Munnik Lipid Signaling in Plants

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-642-03873-0
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 330 Seiten

Autoren/Hrsg.

Munnik, Teun

Inhaltsverzeichnis

2;177667_1_En_Part1_Chapter_OnlinePDF;16
2.1;Part I: Phospholipases;16
3;177667_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF;17
3.1;Phospholipase A in Plant Signal Transduction;17
3.1.1;Structure and Function of sPLA2sPLA2 in Plants;18
3.1.2;Animal cPLA2 as Role Model for Signal Transduction;19
3.1.3;Structure and Function of pPLA2PLA2pPLA2s in Plants;20
3.1.3.1;Structure and Enzymatic Properties of pPLA2PLA2patatinpPLA2structure and properties;20
3.1.3.2;Function of pPLA2 in Auxinauxin Signal Transduction;22
3.1.3.3;Function of pPLA2 in Pathogen Defencepathogen defencepPLA2 Signaling;25
3.1.4;Plant PLA1PLA1;28
3.1.5;Biological Activities of Free Fatty Acids and Lysolipids, the Hydrolysis Products of pPLA2pPLA2;28
3.1.6;References;30
4;177667_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF;37
4.1;The Emerging Roles of Phospholipase C in Plant Growth and Development;37
4.1.1;Introduction;37
4.1.2;Phospholipase C in Plants;38
4.1.2.1;Phosphatidylcholine-Cleaving Phospholipase C;38
4.1.2.2;Phosphoinositide-Specific Phospholipase C (PI-PLCPI-PLC);41
4.1.3;Roles of PI-PLCs in Plants;42
4.1.3.1;The Molecular Role of PI-PLC: Insights from Pollen Tube Growthpollen Tube GrowthPLC;43
4.1.4;Conclusions and Perspectives;47
4.1.5;References;48
5;177667_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF;52
5.1;Plant Phospholipase D;52
5.1.1;Introduction;52
5.1.2;The Expanding PLDPLDgene architecturePLDdomain structure Family and Domain Structures;53
5.1.3;Different Biochemical Properties and Activity Regulation Among PLDPLDactivityPLDbiochemical propertiess;55
5.1.4;PLDPLDregulation Interaction with and Regulation by Proteins;57
5.1.5;Subcellular Distribution and Expression Patterns;58
5.1.6;Cellular and Physiological Functions;60
5.1.6.1;PLDPLDseed germinationPLDABA and PAPAABA in ABAABAPLD Effects on Stomatal MovementsStomatal MovementsPLDStomatal MovementsPA a;60
5.1.6.2;PLDPLDauxin in AuxinAuxinPLD Transport and Growth Responses;63
5.1.6.3;PLDPLDethylene in Ethylene and Cytokinin Response;64
5.1.6.4;PLDPLDplant defence in Plant-Pathogen InteractionsPlant-Pathogen InteractionsDGKPlant-Pathogen InteractionsPLDPlant-Pat;64
5.1.6.5;Different Roles of PLDPLDfreezing tolerances in Freezing TolerancePlant-Pathogen InteractionsDGKPlant-Pathogen InteractionsPLD;65
5.1.6.6;PLDPLDPi starvations in Plant Response to Phosphorus Deficiency;67
5.1.6.7;PLDPLDsalt stresss in Plant Response to SaltSalt stressPLD and Hyperosmotic Stressosmotic StressPLD;67
5.1.7;Multiple Functions of PLDPLDbiotechnology and Implications in Biotechnology;68
5.1.8;Perspectives;69
5.1.9;References;70
6;177667_1_En_Part2_Chapter_OnlinePDF;76
6.1;Part II: Kinases;76
7;177667_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF;77
