Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical Energy Production and Storage

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-387-49323-7
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 250 Seiten

Here is an authoritative reference from world-renowned research groups for those working in materials science and electrochemistry. The authors describe properties of nanostructured materials that can improve performance in alternative energy devices.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;9
4;Chapter 1;10
4.1;Recent Applications of Nanoscale Materials:Solar Cells;10
4.1.1;1 Introduction;10
4.1.2;2 Band Diagram and Operational Principle of Nanocrystalline Solar Cells;13
4.1.3;3 The Importance of the Nanostructure;14
4.1.3.1;3.1 Light Harvesting by a Sensitizer Monolayer Adsorbed on a Mesoscopic Semiconductor Film;15
4.1.3.2;3.2 Enhanced Red and Near IR Response by Light Containment;18
4.1.3.3;3.3 Light-Induced Charge Separation and Conversion of Photons to Electric Current;19
4.1.3.4;3.4 Charge Carrier Collection;23
4.1.3.5;3.5 Quantum Dot Sensitizers;26
4.1.4;4 Photovoltaic Performance of the DSC;27
4.1.5;5 Development of New Sensitizers and Redox Systems;30
4.1.6;6 Solid-State DSCs;31
4.1.7;7 DSC Stability;31
4.1.7.1;7.1 Criteria for Long-Term Stability of the Dye;32
4.1.7.2;7.2 Kinetic Measurements;33
4.1.7.3;7.3 Recent Experimental Results on DSC Stability;33
4.1.8;8 First Large-Scale Field Tests and Commercial Developments;35
4.1.9;9 Future Prospects;37
4.1.10;10 Summary;37
4.1.11;References;38
5;Chapter 2;41
5.1;Assembly and Properties of Nanoparticles;41
5.1.1;1 Introduction;41
5.1.2;2 Nanoparticles Surfaces;42
5.1.3;3 Quantum Size Effects;46
5.1.4;4 Phase Stability and Transformation;52
5.1.5;5 Synthetic Methods;57
5.1.5.1;5.1 Nucleation and Growth;58
5.1.5.2;5.2 Synthesis of Transition Metal Nanocrystals;64
5.1.5.3;5.3 Metal Oxide Nanocrystals;67
5.1.6;6 Summary;75
5.1.7;References;75
6;Chapter 3;88
6.1;Electrochemistry, Nanomaterials,and Nanostructures;88
6.1.1;1 Introduction;88
6.1.2;2 Electrochemistry and Nanoscale Materials;89
6.1.2.1;2.1 Electrochemistry and Size Effects;89
6.1.2.2;2.2 Challenges of Charge Transfer;93
6.1.2.3;2.3 Nanomaterials and Nanostructured Films as ElectroactiveElectrodes;94
6.1.2.4;2.4 Nanomaterials as Electrolytes;98
6.1.2.5;2.5 Nanoscale Electronic and Ionic Transport;99
6.1.2.6;2.6 Energy Conversion and Storage in Electrochemistry;100
6.1.3;3 Overview of the Principles of Operation of Energy Conversionand Storage Devices;101
6.1.3.1;3.1 Lithium Ion Batteries;104
6.1.3.2;3.2 Fuel Cells;107
6.1.3.3;3.3 Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells;109
6.1.3.4;3.4 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors;111
6.1.4;4 Concepts of Electrochemistry;111
6.1.4.1;4.1 Fundamental Concepts;112
6.1.4.1.1;4.1.1 Kinetics of Electron Transfer Reaction at Interfaces;113
6.1.4.1.2;4.1.2 Mass Transport Phenomena Involved in Electrochemical Processes;115
6.1.4.1.3;4.1.3 The Electric Double Layer at Interfaces;118
6.1.4.2;4.2 Techniques Used for Investigating Electrode Reactions;120
6.1.4.2.1;4.2.1 Linear Sweep Voltammetry;124
6.1.4.2.2;4.2.2 Chronoamperometry;124
6.1.4.2.3;4.2.3 Electrochemical Impedance;126
6.1.4.2.4;4.2.4 Two-Step Charge Transfer with an Adsorbed Intermediate;131
6.1.5;5 Porous (Nanostructured) Electrode Geometry;134
