Murrell / Fried Food-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses

Fish and Plant-Borne Parasites
2007
ISBN: 978-0-387-71358-8
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 11, 429 Seiten

Reihe: World Class Parasites

Humans suffer from numerous parasitic foodborne zoonoses, many of which are caused by helminths. The helminth zoonoses of concern in this book are normally limited to diseases of animals which have now become transmissible to humans. In the past these diseases were limited to populations living in low- and middle-income countries, but the geographical limits and populations at risk are expanding and changing because of growing international markets , improved transportation systems, and demographic changes (such as population movements). The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that the number of people currently infected with food borne trematodes alone exceeds 41 million, but worldwide the number of people at risk, including those in developed countries, is 750 million. The increasing recognition of the public health significance of these zoonoses, especially their complicated epidemiologies, and their links to poverty, intensification of agriculture, environmental degradation, and lack of tools for control- has been welcome. However, the development of priorities for a national public health system is often a competitive exercise, and the argument for devoting appropriate attention and resources to foodborne parasitic zoonoses is generally handicapped by the lack of good health and economic impact data. The genesis of this book was a desire to draw attention to the problem of these zoonoses and to hopefully, inspire greater efforts to acquire a reliable global impact assessment and therefore a basis for improved prevention and control actions for these zoonoses.

This book reviews not only the prevalence and distribution of these zoonoses, including available health and economic impact data, but will highlight gaps in knowledge that must be filled in order to gain the assessment needed to depict the overall importance of a particular zoonosis. This is critical for comparisons to other pressing public health and development needs in resource allocations. The topics on epidemiology, diagnosis, and clinical aspects emphasize the knowledge gaps that limit a full understanding of these zoonoses, and target where greater research investments on these parasitic diseases should be focused.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Murrell, K. Darwin