7.1;Phosphatidylinositol 4-PhosphatePhosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate (PtdIns4P) is Required for Tip GrowthTip Growth in Arabidopsi;77
7.1.1;Introduction;77
7.1.1.1;PPIs in Membrane Trafficking;77
7.1.1.2;PtdIns4PPtdIns4Pmetabolism Metabolism;78
7.1.2;The PI4K Family in A. thaliana;78
7.1.2.1;AtPI4Kbeta-Group Members are Required for Tip GrowthTip GrowthPI4K;81
7.1.3;PtdIns4PPtdIns4Pphosphatases Phosphatases in A. thaliana;82
7.1.4;Imaging PtdIns4PPtdIns4Pimaging in Tip-Growing Cellslipid biosensors;84
7.1.5;References;86
8;177667_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF;90
8.1;PIP-KinasePIP-kinases as Key Regulators of Plant Function;90
8.1.1;Phosphatidylinositol-Bisphosphates and Their Function in Eukaryotic Cells;90
8.1.2;PIP-Kinases Generate Regulatory Phosphatidylinositol-Bisphosphates;91
8.1.3;PIP-KinasePIP-kinasegene family Arabidopsis Gene Families in Arabidopsis thaliana;93
8.1.3.1;Type I PIP-Kinases;93
8.1.3.2;Type II PIP-Kinases;95
8.1.3.3;Type III PIP-Kinases;95
8.1.4;PIP-KinasePIP-kinasegene expressions Have Distinct Organ-Specific Expression Patterns;96
8.1.5;Physiological Functions of PIP-KinasePIP-kinasephysiological functionss;96
8.1.5.1;PIP-KinasePIP-kinaseguard cell functions and Guard Cellguard cellPIPK Function;96
8.1.5.2;PIP-Kinases, Cell Polarity and Polar Growth of Plant Cells;97
8.1.6;PIP-Kinases and Their Signaling Environment;98
8.1.6.1;Interaction of PIP-KinasePIP-kinaselipid interactionss with Lipids;98
8.1.6.2;Interaction of PIP-KinasePIP-kinaseinteractorss with Proteins;99
8.1.7;Conclusions;100
8.1.8;References;100
9;177667_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF;105
9.1;Plant Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase;105
9.1.1;Introduction;105
9.1.2;Molecular Classification of PI3KPI3Kmolecular classification;106
9.1.3;Processes in Plants that Require Normal PI3K Activity;106
9.1.3.1;Roles of PI3KPI3Kendocytosis in Endocytosis and Protein Trafficking;107
9.1.3.2;Roles of PI3KPI3KROS in ROSROSPI3K Generation and ROS-Mediated Signaling;108
9.1.3.3;Roles of PI3K in Nucleus;109
9.1.3.4;Roles of PI3KPI3Kin growth and development in Growth and Development of Plants;110
9.1.4;Signal Transduction Pathway Activated at Downstream of PI3K;111
9.1.5;Conclusion and Prospects;112
9.1.6;References;112
10;177667_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF;117
10.1;Diacylglycerol KinaseDiacylglycerol kinase (DGK);117
10.1.1;Regulatory Domains and Classification;117
10.1.2;Localization of the Activity and Gene Expression;119
10.1.3;DGKDGKsignalling Signaling;119
10.1.3.1;Abiotic Stresses;120
10.1.3.2;Biotic Stresses;121
10.1.4;Aspects of DAG, PA and the Regulation of DGK Activity;121
10.1.5;References;123
11;177667_1_En_Part3_Chapter_OnlinePDF;125
11.1;Part III: Phosphatases;125
12;177667_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF;126
12.1;Signaling and the Polyphosphoinositide Phosphatases from Plants;126
12.1.1;Introduction;126
12.1.2;The PPIPPI3-phosphatases 3-Phosphatases;128
12.1.2.1;PTEN;128
