Nagarajan Drought Assessment

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-2500-5
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 429 Seiten

Information-based decision-making during drought, often brings out some of the excellent practices that are prevalent in society / individuals. This book is designed to provide information on the drought process, meteorological, hydrological, agriculture, socio-economic aspects and available technologies such as satellite remote sensing data analysis and Geographical Information system for assessment. Assessment procedures utilising the various parameters of importance from various sources for micro level management that would enhance the effectiveness of management practice are dealt in detail. Resource availability and affected group determine the relief assistance for the present event and information that would help them in their realisation and preparedness for the forthcoming years by select countries is highlighted. This would help in the formulation of schemes for event mitigation and area development plans. The readers would gain complete knowledge on drought. This book is expected to act as a guide in preparing people as effective natural resource utilizationist under drought situations.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Nagarajan, R.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Title Page;2
2;Copyright Page;3
3;Preface;4
4;Table of Contents;7
5;1 Introduction;10
5.1;1.1 Climate Classification;11
5.2;1.2 Drought, Famine and Desertification;12
5.2.1;Classification of Drought;18
5.3;1.3 Factors Responsible;22
5.3.1;Precipitation;23
5.3.2;Temperature;24
5.3.3;Wind Velocity and Evapo-transpiration;24
5.3.4;Atmospheric Circulation;25
5.3.5;Hemispheric Nature;26
5.4;1.4 Effects of Drought ;26
5.4.1;Social;27
5.4.2;Environment;28
5.4.3;Agriculture;28
5.5;1.5 Drought Forecasting;29
5.6;Traditional Knowledge;30
5.7;References;34
6;2 Meteorology;37
6.1;2.1 Weather;37
6.2;2.2 Tropical Activity;41
6.2.1;Monsoon;42
6.3;2.3 Precipitation Type;45
6.4;2.4 Weather Forecast;46
6.4.1;Methods;47
6.4.2;Forecast Types;48
6.5;2.5 Clouds;50
6.5.1;Cloud Identification;51
6.5.2;Cloud Observation;53
6.6;2.6 Cloud Mapping - Satellite;54
6.6.1;Rainfall Estimation;65
6.6.2;Application;71
6.7;2.7 Precipitation;72
6.7.1;Spot Measurement and Observation;73
6.7.2;Areal Representation and Network Design;75
6.8;2.8 Precipitation Climatology;77
6.9;2.9 Rainfall Reliability Wizard;80
6.10;References;83
7;3 Water Resources;86
7.1;3.1 Water Scarcity;86
7.1.1;Drying Rivers and Lakes;87
7.1.2;Falling Water Table;87
7.1.3;Climate Variation;89
7.2;3.2 Critical Issues in Water Resources;90
7.2.1;Human Activities;91
7.3;3.3 Hydrological Process;91
7.3.1;Rainfall-runoff;92
7.4;3.4 Water Requiriment;94
7.5;3.5 Water Balance under Natural Conditions;95
7.6;3.6 Irrigation Water;96
7.7;3.7 Ground Water;97
7.7.1;Aquifer;98
7.7.2;Classification;101
7.7.3;Vulnerability;102
7.7.4;Groundwater Exploitation Status Indicators;103
7.8;3.8 Water Recharge;108
7.9;3.9 Sustainability of Water;109
7.10;3.10 Groundwater Supply Systems;110
7.11;3.11 Crop Yield and Groundwater Abstrawater Abstraction;111
7.12;3.12 Stream Flow Analysis;112
7.13;3.13 Water Balance Method;116
7.14;3.14 Watershed Analysis;117
7.15;3.15 Surface Storage;119
7.15.1;Reservoir;119
7.16;3.16 Lakes Cascade Systems;119
7.16.1;Status of Tank Cascade;121
7.16.2;Tank Cascade Assessment;125
7.17;References;127
8;4 Agriculture;130
8.1;4.1 Soil ;130
8.1.1;Agro-ecological Zone;137
8.2;4.2 Soil Water Irrigation;138
8.3;4.3 Crop Growth;143
8.4;4.4 Crop-water;148
8.5;4.5 Crop Irrigation;149
8.6;4.6 Water Use Efficiency;152
8.7;4.7 Water Stress Situation of Crops;153
8.7.1;Water Quality and Irrigation;156
8.8;4.8 Irrigation Management Practice;157
8.9;4.9 Soil Water Analysis;161
8.10;4.10 Plant Growth Simulation and Drought Event Analysis;162