6.1.5.1;5.1 Transmission Line Description of Porous Electrodes;135
6.1.5.2;5.2 Macrohomogeneous Concept (Two-Phase Model);138
6.1.5.3;5.3 Transport in the Solid and Electrolyte Phases;140
6.1.5.4;5.4 Polarization and Charge Transfer at the Porous Interface;141
6.1.5.5;5.5 Distributed Features and Dispersion;142
6.1.5.6;5.6 Charge Transport in Nanostructured Electrodes;144
6.1.6;6 Future Prospects;145
6.1.7;References;146
7;Chapter 4;157
7.1;Nanotechnology for Fuel Cells;157
7.1.1;1 Introduction;157
7.1.1.1;1.1 What Relevance Has Nanotechnology for Fuel CellSystems [1]?;157
7.1.1.2;1.2 Fuel Cell Technology and Nanotechnology;158
7.1.2;2 Nanostructures;165
7.1.2.1;2.1 General Properties of Electrolyte Membranes;165
7.1.2.2;2.2 Alternative Membranes;165
7.1.2.3;2.3 Nanoparticles for Improved Membrane Properties– Composite Membranes;169
7.1.2.4;2.4 Nanostructured Membranes;170
7.1.2.5;2.5 Ionic Liquids (ILs);171
7.1.3;3 Electrocatalysts in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells(PEMFC) and PAFC;174
7.1.3.1;3.1 General Properties;174
7.1.3.2;3.2 Relevant Reactions;175
7.1.3.2.1;3.2.1 The Oxygen Reduction Reaction;175
7.1.3.2.2;3.2.2 The Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction;175
7.1.3.2.3;3.2.3 Oxidation of Methanol;177
7.1.3.3;3.3 Optimise Carrier Material;178
7.1.3.3.1;3.3.1 Nanostructured Carrier Material;179
7.1.3.3.2;3.3.2 Nanocomposites;179
7.1.3.3.3;3.3.3 Nanotubes;180
7.1.3.3.4;3.3.4 Electrochemical Deposition of Catalysts;181
7.1.3.4;3.4 Structure of the Interface;181
7.1.4;4 Bipolar Plates;181
7.1.4.1;4.1 Corrosion-Resistant Coatings for Metallic Bipolar Plates;182
7.1.4.2;4.2 Carbon Composite Bipolar Plates;182
7.1.5;5 Analytical Challenges;183
7.1.6;6 Future Application – Power Sources Based on Fuel Cellsfor Nanotechnological Applications [118];184
7.1.7;References;185
8;Chapter 5;190
8.1;Vanadium Oxide Aerogels: Enhanced Energy Storage in Nanostructured Materials;190
8.1.1;1 Introduction;190
8.1.2;2 Materials Synthesis;191
8.1.2.1;2.1 Transition Metal Oxide Aerogels Through Sol–Gel Synthesis;191
8.1.2.2;2.2 Aerogels;194
8.1.3;3 Characterization Techniques;196
8.1.3.1;3.1 Circumventing the Conductivity Problem;196
8.1.3.1.1;3.1.1 Sticky Carbon;196
8.1.3.1.2;3.1.2 Nanocomposites;197
8.1.3.2;3.2 Deciphering Mechanisms of Charge Storage;198
8.1.3.2.1;3.2.1 Exas/xanes;198
8.1.3.2.2;3.2.2 FTIR and Spectroelectrochemistry;199
8.1.4;4 Case Study: Effects of Nanostructure on the Electrochemical Properties of V2O5;200
8.1.4.1;4.1 Pseudocapacity and the Importance of Pore Architecture;201
8.1.4.2;4.2 Effects of Surface Defects;201
8.1.5;5 Conclusions;203
8.1.6;References;203
9;Chapter 6;205
9.1;Nanostructured Composites: Structure, Properties, and Applications in Electrochemistry;205
9.1.1;1 Introduction;205
9.1.2;2 Experimental Aspects;206
9.1.2.1;2.1 Formation of Nanocomposites;206
9.1.2.2;2.2 PPX Vacuum Co-Deposition;207
9.1.2.3;2.3 Methods of Nanocomposite Analysis;208
9.1.3;3 Results and Discussion;209
9.1.3.1;3.1 Pd/PPX Nanocomposites;209
9.1.3.2;3.2 Sn(SnO2)/PPX Nanocomposites;209
9.1.3.3;3.3 Al(Al2O3)/PPX Nanocomposites;211
9.1.3.4;3.4 Ti(TiO2)/PPX Nanocomposites;214
9.1.3.5;3.5 Electrical Resistance in Vacuum;217
9.1.3.6;3.6 Electrochemical Characterization;218
9.1.4;4 Concluding Remarks;219
9.1.5;References;220
10;Index;222
11;Color Plates;232