Fried, Bernard

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contributors;10
2;Fish- and Invertebrate-Borne Parasites;14
2.1;Liver Flukes;15
2.1.1;Geographical Distribution;15
2.1.2;Biology and Genetic Variation;16
2.1.3;Life Cycle;17
2.1.4;Source of Human Infection;25
2.1.5;Fecundity;26
2.1.6;Prevalence of Infection;26
2.1.7;Incidence and Reinfection;27
2.1.8;Age- and Sex-Related Patterns of Infection;27
2.1.9;Frequency Distribution in Humans;30
2.1.10;Pathology and Pathogenesis Humans;30
2.1.11;Clinical Manifestation;35
2.1.12;Experimental Animals;36
2.1.13;Host Immune Response;37
2.1.14;Liver Fluke Infection and Cholangiocarcinoma;39
2.1.15;Inflammation-Related Cholangiocarcinogenesis;42
2.1.16;Diagnosis;46
2.1.17;Parasitological Diagnosis;46
2.1.18;Immunodiagnosis;48
2.1.19;Molecular Diagnosis;49
2.1.20;Treatment;50
2.1.21;Prevention and Control;50
2.1.22;Conclusion;51
2.1.23;References;52
2.2;Intestinal Flukes;65
2.2.1;Brachylaimidae Joyeux and Foley, 1930 Species Infecting Humans;65
2.2.2;Cathaemaciidae Fuhrmann, 1928 Species Infecting Humans;66
2.2.3;Echinostomatidae Poche, 1926 Species Infecting Humans;66
2.2.4;Pathogenicity and HostÒParasite Relationships of Echinostomes;75
2.2.5;Clinical Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Echinostomiases;75
2.2.6;Fasciolidae Railliet, 1895;76
2.2.7;Species Infecting Humans;77
2.2.8;Pathogenicity and HostÒParasite Relationships of Fasciolopsiasis;78
2.2.9;Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Fasciolopsiasis;78
2.2.10;Gastrodiscidae Stiles and Goldberger, 1910 Species Infecting Humans;78
2.2.11;Gymnophallidae Morozov, 1955 Species Infecting Humans;79
2.2.12;Pathogenicity and HostÒParasite Relationships of Gymnophallids;79
2.2.13;Clinical Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Gymnophalloidiasis;81
2.2.14;Heterophyidae Odhner, 1914 Species Infecting Humans;83
2.2.15;Pathogenicity and HostÒParasite Relationships of Heterophyid Flukes;96
2.2.16;Clinical Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Heterophyidiases;98
2.2.17;Lecithodendriidae Odhner, 1911 Species Infecting Humans;99
2.2.18;Microphallidae Travassos, 1920 Species Infecting Humans;101
2.2.19;Nanophyetidae Dollfus, 1939 Species Infecting Humans;101
2.2.20;Neodiplostomidae Shoop, 1989 Species Infecting Humans;102
2.2.21;Pathogenicity and HostÒParasite Relationships of Neodiplostomes;104
2.2.22;Clinical Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Neodiplostomiases;105
2.2.23;Paramphistomatidae Fischoeder, 1901 Species Infecting Humans;105
2.2.24;Plagiorchiidae Ward, 1917 Species Infecting Humans;106
2.2.25;Strigeidae (Railliet, 1919) Species Infecting Humans;107
2.2.26;Summary;107
2.2.27;References;111
2.3;Paragonimiasis;128
2.3.1;Invasion Biology and Parasite Proteases;131
2.3.2;A Spectrum of Clinical Manifestations;133
2.3.3;Early Migration and Establishing Stages;133
2.3.4;Established Pulmonary Infection;134
2.3.5;Pleural Manifestations;134
2.3.6;Ectopic Infections: Cerebral Paragonimiasis;135
2.3.7;Other Ectopic Infections;135
2.3.8;Diagnosis and Diagnostic Confusions;136
2.3.9;Molecular Methods;139
2.3.10;Chemotherapy;140
2.3.11;Changing Epidemiology of Paragonimiasis Numbers of People Infected;141
2.3.12;Changing Demographic and Clinical Pictures;142
2.3.13;Role of Zoonotic Hosts;144
2.3.14;Control Through Education and Cultural Change;145
2.3.15;Environmental Change;147
2.3.16;Systematics and Evolution;148
2.3.17;Conclusion;152
2.3.18;References;152
2.4;Diphyllobothriasis: The Diphyllobothrium latum Human Infection Conundrum and Reconciliation with a Worldwide Zoonosis;162
2.4.1;Historical;162
2.4.2;Taxonomy;164
2.4.3;Biology;165
2.4.4;Geographic Distribution and Epidemiology;167
2.4.5;Human Cases of D. Latum in North America;168
2.4.6;South America;169
2.4.7;Eurasia;172
2.4.8;Japan;173
2.4.9;Korea;174
2.4.10;Subtropical and Tropical Asia;175
2.4.11;The New World North American D. Latum: Native or Introduced? North America:;176