12.1.2.2;Myotubularins;129
12.1.3;The PPIPPI4-phosphatase 4-phosphatases;130
12.1.4;The PPIPPI5-phosphatases 5-Phosphatases;132
12.1.4.1;Group A 5PTases;133
12.1.4.2;Group B 5PTases;134
12.1.4.3;SAC Proteins that Function as PPI 5-Phosphatases;135
12.1.5;Conclusions;136
12.1.6;References;137
13;177667_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF;140
13.1;Phosphatidic AcidPhosphatidic Acidphosphatases Phosphatases in Seed Plants;140
13.1.1;Introduction;140
13.1.2;Biochemical Features of Plant PAPPAPbiochemical features;141
13.1.2.1;Leaf PAP Activity;141
13.1.2.2;PAP Activity in Seeds or Seedlings;143
13.1.3;Arabidopsis LPP as a Stress-Responsive PAPPAPLPP;144
13.1.3.1;LPPa1 as a Stress and Elicitor-Inducible Isoform;144
13.1.3.2;LPPa2 as a Negative Regulator of ABI4 in ABA Signaling;145
13.1.3.3;LPPa3 and LPPa4;146
13.1.4;Plastidic PAPPAPprokaryoticPAPplastidial as Prokaryotic LPP Subgroup;146
13.1.4.1;LPPgamma, LPPepsi1 and LPPepsi2 as Plastidic PAP Isoforms;146
13.1.4.2;LPPdelta/SPP1 as Sphingosine-1-Phosphatesphingosine-1-phosphateS1P phosphatase Phosphatase;147
13.1.4.3;LPPbeta as a Photoperiodically Expressed Protein Homolog;148
13.1.5;Future Perspective;148
13.1.6;References;149
14;177667_1_En_Part4_Chapter_OnlinePDF;151
14.1;Part IV: PPI Metabolism;151
15;177667_1_En_10_Chapter_OnlinePDF;152
15.1;InsP3 in Plant Cells;152
15.1.1;Introduction;152
15.1.2;InsP3InsP3metabolism Metabolism in Plants;154
15.1.2.1;Synthesis;154
15.1.2.2;Degradation;154
15.1.3;Analysis of InsP3InsP3analysis in Plant Tissues;155
15.1.4;InsP3 as a Signaling Molecule in Plants;157
15.1.4.1;Mechanism of Action;158
15.1.4.2;PI Turnover in Guard Cellguard cellPI turnover Regulation;159
15.1.4.3;Altered PI Metabolism in Plants;159
15.1.5;Conclusions and Future Prospects;161
15.1.6;References;161
16;177667_1_En_11_Chapter_OnlinePDF;168
16.1;Inositol PolyphosphatesInositol Polyphosphates and Kinases;168
16.1.1;Introduction;168
16.1.2;Inositol PolyphosphatesInositol polyphosphatessynthesis and Phytate Synthesis;169
16.1.3;The Plant Inositol Polyphosphate Kinases;172
16.1.3.1;Inositol Polyphosphate Kinase 2 (Ipk2)Inositol polyphosphate kinase 2 (Ipk2)/Inositol Phosphate Multikinase;172
16.1.3.2;Inositol (1,3,4)P3 5/6-Kinases/Inositol Trisphosphate Kinases (IP56K; ITPK)/Inositol Trisphosphate Kinases (IP56K/ ITPK);174
16.1.3.3;Inositol Polyphosphate Kinase 1Inositol polyphosphate kinase 1 (Ipk1);176
16.1.3.4;Other Kinases;177
16.1.4;Closing Remarks;178
16.1.5;References;178
17;177667_1_En_12_Chapter_OnlinePDF;182
17.1;Phosphoinositides Phosphoinositidescell wall synthesisand Plant Cell Wall Synthesis;182
17.1.1;Introduction;182
17.1.2;Phosphoinositide Metabolism in Plants;183
17.1.3;Phosphoinositides Regulate Golgi-to-Plasma Membrane Transport and Cell Wall Assembly in Yeast;185
17.1.4;Phosphoinositidesphosphoinositidessecondary wall synthesis are Involved in Regulation of Secondary Wall Synthesis in Plants;186
17.1.5;Phosphoinositides are Essential for Root Hair Tip Growthtip growthPPIs in Plants;188