8.11;4.11 Drought Forecasting/Prediction of Events;163
8.11.1;Ranking and Weightages;165
8.12;References;166
9;5 Drought indices;169
9.1;5.1 Drought Assessment Parameters;171
9.2;5.2 Indices;176
9.3;5.3 Meteorological Indicators;177
9.4;5.4 Hydrological Indicators;189
9.5;5.5 Agricultural Indicators;193
9.6;5.6 Sociological Indicators;199
9.7;5.7 Environmental indicators;207
9.8;5.8 Indicators and Triggers;208
9.9;References;212
10;6 Satellite Remote Sensing ;214
10.1;6.1 Remote Sensing;214
10.2;6.2 Orbital Satellites;217
10.3;6.3 Satellte Orbit;220
10.4;6.4 Commercial satellite;223
10.5;6.5 Sensors and Products;227
10.6;6.6 Spectral Data Analysis;233
10.7;6.7 Visual Interpretation ;233
10.8;6.8 Digital Image Processing;236
10.8.1;Pre-processing;236
10.9;6.9 Image Enhancement;239
10.9.1;Contrast Enhancement;242
10.9.2;Spatial and Directional Filters;243
10.9.3;Multi-image Manipulation - Arithmetic Operation;246
10.9.4;Principal Components and Canonical Analysis;247
10.9.5;Intensity-Hue-Saturation (IHS) Colour Space Transformation;249
10.10;6.10 Image Classification;249
10.10.1;Unsupervised Classification;251
10.10.2;Supervised Classification;254
10.11;6.11 Post Classification Processes;256
10.11.1;Classification Accuracy;256
10.12;6.12 Multi-sensor Data Merging;257
10.12.1;Change Detection Procedures;257
10.12.2;Data Fusion;257
10.13;6.13 Indices for Drought Analysis;260
10.13.1;Vegetation Indices;260
10.13.2;Thermal Brightness;265
10.13.3;Albedo Index;265
10.13.4;Evapotranspiration Estimation;266
10.14;6.14 Temporal Analysis;268
10.15;References;272
11;7 Spatial Data and Geographical Information System;274
11.1;7.1 Geographic Information System;274
11.2;7.2 Spatial Data;278
11.2.1;Spatial Data Type;278
11.3;7.3 Thematic Map;279
11.3.1;Map Charateristics;280
11.3.2;Map Projections;280
11.3.3;Location Information;282
11.4;7.4 Data Conversion ;283
11.4.1;Presentation of Information;285
11.5;7.5 Data Models;285
11.5.1;Vector and Raster Model;285
11.5.2;Spaghetti Model;287
11.5.3;Geo-relational Model;287
11.6;7.6 Attributes of Data;288
11.6.1;Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN);289
11.7;7.7 Spatial Data Transformation;290
11.7.1;Conversion of Points;291
11.7.2;Interpolation Method;293
11.7.3;Triangulation Method;293
11.7.4;Inverse Distance Weighing ;293
11.7.5;Dialation of Spatial Objects;293
11.8;7.8 Data Analysis;294
11.8.1;Database Query;294
11.8.2;Buffer Operation;294
11.8.3;Digital Terrain model;295
11.8.4;DEM Generation;297
11.8.5;Interpolation Methods;298
11.8.6;Network Analysis;299
11.8.7;Overlay;299
11.9;7.9 Modelling;302
11.9.1;Weighing and Rating;302
11.9.2;Interpolation;303
11.9.3;Map Modelling with Attribute Tables;304
11.10;7.10 Web-based GIS;306
11.11;7.11 Creation of Spatial Data Base in Kolar, India;310
11.12;7.12 Decision Support System;321
11.13;7.13 Alert System;322
11.13.1;Drought Alert Information System (DAIS);324
11.14;References;328
12;8 Vulnerability Assessment;329
12.1;8.1 Drought Assessment;329
12.1.1;Australia;336
12.1.2;New Zealand;339
12.1.3;United States of America;339
12.1.4;China;343
12.1.5;South Africa;343
12.1.6;Portugal;343
12.2;8.2 Vulnerability;344
12.3;8.3 Vulnerability Analysis;349
12.3.1;Ranking and Weightage;350
12.3.2;8.4 Vulnerability of Water Supply System;357
12.3.3;8.5 Risk;358
12.3.4;8.6 Drought Scenario;362
12.3.5;8.7 Decision-making;364
12.3.6;8.8 Contingency Drought Plans;367
12.3.6.1;Crop Insurance;369
12.3.7;References;371
13;9 Resources, Drought Events and Management Proffile of Countries;373
13.1;9.1 Africa;373
13.2;9.2 Tropical Countries;379
13.2.1;Afghanistan;379
13.2.2;Autralia;381
13.2.3;Bangladesh;389
13.2.4;Iran;392
13.2.5;Jordan;393
13.2.6;Pakistan;396
13.3;9.3 Non-tropical Countries;399
13.3.1;Canada;399
13.3.2;China;402
13.3.3;European Union;411
13.3.4;United States of America;417
13.3.5;Russia and USSR;426
13.4;9.4 Water Politics;427
13.5;9.5 Drought Strategies;428
13.6;References;430
14;Index;433