2.4.12;Control;182
2.4.13;Symptoms;183
2.4.14;Gaps in Knowledge;184
2.4.15;References;186
2.5;Anisakid Nematodes and Anisakiasis;196
2.5.1;Anisakid Nematodes Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution;197
2.5.2;Biology;199
2.5.3;Anisakiasis Pathology;204
2.5.4;Diagnosis;206
2.5.5;Treatment;207
2.5.6;Epidemiology and Control;208
2.5.7;Research Needs Parasite Biology;211
2.5.8;Epidemiology of Anisakiasis;211
2.5.9;Hypersensitivity Reactions;212
2.5.10;Summary;212
2.5.11;References;213
2.6;Capillariasis;219
2.6.1;History;219
2.6.2;The Parasite;222
2.6.3;Life Cycle;225
2.6.4;Disease;229
2.6.5;Pathology;230
2.6.6;Diagnosis;232
2.6.7;Treatment;234
2.6.8;Epidemiology;235
2.6.9;Impact;239
2.6.10;Unresolved Problems;240
2.6.11;Control;241
2.6.12;Summary;242
2.6.13;References;242
2.7;Gnathostomiasis;245
2.7.1;Biology Taxonomy;245
2.7.2;Morphology;247
2.7.3;Life Cycle;249
2.7.4;Epidemiology;251
2.7.5;The Americas;251
2.7.6;Mexico;251
2.7.7;Canada;253
2.7.8;United States;253
2.7.9;Ecuador;253
2.7.10;Brazil;253
2.7.11;Argentina;254
2.7.12;Peru;254
2.7.13;Asia;254
2.7.14;Bangladesh;254
2.7.15;Cambodia;255
2.7.16;China;255
2.7.17;India;255
2.7.18;Indonesia;256
2.7.19;Japan;256
2.7.20;Korea;256
2.7.21;Laos;256
2.7.22;Malaysia;257
2.7.23;Myanmar;257
2.7.24;Philippines;257
2.7.25;Sri Lanka;257
2.7.26;Thailand;258
2.7.27;Vietnam;258
2.7.28;Other Localities Australia;259
2.7.29;Palestinian Territory;259
2.7.30;Rhodesia;259
2.7.31;Spain;259
2.7.32;Clinical Aspects;259
2.7.33;Diagnosis;261
2.7.34;Treatment and Prevention;262
2.7.35;Prevention;263
2.7.36;Impact;263
2.7.37;Research Needs;264
2.7.38;Parasite Biology;264
2.7.39;Diagnosis;264
2.7.40;Summary;264
2.7.41;References;265
2.8;Angiostrongyliasis;272
2.8.1;History;272
2.8.2;Parasite/ Biology;273
2.8.3;Geographic Distribution;277
2.8.4;Disease;279
2.8.5;Pathogenesis;279
2.8.6;Diagnosis;284
2.8.7;Treatment;286
2.8.8;Epidemiology;286
2.8.9;Impact and Issues;290
2.8.10;Unsolved Problems;291
2.8.11;Control;292
2.8.12;Summary;293
2.8.13;References;294
3;Plant-Borne Parasites;300
3.1;Plant-Borne Trematode Zoonoses: Fascioliasis and Fasciolopsiasis;301
3.1.1;Fascioliasis Etiology;301
3.1.2;Life Cycle and Transmission;306
3.1.3;Epidemiology;311
3.1.4;Clinics and Pathology;317
3.1.5;Diagnosis;318
3.1.6;Treatment;320
3.1.7;Prevention and Control;321
3.1.8;Fasciolopsiasis Etiology and Life Cycle;321
3.1.9;Geographical Distribution;323
3.1.10;Epidemiology;324
3.1.11;Clinics and Pathology;325
3.1.12;Diagnosis and Treatment;326
3.1.13;Prevention and Control;326
3.1.14;References;328
4;General Aspects of Infection;343
4.1;Immunology of the Infection;344
4.1.1;Overview of Immune Responses Against Parasitic Worms;345
4.1.2;Immune Effector Mechanisms;346
4.1.3;Adaptive T-Cell Responses;350
4.1.4;Antigen-Presenting Cell;351
4.1.5;Immunological Aspects of Diseases Parasites with Minimal Tissue Invasion;352
4.1.6;Parasites with Extensive Tissue Migration;355
4.1.7;Key Issues in the Field Parasite Proteases;363
4.1.8;Immune Evasion in Mammalian Hosts;366
4.1.9;Immune Evasion in Intermediate/Paratenic HostÛEncystment;367
4.1.10;Conclusions: Animals Within Animals;370
4.1.11;References;371
4.2;Molecular Epidemiology of Food- Borne Parasitic Zoonoses;389
4.2.1;What Is Molecular Epidemiology?;389
4.2.2;The Role of Molecular Epidemiology in Infectious Disease Control;390
4.2.3;The Applications of Molecular Epidemiology to the Control Food- and Waterborne Parasite Zoonoses;392
4.2.4;CharacterizationÛThe Tools;392
4.2.5;Evolutionary Relationships;393
4.2.6;Taxonomy;394
4.2.7;Diagnosis and Detection;395
4.2.8;Epidemiology and Transmission;396
4.2.9;Surveillance and Biosecurity;397
4.2.10;Fish-Borne Trematodes;399
4.2.11;Toxoplasma;404
4.2.12;Genetic Diversity;405
4.2.13;Studies in Brazil;408
4.2.14;Meat Studies;409
4.2.15;Significance of Toxoplasma Genotype in Human Disease Manifestations;409
4.2.16;Conclusion;412
4.2.17;References;412
5;Index;422