17.1.6;Future Perspectives;188
17.1.7;References;189
18;177667_1_En_13_Chapter_OnlinePDF;192
18.1;Imaging Lipids in Living Plants;192
18.1.1;Introduction;192
18.1.2;Visualising Lipidlipidvisualizations;194
18.1.2.1;32Pi-Radiolabeling32Pi-radiolabelling;194
18.1.2.2;Lipid BiosensorsLipid biosensors;195
18.1.3;Application of Lipid Biosensorslipid biosensors in Plants;198
18.1.4;New Tools to Study Lipid Signaling;201
18.1.5;References;202
19;177667_1_En_Part5_Chapter_OnlinePDF;207
19.1;Part V: PA Signaling;207
20;177667_1_En_14_Chapter_OnlinePDF;208
20.1;Phosphatidic Acid: An Electrostatic/Hydrogen-Bondhydrogen bond Switch?;208
20.1.1;Introduction;208
20.1.1.1;Biosynthesis of PAPAmetabolismPAbiosynthesis;209
20.1.1.2;Physiological Functions of PAPAfysiological functions;211
20.1.2;The Negative Charge of Biological Membranes Affects Protein Function and Organization;212
20.1.3;PA´s Phosphomonoester Headgroup Has Unique Ionization Properties;213
20.1.3.1;Factors that Influence the Negative Charge of Ionizable Lipids;213
20.1.3.2;Hydrogen Bonds Influence the Ionization Propertiesionization properties of PA;214
20.1.4;PAPAelectrostatic/hydrogen-bond switch, an Electrostatic/Hydrogen-Bond Switch?;215
20.1.4.1;The Model;216
20.1.5;Experimental Support and Biological Implications of the Electrostatic/Hydrogen Bond-Switch Modelelectrostatic/hydrogen bond sw;217
20.1.5.1;Computational and Experimental Evidence for the Electrostatic/Hydrogen Bondhydrogen bond Switch Modelelectrostatic/hydrogen bo;217
20.1.5.2;PA is the Preferred Anionic Lipidanionic lipid for the Interfacial Insertion of Proteins;218
20.1.5.3;Interaction of the C2 DomainC2 domain of PKC with PA;219
20.1.6;Further Consequences of the Electrostatic/Hydrogen Bond-Switch Modelelectrostatic/hydrogen bond switch model of PA;220
20.1.7;Perspectives;221
20.1.8;References;222
21;177667_1_En_15_Chapter_OnlinePDF;228
21.1;Nitric Oxide and Phosphatidic Acid Signaling in Plants;228
21.1.1;Introduction;228
21.1.1.1;Chemistry of NO;228
21.1.2;NONOlocalizationNOproduction Production and Localization in Plants;229
21.1.3;Phosphatidic AcidPhosphatidic acidsignalling Signaling;229
21.1.4;NO Signaling: Connecting to Phosphatidic Acid Signaling;230
21.1.5;Plant DefensePLANT DEFENSE;233
21.1.6;Stomatal ClosureSTOMATAL CLOSURE;234
21.1.7;Adventitious Root Formation;236
21.1.8;Conclusions and Prospects;239
21.1.9;References;241
22;177667_1_En_16_Chapter_OnlinePDF;248
22.1;3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinase is a Switchboard from Signaling Lipids to Protein Phosphorylation Cascades;248
22.1.1;Introduction;249
22.1.1.1;AGC Kinase Family;249
22.1.2;Structural Features of PDK1PDK1structural features;250
22.1.2.1;PIF Pocket;250
22.1.2.2;T-Loop;252
22.1.2.3;PH Domain;253
22.1.3;PDK1 is a Switchboard to Downstream AGC Kinases Regulating Distinct Cellular Responses;254
22.1.3.1;PDK1 in Oxidative Stress and Pathogen Signaling;255
22.1.3.2;Regulating the Extent of Growth, PDK1-TOR-S6K Constitute a Signaling Module;257
