;319
28;177667_1_En_BookBackmatter_OnlinePDF;324
28.1;: Index;324