22.1.3.3;Regulating the Directionality of Growth, All Around Auxin;258
22.1.4;Functional Prediction for AGC Kinases Based on Gene Expression Correlations of Microarray Datasets;260
22.1.5;References;261
23;177667_1_En_Part6_Chapter_OnlinePDF;265
23.1;Part VI: Additional Lipid Signals;265
24;177667_1_En_17_Chapter_OnlinePDF;266
24.1;Diacylglycerol Pyrophosphate, A Novel Plant Signaling Lipid;266
24.1.1;Introduction;266
24.1.2;Identification;267
24.1.3;DGPPDGPPstress induced is a Minor Lipid that Accumulates Under Stress Conditions;269
24.1.4;DGPP MetabolismDGPP metabolism;271
24.1.4.1;PA KinasePA kinase;271
24.1.4.2;DGPPDGPPphosphatase Phosphatase Activity;272
24.1.5;DGPP and Plant Signaling;274
24.1.5.1;The Example of Abscisic Acid Signaling;274
24.1.5.1.1;Possible Mechanisms of DGPP Action;275
24.1.6;Conclusion and Future Developments;276
24.1.7;References;276
25;177667_1_En_18_Chapter_OnlinePDF;280
25.1;OxylipinOxylipinsignallingOxylipin Signaling and Plant Growth;280
25.1.1;Oxylipins are a Diverse Class of Signaling Molecules Derived from Fatty Acids;280
25.1.2;Physiological Roles of Oxylipinsoxylipinsphysiological rolesSee;282
25.1.2.1;Responses to Wounding and Infection with Pathogens Oxylipinsplant defence;282
25.1.2.2;Inter-Organismic SignalingInter-organismic signaling;284
25.1.2.3;Developmental SignalingDevelopmental signalingoxylipinsOxylipinsDevelopmental signalling;285
25.1.3;OxylipinsOxylipinsphytohormones are Part of a Signaling-Network Involving Other Phytohormone Pathways;286
25.1.4;Conclusions;288
25.1.5;References;288
26;177667_1_En_19_Chapter_OnlinePDF;295
26.1;Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase and the Metabolism of N-Acylethanolamine Lipid Mediators in Plants;295
26.1.1;Introduction;295
26.1.2;Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase and the Metabolism of N-Acylethanolamine Lipid Mediators in Plants;297
26.1.2.1;Identification of Plant N-Acylethanolamine HydrolaseN-Acylethanolamine Hydrolases;297
26.1.2.2;Structural and Biochemical Properties of Plant FAAHFAAH;297
26.1.2.3;In Planta Expression of FAAHFAAH in Arabidopsis;300
26.1.2.4;Regulation of N-AcylethanolamineN-Acylethanolaminehydrolase Levels in Planta by NAE Hydrolases;303
26.1.2.5;Other N-AcylethanolamineN-Acylethanolamineamidase Amidases;304
26.1.2.6;Subcellular Location of N-Acylethanolamine Amidases;305
26.1.3;Summary and Conclusions;306
26.1.4;References;306
27;177667_1_En_20_Chapter_OnlinePDF;309
27.1;SphingolipidSphingolipids Signaling in Plants;309
27.1.1;Introduction;309
27.1.2;SphingolipidSphingolipidstructure Structure and Biosynthesis;311
27.1.2.1;Sphingolipid StructureStructuresphingomyelinStructuresphingosineStructureglucosylceramideStructuresphingolipids;311
27.1.2.2;Biosynthesis;313
27.1.3;SphingolipidSphingolipidfunction Function;314
27.1.3.1;Membrane Functions;314
27.1.3.2;Signaling and Cell Regulation;316
27.1.4;Conclusions;319
27.1.5;Reference;319
28;177667_1_En_BookBackmatter_OnlinePDF;324
28.1;: Index;324